Opiology according to the mind of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum

Creator: Georg Wolfgang Wedel | Date: 1674 | Notes: Original title: Opiologia ad mentem Academiae Naturae Curiosorum A Latin two-book medical and natural-philosophical treatise devoted to opium, organized around its nature, preparation, and therapeutic use. The work examines opium as a concrete pharmaceutical substance, discusses how it should be purified and identified, and argues for its careful, clinically governed use. 👉 <a href="https://tryleo.ai/collections/exlatinis/the-powder-in-the-hamburg-library-how-a-jena-physician-ran-opium-through-a-court-of-evidence-in-1674">Read our introductory primer, full report, and finding guide here</a> 📜 <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0BY3vas6picC">View the original file on Internet Archive</a> This text was transcribed and translated as part of the ExLatinis project—an effort by Leo to make English translations of every published text in Latin in early modern Europe (between 1450 and 1750) available to the public for free online.

Title: Opiology according to the mind of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum
Creator: Georg Wolfgang Wedel
Date: 1674
Notes: Original title: Opiologia ad mentem Academiae Naturae Curiosorum A Latin two-book medical and natural-philosophical treatise devoted to opium, organized around its nature, preparation, and therapeutic use. The work examines opium as a concrete pharmaceutical substance, discusses how it should be purified and identified, and argues for its careful, clinically governed use. 👉 <a href="https://tryleo.ai/collections/exlatinis/the-powder-in-the-hamburg-library-how-a-jena-physician-ran-opium-through-a-court-of-evidence-in-1674">Read our introductory primer, full report, and finding guide here</a> 📜 <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0BY3vas6picC">View the original file on Internet Archive</a> This text was transcribed and translated as part of the ExLatinis project—an effort by Leo to make English translations of every published text in Latin in early modern Europe (between 1450 and 1750) available to the public for free online.

Document notes

Original title: Opiologia ad mentem Academiae Naturae Curiosorum A Latin two-book medical and natural-philosophical treatise devoted to opium, organized around its nature, preparation, and therapeutic use. The work examines opium as a concrete pharmaceutical substance, discusses how it should be purified and identified, and argues for its careful, clinically governed use. 👉 Read our introductory primer, full report, and finding guide here 📜 View the original file on Internet Archive This text was transcribed and translated as part of the ExLatinis project—an effort by Leo to make English translations of every published text in Latin in early modern Europe (between 1450 and 1750) available to the public for free online.

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GEORGII WOLFGANGI WEDELII, MED. DOCTORIS, ... OPIOLOGIA AD ... Georg Wolfgang Wedel

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GEORGII WOLFGANGI WEDELII, MED. DOCTORIS, ... OPIOLOGIA AD ... Georg Wolfgang Wedel

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12 17 N 27 33 36

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12 17 N 27 33 36

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12. 17. 4. 4

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12. 17. 4. 4

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GEORGII WOLFGANGI WEDELII MED. DOCTORIS, PROFESSORIS PUBLICI, ET MEDICI DUCALIS SAXONICI, OPIOLOGIA Biblioth. S. Pan salernis Schol. Diar ad mentem Academie Naturæ Curiosorum JENÆ, JOHANNIS FRITSCHII Bibliopolæ Lipsiensis. TTPIS SAMUELIS KREBSII. ANNO M DC CIXIV. [STAMPS: ] [STAMPS: ]

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GEORGII WOLFGANGI WEDELII Doctor of Medicine, Public Professor, and Ducal Saxon Physician Saxon, OPIOLOGIA Biblioth. S. Pan salernis Schol. Diar according to the mind of the Academy of the Curious in Nature Jena, of Johann Fritsch, Bookseller of Leipzig. Printed by Samuel Krebs. Year 1714. [STAMPS: ] [STAMPS: ]

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1416

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1416

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SERENISSIMIS ET CELSISSIMIS PRINCIPIBUS AC DOMINIS, DN. FRIDERICO, Duci Saxoniæ, Juliaci, Cliviæ & Montium, Landgravio Thuringiæ, Mar- chioni Misniæ, Principali Dignitate Co- miti Hennebergiæ, Comiti in Marcâ & Ravensburgi, Dynastæ in Raven- stein &c. &c. DOMINO, DOMINO MEO CLEMENTISSIMO, DN. MAGDALENÆ SIBYLÆ, Duci Saxoniæ, Juliaci, Cliviæ ac Mon- tium, Landgraviæ Thuringiæ, Marchio- nisæ Misniæ & utriusque Lusatiæ, Principali Dignitate Comi- tisæ Hennebergiæ, Comitissæ de Marcâ, Ravensburgo & Barby, Dominæ Ravensteinii &c. &c. DOMINÆ, DOMINÆ MEÆ CLE- MENTISSIMÆ, Salutem & felicitatem perpetuam, Biblioteca Ravensburgi

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MOST SERENE AND MOST EXALTED PRINCES AND LORDS, LORD FREDERICK, Duke of Saxony, Jülich, Cleves & Berg, Landgrave of Thuringia, Mar- grave of Meissen, Count of Henneberg by Princi- pality Dignity, Count in the Margraviate & of Ravensburg, Lord of Raven- stein &c. &c. MY LORD, MY MOST GRACIOUS LORD, LADY MAGDALENA SYBILLA, Duchess of Saxony, Jülich, Cleves and Berg, Landgravine of Thuringia, Margravine of Meissen & of both Lusatias, Countess by Princely Dignity of Henneberg, Countess of the Margraviate, Ravensburg & Barby, Lady of Ravenstein &c. &c. MY LADY, MY MOST GRACIOUS LADY, Greetings and everlasting felicity, Library Ravensburg

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SERENISSIMI PRINCIPES, R Edeunt ad Vos, quæ sub vestro auspicio nata lunt. Sive enim memoriâ repetam, quod in ur- be vestrâ primariâ benigniora fata per aliquot annos me subsistere jusserint; sive virtutum Ve- strarum admirer splendorem, qui æternus esse meretur; sive humillimâ recordatione revolvam, quanta Gratia & Clementia Vestræ erga meam tenuitatem fuerit magnitudo; non potui, quin lucubrationes halce audeam in sinu vestro reponere, in quo ita soverentur, ut perpetuò post- hâc crescerent. Si qua excelsa animi dona in Domo Saxonicâ orbi vi- denda fuerunt, fuêre autem & sunt immensa, in Vobis hæc sunt & omnia & cumulata. Neque tam potestate, quam sum- mam nacti estis, quàm sapientiâ, quà Deum Opt. Max. imi- tamini, & virtutibus splendorem Ducatuum Vestrorum tem- peratis. Felices, quibus contemplari licuit, quantâ humanitate & gratiâ sublimis Vestræ dignitatis fulgor decoratus sit. Feli- cissimum Par, quod & gratiâ & amore & dotibus aliis vix a- liud simile habet! Sed hæc orbis loquitur, hæc nulla tempo- ris longinquitas, nulla fatorum offensio delebit. Occasionem adesse vel levissimam gratulor mihi, quâ subjectissimo animo possim publicè pro salute & incolumi- tate Vestrâ devotam suspendere tabulam. Tantus Clemen- tiæ Vestræ cumulus est, ut referendæ gratiæ nullum mihi reli- querit locum, quis enim assequatur summum id fastigium? quis dignè eloquatur? Absim

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SERENISSIMI PRINCIPES, I return to you what was born under your auspices. Whether, indeed, I recall that in your chief city favorable fate ordered me to remain for some years; or admire the splendor of your virtues, which deserves to be everlasting; or, in most humble remembrance, consider how great was the bounty and clemency shown by you toward my lowliness, I could not but dare to lay these little writings in your bosom, there to be nurtured so that they might thereafter grow forever. If any lofty gifts of mind have had to be shown to the world in the House of Saxony, and they were indeed immense and are so still, in you they are all present and in full abundance. Nor have you attained your supreme rank so much by power as by wisdom, by which you imitate God, the Best and Greatest, and temper the splendor of your duchies with virtue. Happy are those who have been allowed to behold with what humanity and grace the radiance of your exalted dignity has been adorned. Most blessed pair, who in grace, love, and other gifts scarcely has any other equal! But the world speaks of these things, and neither the distance of time nor any stroke of fate will erase them. I rejoice that there is even the slightest occasion by which, with most dutiful mind, I may publicly present this vowed tablet for your health and safety. So great is the sum of your Clemency that it has left me no place for repaying my thanks; for who could reach that highest summit? Who could speak of it worthily? I cease.

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Absim licet quam maximè à meritis, adfuit tamen gratia Vestra & indignum me clementissimè fovit. De- prædicare possum, gratias agere dignas, vel demereri ne- queo. Si humiliora videbuntur, quæ offero, non dubito ta- men è splendore Vestro nomen eisdem comparare. Vivite in exemplum seculi, in ornamentum orbis, in incrementum Serenissimæ Vestræ Domûs, in salutem Patriæ, in famam virtutum Vestrarum immortalem! Servet Vos Deus cum Serenissimâ prolegeminâ, & Cellissimâ familiâ. Felicitas perpetua irradiet Domum Vestram Serenissi- mam, fortuna cingat thorum incomparabilem, æternus oblectet animos devinctissimos amor, ut singuli gaudeant, exultent & plausibus vobis adsint universi. Dab. è mulæo Ienæ 1674. Cal. Octobr. SS. CC. VV. aliens humillimus Georg. Wolffg. Wedelius, D.

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Although it is as far as possible from my merits, yet Your Grace has deigned to be present and has most graciously favored and comforted me, though unworthy. I can scarcely extol, offer thanks worthy of it, or merit such kindness. If what I present shall seem too humble, I do not doubt, however, that from Your splendor it will derive its name. May you live as an example to the age, as an ornament to the world, for the increase of Your Most Serene House, for the safety of the Fatherland, for the immortal fame of your virtues! May God preserve you together with the Most Serene Princess and the most illustrious family. May perpetual happiness shine upon Your Most Serene House, may fortune encompass your incomparable marriage-bed, may eternal love, bound to you with the closest affection, delight your minds, so that each and all may rejoice, exult, and attend you with applause. Given from the Mules? at Jena, 1674, on the Kalends of October. Your Most Humble servant, Georg. Wolffg. Wedelius, D.

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PRAEFATIO AD LECTOREM. Cum agere videbar mihi, & iliada, quod ajunt, post Homerum scribere, cum de OPIO tractare sustinerem, adeò rem o- mnem penitus exhaustisse jam videbantur Döringius, Sala, Hartmannus, Pelsboferus, VVincle- rus, Freitagius, Tillingius, & reliqui, qui ex profes- so de eo sua ediderunt. Dederam nihilominus fidem Societati nostræ, præcipuè cum ante hos quasi octo annos in supe- riori cathedrâ publicâ velitatione primam admo- vissem manum. Restabat dubia actio & virtus un- de dependeret, dubia præparatio, quænam ad praxin magis genuina, dubia methodus eadem ad- hibendi, dubia alia. Nolebam tamen cuiquam quid detrahere, unde ut sua relinquere singulis, vix ausus sum ex- tantia de eo scripta curatius vel evolvere, vel ex- cerpere, eo ipso licet non natæ p[ræ]o[n]da leges Socie- tatis nostræ sequi potuerim, cum ex tantâ messe spicilegium ferè tantùm relictum sit. Gravitate membrorum & cruciatu dolorum si quis quem levet, magnam inire gratiam ex Tullio l. 4. de finib. nôram, graves verò esse solere offensiones, ex gravibus medicamentis, si quæ culpa

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PREFACE TO THE READER. When I seemed to myself, as they say, to be playing the Iliad, that is, to be writing after Homer, in undertaking to treat of OPIUM, Döringius, Sala, Hartmannus, Pelsboferus, VVincle- rus, Freitagius, Tillingius, and the rest, who have specially published their own works on it, seemed already to have completely exhausted the whole matter. Nevertheless, I had given my word to our Society, especially since, about eight years ago, in a public disputation at the higher chair, I had first laid hand to the task. There remained the doubtful action and the power on which it depended, the doubtful preparation, what would be more genuine for practice, the doubtful method of applying the same, and other uncertainties. Yet I did not wish to detract anything from anyone, whence, to leave each person his own, I scarcely dared even to read more carefully, much less to excerpt, the works already extant on the subject, though I could thereby have followed, if not the laws of our Society as first born, yet those of the precepts prescribed; since from so great a harvest only about a gleaning has been left. If by the heaviness of the limbs and the torture of pains one relieves another, I knew from Tully, book 4 of the De Finibus, that a great kindness is thereby incurred; but that offenses are usually serious, from serious medicines, if any fault

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PRAEFATIO AD LECTOREM. culpa committatur, hinc quæ ex praxi clinica in- notuerant mihi, videbantur vel saltim hâc in parte operæ pretium, ut innotescerent. Ut Agesilaus Ἷμὴν ὑπω γε δεσπότη, αλλ' αξομενω ὑπὸ τῶν περάζεων εχεύτο, somnio non ut domino, sed eo qui negotiis ipsius pareret, utebatur; ita & opium impendendum ratus sum, ut nec im- becillior medicina sit quàm morbus, nec gra- vior. En opium, quod ante biennium quidem lu- ci exponendum decreveram, sed & itineribus ab- reptus, & loci mutationibus impeditus, ut de ne- gotiis concatenatis dicam nihil, nunc demum sol- vo fidem. Fruere his, si placet, Lector, & pro- missa à nobis alia, ut Platonico utar voto, ἰδὲν δεὸς ἐθελη, in posterum expecta. Nil arcani venditavimus, nec si naturæ secreta in recessu quodam intueri licet nobis, integumen- tis atque involucris offundere tenebras ob eorum oculos animus est, qui ista legere dignantur. Pu- blico omnia debentur bono, & artis, præcipuè verò, quò omnia collimare debent, praxeos in- cremento. Si id impetravero, satis est, vel tan- tillum accessione nostrâ adpositum; sin minus, vo- luisse etiam sat erit. Cumque par sit eos, qui generi humano res utilissimas conquirere, & perpenlas exploratasque memo-

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PREFACE TO THE READER. The fault being committed here, and what had become known to me from clinical practice, seemed, at least in this respect, worth making known. As Agesilaus used sleep not as a master, but as one who obeyed his affairs, Ἷμὴν ὑπω γε δεσπότη, αλλ' αξομενω ὑπὸ τῶν περάζεων εχεύτο, so I thought opium should be presented, lest the medicine be no weaker than the disease, or more burdensome. Behold opium, which two years ago I had indeed resolved to publish to the light, but now, hindered both by journeys and by changes of place, to say nothing of chained-up business, I at last discharge my promise. Enjoy these things, reader, if you please, and expect from us other promised matters in future, as I may use a Platonic wish, ἰδὲν δεὸς ἐθελη. We have sold nothing secret, nor, if it is permitted us to look into the secrets of nature in some hidden recess, is it our intention to cast darkness over them with coverings and wrappings before the eyes of those who deem these things worthy to be read. Everything is owed to the public good, and especially to the advancement of the art, to which all things ought to tend, namely the increase of practice. If I shall have obtained this, it is enough, even if only a little be added by our contribution; if not, even to have wished will be enough. And since it is fitting that those who seek out the most useful things for the human race, and having examined them thoroughly and ascertained them, memo-

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PREFATIO AD LECTOREM. memoriæ tradere concupierint, CUNCTA TEN- TARE, alterere nobis sanctè licebit, quæcunque protulimus, praxi & experientiæ esse superstructa, & sine fuco vel affectatione singula prolata. Si quæ delunt teneamina, non otio vel inertiæ adscri- bendus eorum defectus, sed negotiis. Quæ verò lequi possunt & elici plura, ex primordiis hisce pro- pullulare facile est. Concludimus verbis Scaligeri patris l. 1. de plant. pag. 63. & 176. Nos in omnibus occa- sionibus, quæ lese offerent, ad officia lite- raria præstanda, nullum periculum reculamus; laudem nullam quærimus: culpâ volumus vaca- re. Quin enixè petimus, atque etiam oramus, ut vicissim absque contentione, sed humanè & li- beraliter unusquisque conferat in medium, quod habet ad reipublicæ medicæ incrementum. Quan- tum enim sapientiâ & eruditione cedere videmur ingeniis felicioribus, tantum pudore certare, ani- mi candore atque modestiâ superare certum est. Vale Lector, & conatibus nostris tave. Dab. è Musæo Cal. Octobr. 1674. Q.D.B.V.

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PREFACE TO THE READER. If any have desired to commit these things to memory, it will be lawfully allowed us to examine everything respectfully, whatever we have brought forward, since it is built upon practice and experience, and each point has been presented without disguise or affectation. If there be any defects in the proofs, their deficiency is not to be ascribed to idleness or sloth, but to business. What, however, can be said and drawn forth more abundantly from these beginnings is easy to unfold. We conclude with the words of Scaliger the elder, book 1, de plant., pages 63 and 176: “We, on all occasions that present themselves for the performance of literary duties, shrink from no danger; we seek no praise: we wish to be free from fault. Nay, we earnestly ask, and even pray, that in return, without contention, but humanely and generously, each one would contribute to the common stock whatever he has for the increase of the medical republic. For although we seem to yield to more fortunate minds in wisdom and learning, yet in modesty, sincerity of spirit, and humility it is certain that we strive to surpass.” Farewell, Reader, and favor our efforts. Given from the Museum, Oct. Cal. 1674. Q.D.B.V.

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Q. D. B. V. PRO OEMIUM. < Opiniones de simplicibus Garia> Ariæ opiniones in foro medico circa delectum medicamentorum simplicium circumferuntur. < Alii domestica præferunt,> Sunt, qui domesticis contenti remediis, extera ceu sordes barbaras spernunt. Evenit sæpius, ut mortalibus domestica sordescant, peregrina verò & remota chara sint & desiderata. Guil. Gilbert. de magnet. l. 3. c. 1. p. 117. Fruamur, inquiunt isti cum Hollerio, more majorum, naturâ nobis domesticâ & familiari: legatur materia nobiscum edita, quamque ultronea natura promit. Aliis autem remediis veluti externâ manu & auxiliaribus capiis rarò uti conveniret, apud Libav. contra Guibert. imò orbi nostro plantas mirandarum virium non denegatas, & juxtà Plinium l. 22. H.N. c. 23. & 24. it. l 24. c. 1. meliora interdum iis, quæ ab extero petuntur orbe, coenare olitorem. Non opus esse contendunt vero medico, huc atque illuc oculos ad diversa circumflectere, sed instar pudicæ virginis in terram habere defixos: in hâc enim sub pedibus longè plus virium opumque hoc in thesauro naturæ, quàm India, Ægyptus, Barbaria, Græciaque ferant, inventurum. Dornæus degenerat. mineral. c. 14. p. 633. Hinc illa querela: Ut dissolutis delitiis stomachus non admittebat cotidiana, quæ satu blandiretur nostro, & A pallim

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Q. D. B. V. PROOEMIUM. < Opinions on simples> Various opinions are circulated in the medical forum concerning the selection of simple medicines. < Others prefer domestic remedies,> There are those who, content with domestic remedies, spurn foreign ones as filthy barbarisms. It often happens that what is domestic grows distasteful to mortals, while foreign things, though remote, are dear and desired. Guil. Gilbert. de magnet. l. 3. c. 1. p. 117. “Let us enjoy,” they say with Holler, “in the manner of our elders, our native and familiar nature: let the material be read which has been produced among us, and which nature offers of her own accord. But it would rarely be fitting to use other remedies, as it were by an external hand and with auxiliary artifices,” says Libav. contra Guibert. indeed our world has not been denied plants of marvelous power; and, according to Pliny l. 22. H.N. c. 23. & 24. item l. 24. c. 1., the gardener sometimes dines better on those things that are sought from a foreign world. They contend, moreover, that the true physician does not need to turn his eyes hither and thither to different things, but should keep them fixed on the earth, like a modest virgin: for in this, under his feet, he will find far more power and riches in this treasury of nature than India, Egypt, Barbary, and Greece can bring forth. Dornæus degenerat. mineral. c. 14. p. 633. Hence that complaint: As corrupt luxuries did not admit the daily fare that would have pleased our appetite, and A little by little

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PROOEMIUM. 2 passim obvia alimenta, sed ab ultimo portanda erant ocea- no, quæ saperent fastidienti gulæ: ita Arabia ac India in medio æstimatæ sunt, & parvo ulceni medicina inde usque à rubro mari importata, cum remedia vera cotidiè pau- perrimus quisque coenaret. Si ex horto petita essent, aut quæsita herba vel frutex domesticus, jam nullâ artium e- rat futura medicina vilior. Durat isthæc persvasio perni- ciosa atque perversa, non solùm in maximâ vulgi parte, sed unà cum seculis inveteravit etiam in medicorum animis, prodesse nisi pretiosa non posse; ideò aspernantur vernacula, peregrinis & externi orbis remediis inhiantes. Tam procul descitum est à simplicitate veterum, quæ solis her- bis in medicatione contenta fuit. Salom. Albert. orat. de berbar. cognit. 4. Ita scilicet quæ habemus, contemnimus, quæ non habemus, magnificimus. Ita quærimus interdum, quod habemus; quod abest, habere putamus Raritas enim conciliat rebus admirationem, & externa nescio quo fuco se adornant, & plerumq; notis patriæ rebus beatiora videntur. Vid. Barcl. satyric. part. 1. pag. 3. & parte 5. pag. 511. <aliis peregrina mirantur,> Contra hæc instantes bi, vim majorem, virtutesque eminentiores in peregrinis mirantur. Constat, ait Cardan. desarsaparill. Indicas res majori præditas esse virtute, etiam pro qualitatum ratione: Quod- que generaliter peregrina medicamenta plus agant: aer autem atque cibi ac potus patrii, ad vitæ usum magis con- ducunt. <aliis mediu tenent.> Nos mediam ingressi viam, nec nostra spernimus, nec, ubi opus est, exotica rejicimus, memores istius apud Poetam: Nec verò terræ ferre omnes omnia possunt. Et Galenum: alia, dicentem, in aliis regionibus abundant, & meliora his, quæ alibi nascuntur, existunt, l.3. de compos. med. [xi]. [vii]. [vii]. c.4. Non

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PROOEMIUM. 2 Common foods found everywhere, but they were to be brought from the farthest ocean, things that might suit a fastidious palate: thus Arabia and India were esteemed above all; and for a small ulcer, a remedy imported from the Red Sea was sought, while the poorest person daily dined on true remedies. If they had been taken from the garden, or if a herb or domestic shrub had been sought out, medicine would already have been no less cheap for that reason. This pernicious and perverse persuasion lasts on, not only in the greatest part of the common people, but, together with the ages, it has also grown old in the minds of physicians: that nothing can do good unless it is costly; therefore they despise native things, while they long for remedies from foreign and external parts of the world. So far have they departed from the simplicity of the ancients, who were content in their healing with herbs alone. Salom. Albert. orat. de herbar. cognit. 4. Thus indeed we despise what we have, and magnify what we do not have. Thus we sometimes seek what we have; what is absent we think we possess. For rarity lends things admiration, and foreign things adorn themselves with I know not what gloss, and for the most part seem happier than the well-known things of one’s native land. Vid. Barcl. satyric. part. 1. pag. 3. & parte 5. pag. 511. <aliis peregrina mirantur,> Against these, those who are pressing on admire greater power and more eminent virtues in foreign things. Cardan says, on desarsaparill., that Indian things are endowed with greater virtue, even according to the nature of their qualities; and that, generally speaking, foreign medicines act more powerfully: but the air, food, and drink of one’s own country are more suited to the uses of life. <aliis mediu tenent.> We, having entered the middle path, neither despise what is our own nor, where it is needed, reject exotic things, mindful of that saying in the Poet: “For truly all lands cannot bear all things.” And Galen, saying that some things abound in other regions, and are better than those that are born elsewhere, l.3. de compos. med. [xi]. [vii]. [vii]. c.4. Not

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PROOEMIUM. Non coeco amore nostras exteris, multò minus novitatis pruritu exteras merces nostris præferemus, sed examinabimus istas, quid valeant, quid ferre recusent. Scire annitamur, quæ nobis, si legitimus accedat usus, maximum afferre soleant emolumentum, sin temerarius, majora incommoda. Distingvenda sunt simplicia. <Distinctio.> Alia ætatem ferunt, absque ullâ cariei ferè notâ: Alia contrà ea putredini, cariei, situi obnoxia sunt. Aliis carere commodè possumus, aliis minus. Concedendum hoc modo est, scordium nostras v.g. vel diptamnum nostratem eligendum esse præ Criticis. Quid enim opus est, ut vitiatâ & vetustâ utamur scobe verminosâ, cum in hortis decerpere liceat vegetam plantam? Quid attinet aliunde derivare aquas, si proprio in lare ex fonte ipso bibi dulcius possint? Opium verò, succinum, resinæ & alia, vividiori sulphure prædita, nullo corruptionis metu adservari per plures annos queunt. Nec sanè in totum commodè carere possumus exoticis. Sic moscho quid cordialius? croco quid thoraci aptius? cinamomo quid magis stomachicum? camphorâ quid penetrantius, & magis alexipharmacum? Attendendum est [νειγαν], [καί] [τὸ] [νειγαν]. Non solum videndum, quid prosit, sed, quid melius. Sistimus in medium [OPIUM]. Hocan in nostro climate <Opium exhibetur.> producì possit, suo loco videbimus, quia tamen usque in hunc diem asportari à peregrinis oris est solitum, cur hæc attulerimus, quivis videt. Sed ad rem. LIBRI I. SECT. I. CAPUT I. Opii [δομοματολογίαν] describit. Opium

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PREFACE. We shall not, out of blind affection, prefer foreign medicines to our own, much less out of a desire for novelty prefer foreign wares to ours; but we shall examine them, what they can do, what they refuse to bear. Let us strive to know which things, if a legitimate use be applied to them, are wont to bring us the greatest benefit, but if used rashly, the greater inconveniences. Simple things must be distinguished. <Distinction.> Some bear age, with scarcely any mark of decay: others, on the contrary, are liable to corruption, decay, and mouldiness. We can conveniently dispense with some things, but with others less so. It must therefore be granted that, for example, our native scordium or diptamnum ought to be chosen in preference to foreign sorts. For what need is there that we should use spoiled and old worm-eaten shavings, when it is permitted to gather a vigorous plant in the gardens? What is the use of drawing waters from elsewhere, if in our own home they can be drunk more pleasantly from the spring itself? But opium, succinum, resins, and other substances endowed with a livelier sulphur, may be preserved for many years without any fear of corruption. Nor indeed can we altogether conveniently dispense with exotic things. What is more cordial than moschus? What is more suitable for the chest than crocus? What is more stomachic than cinnamon? What more penetrating, and more alexipharmacum, than camphor? Attention must be given to [νειγαν], [καί] [τὸ] [νειγαν]. We must not only consider what is useful, but what is better. We now place in the middle [OPIUM]. Whether this may be produced in our climate, we shall see in its proper place; yet since down to this day it has been customary to bring it in from foreign shores, anyone can see why we have brought these matters forward. But to the matter. BOOK I. SECTION I. CHAPTER I. Describes the δομοματολογία of opium. Opium

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAPUT I. < Opium unde dictum.> Opium Græcam agnoscit originem, dictum [n]o[n] [ οποτη] [n]o[n] [πη] [n]o[n], à succo, unde Latini sibi mutuati sunt nom[m]e, opium vocantes, licet Boncius animadvers. in Gare. c.4. p.42. credat, Græculos, à vetustissimo populo, Indis & Arabibus vocabulum opii derivasse, cum ab omni memoriâ illi eo usi sint. < quid [n]o[n] [πη] seu succus in plantis,> Per [n]o[n] [πη] succus non intelligitur quivis, in generalissimâ loquendi consuetudine, sed vegetabilis. Humorem in venis, totâque plantâ contentum simpliciter Menestor appellavit [n]o[n] [πη] succum, alii in quibusdam succum, in aliis verò lacrymam. Vid. Spigel. Isagog. in rem berbar. l.1. cap.3. p.24. < & quomodo differat> Succus hic cum variet in plantis tum substantiâ, cum alius sit resinosus, ut in pino arbore, lentisco & aliis, alius aqueus, ut in betulâ, vite, &c alius lacteus, ut in papavere, esulâ, scorzonerâ & cæteris similibus; Tum accidentibus & extrahendi seu eliciendi modo: Quidam sponte extillat, ut resinæ, gummata: quidâ fissurâ, ut betula, vitis: quidam exprimitur, ut in floribus rosarum, violarum &c. herbis, plantagine, rutâ; fructibus, uvis; pomis, pyris, cydoniis; Hinc varia sortitus est nomina: [n]o[n] [πη] [n]o[n], [δάκηνον], quæ, quid significant propriè, dignum videtur disquisitione. < [δάκηνον],> [δάκηνον] itaque in nostris hisce terminis denotat humorem seu liquorem, qui ex contusâ herbâ exprimitur aut elicitur, seu succum expressum ex herbâ tritâ & contusâ, adeoque differentia [πη] [δ]α reliquis consistit in expressione, unde id, quod ex herbis exprimitur, propriè dicitur [δ]ακηνον. < δακηνον,> [δακηνον] seu lacryma vocatur succus, qui ab incisione factâ, vel spontè dimanat, & defuit, sub se comprehendens & resinas, & gummata & gummi - resinas. [ n]o[n] < Opium>

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CHAPTER I. < Whence opium is so called.> Opium acknowledges a Greek origin, being derived [n]o[n] [πη] [n]o[n], from juice, whence the Latins borrowed for themselves the name, calling it opium, although Boncius, in his Animadversions on Gare. c. 4. p. 42, believes that the Greeks, from the most ancient people, derived the term opium from the Indians and Arabs, since from all memory they have used it there. < what [n]o[n] [πη] or juice in plants,> By [n]o[n] [πη], juice is not understood in the most general sense of the word, but vegetable juice. Menestor simply called the fluid contained in the veins and throughout the whole plant [n]o[n] [πη] juice; others, in some cases juice, in others tear. See Spigel. Isagog. in rem berbar. l.1. cap.3. p.24. < and how it differs> This juice varies in plants both in substance, since one kind is resinous, as in the pine tree, mastic tree, and others; another watery, as in birch, vine, etc.; another milky, as in poppy, esula, scorsonera, and other similar plants. It also varies in its accidents and in the mode of extracting or drawing it out: Some exudes of its own accord, as resins and gums; some from a fissure, as in birch and vine; some is expressed, as in the flowers of roses, violets, etc.; herbs, plantain, rue; fruits, grapes; pome fruits, pears, quinces; Hence it has acquired various names: [n]o[n] [πη] [n]o[n], [δάκηνον], and it seems worthy of inquiry what these properly signify. < [δάκηνον],> Accordingly, [δάκηνον] in these terms of ours denotes the moisture or liquid which is expressed from a bruised herb or extracted from it, that is, the juice expressed from a pounded and bruised herb; and therefore the difference between [πη] [δ]α and the rest consists in expression, whence that which is expressed from herbs is properly called [δ]ακηνον. < δακηνον,> [δακηνον], or tear, is the name given to the juice which, having been cut, flows out either spontaneously or by oozing, including both resins and gums and gum-resins. [ n]o[n] < Opium>

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DE ONOMATOLOGIA OPII. denique est quasi vox omnium communis, & generalius aliquando vocabulum eorum, quæ ita stillant, & appellatur , nomen commune humoris proprii plantarum, teste Theophrasto l.9. hist. plant. c.1. communiter itaq; designat qualemcunque liquorem, vel humorem, vel succum, qui alicunde emanat, sive id fiat mediante expressione, incisione, vel etiam spontaneâ protrusione, luxuriantis substantifici succi, ut adeò modò succum, modò lacrumam significet. Vid. Gorraus defin. med. J.B. Sylvat. l.1. de ther. compos. p.143. seqq. Hæc tria diversa, ut sub unum certum genus redigeret Galenus, quæcunque ex alio effluunt, sive succi, sive liquores, sub humoris appellatione comprehendi debere præcepto generali statuit, comm.5. in l.6. epid. Et hæc quidem generalis est nominum notio. Specialiter verò designat qualemcunque liquorem, non sponte, ceu resinæ & gummata nonnulla solent, sed , scarificatione, castratione, terebra- tione, vel alio quovis modo facto vulnere effluentem, ceu sunt opobalsamum, opopanax, galbanum & alia. Inter hæc duobus nomen præ reliquis usu & eminentiâ singulari obtigit I. succo silphii, seu laserpitii, latinis laserpitium, & asa foetida dicto, unde Galenus in Lexico Hippocr. dicitur per excellentiam, quemadmodum ejusdem caulis. titulotenus pro asâ eâde[m] ponit, ubi, quamplures, scribit, babentur succi. Quâvis enim radice incisâ aut caule, quod ex vulnere crassum ac lentum effluit, succus est: cæterum specialius, & veluti per excellentiam quandam Cyrenaicum ita nuncupant & Medicum & Syriacum. Opon verò Cyrenaicum hunc asam

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ON THE ONOMATOLOGY OF OPIUM. finally, it is, as it were, the common voice of all, and sometimes the more general term for those things which thus drip, and it is called the common name of the proper juice of plants, as Theophrastus testifies, l. 9. Hist. Plant. c. 1. Thus it generally designates any kind of liquid, or moisture, or juice, which flows out from somewhere, whether this happen by means of expression, incision, or even spontaneous protrusion of luxuriant substantiated juice, so that it signifies now juice, now tear. See Gorraeus, Med. Def., J.B. Sylvaticus, l. 1. de ther. compos. p. 143. seqq. Since Galen reduced these three different things to one certain genus, he laid down by general precept that whatever flows out from another thing, whether juices or liquids, should be comprehended under the designation of humor, comm. 5. in l. 6. epid. And this indeed is the general sense of the names. But specifically it designates any kind of liquid flowing out not spontaneously, as resins and certain gums are accustomed to do, but from scarification, castration, boring, or from some other wound made in any way, such as opobalsamum, opopanax, galbanum, and others. Among these, by common use and singular eminence, the name was especially obtained by two: 1. the juice of silphium, or laserpitium, called in Latin laserpitium and asa foetida, whence Galen in the Hippocratic Lexicon is said to use it by excellence, just as he also, in the title of the same chapter, places it for asa itself, where, he writes, very many kinds of juice are found. For when the root or stalk is cut, what flows out from the wound, thick and viscid, is a juice; however, more specifically, and as it were by a certain excellence, they call that of Cyrene both the Medicinal and the Syrian. But Opon, the Cyrenian, this asa

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAPUT I. asam foetidam expressis verbis inter alios interpretatur Petr. Picbot. l. de rheumatism. p.136. Massaria l. de febr. c.27. & Matth. Sylvat. in Lexic. seu pandect. licet aliis per lafer Syriacum candem denotari malint. II. Idem nomen καὶ ἰχοχην ab antiquis attributum fuit succo papaveris, qui ex ejusdem capitibus vulneratis exudans dictus est ὑπος & ὑπιον, utpote ad stupefaciendum doloresque sistendos longè valentissimum. Itaque, ut rectè scribit Spigel. l. c. in quibusdam plantis propria sunt indita herbaru[m] succis seu liquoribus nomina: nam in papavere, qui è capitibus incisis emanat humor, opium nuncupatur; qui ex reliquis partibus, præcipue caule & foliis tuis, exprimitur, meconium, quo de paulò post. Hinc cum opium frequentius apud veteres misceretur antidotis, opiatæ nomen, ab ingrediente potissimum opio, impropriè tribuitur electuariis. Sic opiata Salomonis describitur à Renodæo. Sic tales opiatas sæpè describunt autores Practici alii, quorum exempla videri possunt apud Horstium, VVeckerum, Hartmannum in praxi chimætr. & alios. <Quid opiata & unde dicta.> Nomen opii Arabicum. Arabibus opium dici amfiam, vocalibus illis inter se commutatis, quod Aristoteles ὑδαλλαίεν dixit, prolixè tradit Scaliger exerc. 175. Mutata est hæc ipsa pronunciatio opii in amphionem & offium. De quo Fragosustract. 4. med. Indor. cap. 12. p.111: Quod Lusitani dicunt amfiam, ab Arabibus (quos Indi sequuntur) dicitur osium, deducto à Græcorum opio nomine. Pleraque enim nomina à linguâ Græcâ acceperunt Arabes, mutando P. in F. quod sint literæ multùm affines, ut pro Poëonia, Faunia, pro opio osium. Parallela loca videri possunt apud Garciam l.1. Hist. arom. cap.4. qui modò citata verbotenus etiam tra- dit,

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CHAPTER I. asa foetida is expressly interpreted among others by Petr. Picbot. l. de rheumatism. p. 136. Massaria l. de febr. c. 27. & Matth. Sylvat. in Lexic. seu pandect., although others prefer to think the same is denoted by the Syrian laser. II. The same name καὶ ἰχοχην was attributed by the ancients to the juice of poppy, which, exuding from its wounded heads, was called ὑπος & ὑπιον, as being exceedingly powerful for stupifying and checking pain. Therefore, as Spigel. writes correctly, l. c., in certain plants proper names are given to the juices or liquids of the herbs: for in the poppy, the fluid that flows from the cut heads is called opium; that which is expressed from the remaining parts, especially from the stalk and leaves, is called meconium, of which more will be said shortly. Hence, since opium was more frequently mixed by the ancients with antidotes, the name opiate, taken chiefly from the ingredient opium, is improperly given to electuaries. Thus Salomon's opiate is described by Renodaeus. Thus such opiates are often described by other practical authors, whose examples may be seen in Horstius, VVeckerus, Hartmann in praxi chimætr. & others. <What opiate is and whence it is so called.> The name of opium is Arabic. That among the Arabs opium is called amfiam, with those vowels interchanged among themselves, which Aristotle called ὑδαλλαίεν, is at length related by Scaliger exerc. 175. This very pronunciation of opium has been changed into amphionem and offium. On this point, Fragosus tract. 4. med. Indor. cap. 12. p. 111: “What the Portuguese call amfiam, by the Arabs (whom the Indians follow) is called osium, the name being derived from the Greek opium. For the Arabs received most names from the Greek language, changing P. into F., since these letters are very closely related, as in place of Poëonia, Faunia, and in place of opium, osium.” Parallel passages may be seen in Garcia l. 1. Hist. arom. cap. 4., who also transmits verbatim the passages just cited,

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DE NOMATOLOGIA OPII. 7 dit, & Olearium in describe. itin. Persic. l.5. c.17. p.597. Verum nomen Arabicum est Afiun (& ita in toto Oriente vocatur) i.q. Lac seu succus papaveris, & quidem nigri, id est, opium vulgò cognitum. Gol. in Lex Arab. p.128. (2.) i.q. deliquium mentis & corporem afferre, potius Narcoticum: & hinc opium dictum esse volunt. Sed prior est habenda etymologia Græca , & posterior significatio Narcotismi. Castellus in Lexic. Heptaglotto p.200 & Golius in Lexico Arab. l. c. A Paulo nominatur papaveris succus l.5. c.42. quod ipsum cum adjuncto subjecto apud Galenum, & alios frequenter occurrit. Synonymum est meconium, autoritate Pergameni l.1. de antidotis c.34. ubi: papaveris liquorem & meconium & opium vocant, licet recentiores Dioscoridem & Plinium secuti ea distinguant. Interdum simpliciter narcoticum pro opio ponitur, unde luminare majus sect.1. p.22 rectè monet: quando simpliciter ponitur narcoticum, forte vel aliud, opium debet intelligi. Sopio antiquis dictum fuisse pro opium, annotat Rhodius in not. ad Scribon. Largum compos. 21. p.60. unde Galeottum Martium de promisc. doctrin. c.5. apud Catullum carm. 38. pro scipionibus legere sopionibus tradit. Audit & lacruma papaveris Thebaici. Germanis dicitur Mohnsafft/ Delmagensafft/ Schlaffsafft. Duplex est opium, ratione collectionis. Quod sca- po decussatim inciso emanat, & propriè opium vocatur: quod verò ex capitibus & foliis ejusdem concisis, expressis, vel, ut in succo glycyrrhizæ fieri solet, decoctis

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OF THE NOMATOLOGY OF OPIUM. 7 It is called, and Olearius in Describ. itin. Persic. l. 5. c. 17. p. 597. But the Arabic name is Afiun (and so throughout the East it is called), that is, the milk or juice of the poppy, and indeed of the black kind, that is, the opium commonly known. Gol. in Lex. Arab. p. 128. (2.) that is, bringing faintness of mind and body, rather a narcotic: and from this they wish opium to have been named. But the former etymology, Greek, is to be preferred, and the latter meaning of narcotism. Castellus in Lexic. Heptaglotto p. 200 and Golius in Lexico Arab. loc. cit. By Paulus it is called the juice of the poppy l. 5. c. 42, which term itself, with the accompanying noun, frequently occurs in Galen, and others. A synonym is meconium , by the authority of Pergamenus l. 1. de antidotis c. 34, where: they call the liquid of the poppy & meconium & opium, although later writers, following Dioscorides and Pliny, distinguish these terms. Sometimes the simple word narcoticum is used for opium; whence Luminare majus sect. 1. p. 22 rightly notes: when the word narcoticum is used simply, opium should perhaps be understood. Sopio is noted by the ancients to have been used for opium, as Rhodius notes in his annotations to Scribonius Largus, comp. 21. p. 60, whence Galeottus Martius in de promisc. doctrin. c. 5. reports that in Catullus carm. 38, one should read sopionibus instead of scipionibus . It is also called the tear of Thebaic poppy. Among Germans it is called Mohnsafft / Delmagensafft / Schlaffsafft . There are two kinds of opium, according to the method of collection. That which flows out from the stalk, cut crosswise, and is properly called opium; but that which is obtained from the heads and leaves, cut, pressed, or, as is usually done with the juice of licorice, boiled

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. I. 8 Ætis colligitur, μηκῶνιον, meconium propriè dicitur, & qui- dem passum, si exsiccatum sit. Differentiam hanc anno- tavit, uti jam innuimus, ipse Dioscorides. Meconium varias obtinet significationes. Interdum enim sumitur 1. pro succo papaveris, seu opio ipso, ut è Galeni modô citato loco patet, & 1. de compos. med. per genera c.6. ubi, meconium, ait, ita autem nominatur papaveris succus. 2. pro semine papaveris, quod observat Martianus comm. in l.1. sect.3. de morb. mulier. p.255. unde in officinis extat sirupus de meconio, sive diacodium, simplex & compositum. Vid. Pharmac. Londin. p.109. 110. 3. pro excremento aéro, piceove, quod ab infantibus recens natis emittitur, περίτωμα, verba sunt Aristotelis l.7. hist. animal. c.10. ὑπαλήσιν αἰγναίνες μηκῶνιον ἡδῶμα δὲ τῶτο αἰματῶδες, καὶ σφοδρα μελαι, κηπιτῶδες. Excrementum, quod papaverculum mulieres vocant, colore cruentum, atque admodum nigrum, & piceum. 4. Pro peplo, quo utitur Hippocrates ad purgandum, l.4. de vict. acut. c.69. & alibi, sive intelligatur papaver spumosum, sicut Dioscorides l.4. c.172. & Galenus l.8. simplic. c.40. scribunt, vid. Brassavol. comm. in b.1. p.251. seu medicamentum purgans ex tithymalo paralio confectum. Appellatur enim μήκων quoque tithymalus paralius, teste Dioscoride, Plinio, & Theophrastol.9. Hist. plant. cap.8. Vid. Martian. p.419. & Gorraus in defin. med. 5 Pro succo papaveris expresso & compacto, contra- distincto ab opio propriè & strictè sic dicto, quæ significa- tio hujus est loci. Qualenam nostrum hodiè sit opium, quæritur, an όπος καὶ ἐχοχηλευόμεν, succus per excellentiam dictus opium, an verò meconium? Quod solùm meconium ad nos feratur & in usu sit, plurimorum est sententia, 1. ob copiam & a-

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. I. 8 From these things it is gathered that μηκῶνιον, meconium, is properly so called, and indeed passum, if it has been dried. This difference was noted, as we have already hinted, by Dioscorides himself. Meconium has various meanings. For sometimes it is taken: 1. for the juice of the poppy, or for opium itself, as appears from the passage cited from Galen, and from l. 1. de compos. med. per genera c. 6., where he says, “meconium is thus named because it is the juice of the poppy.” 2. for the seed of the poppy, as Martianus observes, comm. in l. 1. sect. 3. de morb. mulier. p. 255; whence in the shops there is syrup of meconium, or diacodium, simple and compound. See Pharmac. Londin. p. 109, 110. 3. for the excrement, of a dry or pitchy kind, which is emitted by newborn infants, περίτωμα; the words are Aristotle’s, l. 7. hist. animal. c. 10. ὑπαλήσιν αἰγναίνες μηκῶνιον ἡδῶμα δὲ τῶτο αἰματῶδες, καὶ σφοδρα μελαι, κηπιτῶδες. An excrement, which women call papaverculum, blood-colored, and very black and pitch-like. 4. For the peplum used by Hippocrates for purging, l. 4. de vict. acut. c. 69. and elsewhere; whether one understands by it the spongy poppy, as Dioscorides l. 4. c. 172 and Galen l. 8. simplic. c. 40 write, see Brassavol. comm. in b. 1. p. 251, or a purgative medicine made from tithymalus paralius. For tithymalus paralius is also called μήκων, according to Dioscorides, Pliny, and Theophrastus l. 9. Hist. plant. cap. 8. See Martian. p. 419, and Gorraeus in defin. med. 5. For the expressed and compacted juice of the poppy, distinguished from opium properly and strictly so called, which is the meaning of this passage. What our opium is today, then, is asked: whether όπος καὶ ἐχοχηλευόμεν, the juice called opium by excellence, or rather meconium? That only meconium is brought to us and is in use is the opinion of many, 1. because of the abundance and a-

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DE ONOMATOLOGIA OPII. 9 piam & abundantiam. Commentator Dioscoridis Ma- ranta docet, cum opium ad nos in tantâ feratur copiâ, veri- similius esse, non verum opium, sed potius meconium il- lud esse. 2. Propter parandi modum. Unde idem sen- <secunda.> tit Matthiolus, idem Scaliger, premi in usum familiarem innuens: to premi enim nil aliud notat, quàm expressio- nem succi tenuioris simul & crassioris. Sic & Nardius Noct. genial. 8. c. 7. p. 578. opium vulgare confici ait ex succo ex- presso à totâ plantâ, soleque indurato. 3. Ob festucas & folia, quæ in ejus massâ contractâ quan- <Tertia.> doque reperiuntur, (quæ quidem nos externè eidem cir- cumvoluta plerumque, in massâ verò ipsa non facilè inve- nimus) quæ evincere creduntur, extractum illud esse, & torculari expressum ex capitibus & frondibus papaveris, Ol. V. form. l. 2. Musai c. 34. p. 118. 4. Ob additamenta, quæ genuino licet & verè parato <Quarta.> addunt mercatores, teste Bellonio, qui observat, compin- gi in Natol â seu Asiâ minori opium ad pondus ʒiv. merca- tores dimidium addere, & quod Venetias apportatur, huj. sæpe ponderare. Addunt alii, Turcas non permittere exportari verum opium, imò alii cum Cratone planè du- bitant, an nostrum opium cum veterum congruat. Sed, licet oculari hæc quàm optimè decidi debeant te- <Deciditur negasit.> stimonio, & experientiâ accuratiori, si tamen licet à viri- bus seu posteriori concludere, videtur opium nostrum constare partim ex opio, partim ex meconio, tum propter signa, quæ opio vero adscribuntur, ardet enim; tum ma- ximè propter vires, quibus pollet maximis. Incidunt præcul dubio papaverum capita, & opium eliciunt, sed partem succi expressi fortean miscent. Cum ergò conces- sum sit, , meconium viribus longè B

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On the nomenclature of opium. 9 pium and abundance. The commentator on Dioscorides, Maranta, teaches that, since opium is brought to us in such great quantity, it is more probable that this is not true opium, but rather meconium. 2. From the method of preparation. Hence the same view is held by Matthiolus, likewise Scaliger, indicating it as being pressed for domestic use; for "to press" signifies nothing other than the expression of the thinner juice together with the thicker. Thus Nardius, Noct. Genial. 8. c. 7. p. 578, says that common opium is made from the juice expressed from the whole plant and hardened by the sun. 3. From the stalks and leaves, which are sometimes found in its compact mass, (which indeed we usually see wrapped externally around it, but do not easily find in the mass itself), and which are believed to prove that it is that extract, pressed out by a press from the heads and foliage of the poppy, Ol. V. form. l. 2. Musai c. 34. p. 118. 4. From the additions which merchants, as Bellonius testifies, add even to genuine and truly prepared opium; for he observes that in Natolia, or Asia Minor, when opium is made up by weight to ʒiv., the merchants add a half, and that what is brought to Venice often weighs so much. Others add that the Turks do not allow true opium to be exported; indeed others, with Crato, entirely doubt whether our opium agrees with that of the ancients. But although these matters ought to be decided as well as possible by ocular testimony and by more accurate experience, still, if it is permitted to conclude from powers or from the posterior, it seems that our opium consists partly of opium and partly of meconium, both because of the signs attributed to true opium—for it burns—and especially because of the great powers with which it is endowed. The heads of the poppy are cut, without doubt, and they extract the opium, but perhaps they mix in part of the expressed juice. Since, therefore, it has been granted that meconium, in powers far

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. II. 10 longè inferius esse opio, nostrum autem opium viribus istis omnibus, quæ opio attribuuntur, abundè instructum sit, necessum est, ut statuatur, opium nostrum non esse purum putum meconium. < Differentia opii & meconii.> Cum ergò quæritur, an differat opium à meconio? Resp. utique, quia hoc expressione confit ex totâ plantâ, & χυλος est, illud castratione & vulneratione capitum effluit, χυλόσυγμα; ὑπος genuinus. Illud fortius, hoc ignavius operatur, unde secundum magis & minus differunt, sunt enim uti in animalibus, sic in plantis, triplicis concoctionis, velut effectus quidam, χυλος, χυμος, ὑπος, uti loquitur Zuvingerus apud Crason. l. 3. epist. 28. p. 241. Vilissimum verò meconium est, teste Rontio, animadvers. ad c. 4. Garcia p. 42. quod Indi Orientales insimæ sortis ex succo foliorum & stolonum papaveris parant & excoquunt, & hinc soli indurandum exponunt. CAPUT II. Περιγματολογίαν tractat. < Opium definitur, quod sit> HIs de opio quoad ὑνοματολογίαν prælibatis, subjungimus definitionem realem, ut positâ illâ, quæ ad hosce terminos spectant, melius enucleentur. OPIUM est succus, ex capitum papaveris thyrsis seu scapis vulneratis prolectus & condensatus, sensus ligandi & potentiam movendi animalem ob vaporosa effluvia sistendi vim babens. < Succus, id probatur> Definitum est opium, quod describitur quoad genus seu rationem formalem, succus. Succum esse opium, evincit nominis ipsius derivatio, capite præcedente tradita; Dictum enim est, ut ibi Innuiimus, opium peculiari nomine, cum sit papaveris succus, isque

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. II. 10 being far lower than opium, but our opium being abundantly furnished with all those powers which are attributed to opium, it is necessary that it be established that our opium is not pure meconium. < Difference between opium and meconium.> Since therefore it is asked whether opium differs from meconium? Resp. certainly, because the latter is obtained by expression from the whole plant, and is χυλος; the former flows out by the castration and wounding of the heads, χυλόσυγμα; ὑπος genuine. The latter acts more strongly, the former more weakly; whence they differ according to more and less; for, as in animals, so also in plants, there are three kinds of concoction, as it were certain effects, χυλος, χυμος, ὑπος, as Zuvingerus speaks apud Crason. l. 3. epist. 28. p. 241. But the very cheapest meconium is, according to Rontius, animadvers. ad c. 4. Garcia p. 42, that which the East Indians of the lowest sort prepare and boil from the juice of the leaves and stolons of the poppy, and then expose it to harden in the sun. CAPUT II. Treats of Περὶγματολογία. < Opium is defined as that which is> These things having been set forth concerning opium as to ὑνοματολογία, we add the real definition, so that, once that is posited, those matters which concern these terms may be more clearly unfolded. OPIUM is a juice drawn forth and condensed from the stalks or stems of the poppy heads when wounded, having the power of binding the senses and of stopping the animal power of movement by vaporous effluvia. < Juice, this is proved> Opium has been defined as that which is described as to its genus or formal nature, namely, juice. That opium is a juice is proved by the derivation of the name itself, given in the preceding chapter; for it was said there, as we indicated, that opium is so called by a special name, since it is the juice of the poppy, and this

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DE DEFINITIONE OPII REALI. Isque non liquidus, sed in sole inspissatus & quasi coagulatus. Confirmatur hoc genus autoritate 1. Galeni l.9. de comp. med. nat. v[er]s. cap.4. & l.8. cap.1. ubi opium papaveris suc- cus dicitur. 2. Avicenna lib. 5 tract.2. cap.526. ubi defini- tur succus papaveris nigri. 3. Scribonii Largi l. de comp. med. cap.48. qui ibidem planè idem esse cum opio meconium asserit. Alii in eo quidem omnes conveniunt, elici ex papavere opium, quod & concessum & ex omni parte manifestum est, maximè tamen discrepant in definitione. Sic quidam lac appellant: quidam liquorem lacteum, vid. Marcell. l. de medicam. c.8. alii simpliciter per liquorem definiunt. Ita Mylus, Basil. cbim. l.6. p.1351. opium, inquit, est papaveris li- quor: non igitur exiguo errore succus papaveris à multis ver- titur, cum succus ejus dicatur meconium. Per lacrymam definiunt plures. Dioscorides l.4. cap.65. nominat duxuor opium, succum verò papaveris ejusdem meconium. Galenus libr. de antid.2.cap.7. opium, ait, esse lacrymam papaveris diversam ab ejus succo, & l.1. de temperam. c.2. ab eodem lacryma papaveris dicitur. Pol- licem premit, qui verba Dioscoridis transcripsit, Oribasius l.11. collect. medicinal. in voce , & Theophrastus Hist. plant. l.9.cap.8. & alii. Iam verò, diversa esse, succum & la- crymam, ex Galeno colligitur l.7. de med. facult. cap.29. la- cryma estaqueus quidam liquor, succus verò aliquid ma- gis concretum. Par ratio est eorum, qui per gummi describunt, uti gum- mi seu lacrymam vocat Garc. l.1. c.4. Gummi papaveris nigri est opium, ait Serapio cap. de papav. gummi opium vo- cat Felix Würz. de curat. vuln. part 2. cap.16. p.294. Hæc ut concilientur, notandum est, benè distinguen- B2 dum < & confirmatur.> < Aliis per lac, & liquorem,> < per lacrymam,> < per gummi.> < Concilia- rio.>

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ON THE TRUE DEFINITION OF OPIUM. And it is not liquid, but thickened in the sun and as it were coagulated. This kind is confirmed by the authority of 1. Galen, l. 9. de comp. med. nat. v[er]s. cap. 4. & l. 8. cap. 1., where opium is called the juice of the poppy. 2. Avicenna, lib. 5 tract. 2. cap. 526., where it is defined as the juice of the black poppy. 3. Scribonius Largus, l. de comp. med. cap. 48., who there plainly asserts that it is altogether the same as opium meconium. Others indeed all agree in this, that opium is drawn from the poppy, which is both granted and manifest in every respect; yet they differ most of all in the definition. Thus some call it milk; some a milky liquor, see Marcell. l. de medicam. c. 8. Others define it simply as a liquor. So Mylus, Basil. cbim. l. 6. p. 1351: opium, he says, is the liquor of the poppy; therefore it is no small error when the juice of the poppy is translated by many, since its juice is called meconium. Many define it as a tear. Dioscorides, l. 4. cap. 65., calls opium duxuor, but the juice of that same poppy he calls meconium. Galen, libr. de antid. 2. cap. 7., says that opium is the tear of the poppy, different from its juice; and l. 1. de temperam. c. 2., it is called by him the tear of the poppy. He is at odds with the text who copied the words of Dioscorides, Oribasius l. 11. collect. medicinal. in voce, and Theophrastus Hist. plant. l. 9. cap. 8. and others. Now, however, that juice and tear are different is gathered from Galen, l. 7. de med. facult. cap. 29: a tear is indeed a certain watery liquor, whereas juice is something more congealed. The same is true of those who describe it by gum, as Garc. calls gum or tear, l. 1. c. 4. The gum of the black poppy is opium, says Serapio cap. de papav.; Felix Würz. calls gum opium, de curat. vuln. part 2. cap. 16. p. 294. In order that these things may be reconciled, it is to be noted that it must be well distinguished B2 from < & confirmed.> < By others, through milk and liquor,> < through tear,> < through gum.> < Reconciliation.>

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. III. dum esse inter hæc nomina, (quæ descripsimus capite primo latius,) latè & strictè, generaliter & specialiter, pro- priè & impropriè sumta. Interdum enim à medicis παταχησπικῶς [μὴ]πος αἰλι πελι χυλή, ἐποι χυλήσματον, & vice ver- sâ voces hæc pro illâ usurpantur, ut annotat Iob. Anton. Sa- racen. Schol. in l.4. c.69. Diosc. Adde, quæ superius de voce [μὴ]πος diximus. Hanc nempe libertatem in nominum obser- vatione, sibi sumserunt medici, ut sæpe unum dictorum pro altero usurpent. Sic ipse Galenus l.6. meth. med. c.2. circa med. & l.3. de temp. c.7. Cyrenaicum [μὴ]πον lacrymam appel- lat. Videatur & M. Varrol. 2. de reruspicâ c.11. ubi eandem rem aliis [μὴ]πον, aliis δανγνον dictam expressis verbis innuit. [μὴ]πος tribuitur la- diferis. Illud verò maximè notatu dignum videtur, quod [μὴ]πος specialiter attributus legitur plantis lactiferis. Ita lactu- ca & chondrillæ liquor lacteusque succus [μὴ]πος vocatur à Diosc. l.2. c.161. l.2 c.166. & idem apud Galenum passim oc- currit. Valeriola notatur. Labi videtur Valeriola libr.1. enarrat 4. opium, dicens, nativus quidam est plantæ succus, nempe meconii voca- ti, non factitia res, non arte effecta; nisi per meconium πηνυχνων intelligat. Opium sim- plex est. Clarum exinde evadit, non compositum quid esse opi- um, sed simplex. Utut enim quibusdam dicatur ex papa- veris & hyoscyami succo illud componi, id tamen potiùs de adulterato, quàm legitimo & genuino valet. CAPUT III. Opii originem & patriam delineat. Autores primi, qui Hippocrates opii expressè non meminit in scriptis suis, quæ extant. Ingreditur tamen antidotum ejusdem, de-

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. III. among these names also, (which we have more fully described in the first chapter,) broadly and strictly, generally and specially, properly and improperly taken. For sometimes by physicians παταχησπικῶς [μὴ]πος αἰλι πελι χυλή, ἐποι χυλήσματον, and vice versa these words are used for that one, as John Anton. Saracen. notes in Schol. in l.4. c.69. Diosc. Add what we said above concerning the word [μὴ]πος. Indeed, the physicians have assumed this freedom in the observation of names, so that they often use one of the terms for another. Thus Galen himself, l.6. meth. med. c.2. circa med. & l.3. de temp. c.7., calls the Cyrenaic [μὴ]πον a tear. See also M. Varrol. 2. de reruspicâ c.11., where he expressly indicates the same thing, called by some [μὴ]πον, by others δανγνον. [μὴ]πος is attributed to lactiferous plants. What is especially worthy of note is that [μὴ]πος is read as being specially attributed to lactiferous plants. Thus the milky juice and sap of lettuce and chondrilla are called [μὴ]πος by Diosc. l.2. c.161. l.2 c.166., and the same occurs frequently in Galen. Valeriola is noted. Valeriola seems to be mistaken in libr. 1. enarrat. 4, when he says that opium is a certain natural juice of the plant, namely of what is called meconium, not an artificial thing, not made by art; unless he understands by meconium πηνυχνων. Opium is simple. From this it becomes clear that opium is not something compound, but simple. For although by some it is said to be composed from the juice of poppies and hyoscyamus, that, however, applies rather to adulterated opium than to legitimate and genuine opium. CAPUT III. It outlines the origin and homeland of opium. First authors, who... Hippocrates does not expressly mention opium in his writings, which survive. Yet he enters an antidote of the same, de-

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DE ORIGINE ET PATRIA OPII. 3. descriptam à Nicol. Alexandr. 1. de comp. medicam. 378. Et ipse 1.6 epidem. sect. 6. text. 46. meminit saporiferi, seu, ut ex contextu patet, narcotici. < opii meminerunt.> Ast Dioscorides & Galenus illius usum noverunt & largè scriptis exposuerunt. Inde Arabes frequentiorem illius usum in forum medicum introduxerunt, varia illo exornantes composita. <Papaveris species quæruor.> Dictum est, consieri opium ex papavere. Hoc cum vel sativum sit, vel sylvestre, & utriusque species plures dentur, in quatuor tamen quasi summa genera distinguitur. Vid. Diosc. 1.4. c.65. Primum est hortense, quod Græcis fuit dictum, tres alias species sub se comprehendens (a.) oblongum habet capitulum & semen candidum. (B.) Caput habet insidens demissumque, semen verò nigrum, à nonnullis vocatum, hoc Dioscorides sylvestre papaver appellat. Dicitur tamen & , quod ex scapo illius succus emanet lacteus. (γ.) tertia species quasi magis sylvestris, multò his longior & capitulo productiore. Alterum genus papaveris est erraticum, quod vocant; quod flos ejusdem protinus defluat, seu decidat, inter segetes in arvis plurimum nascens, oblongo capite, semine ruso. Tertium est corniculatum seu , dictum, semine sub calyculo inflexo pusillo & nigro recondito. Quartum est spumosum, seu Heracleum, totum candidum. Quibus jungi potest & SPINOSUM, flore flavo, & semine nigro. Opium prognascitur ex genere primo. Hoc verò cum duplex, ratione seminis ita distinctum, detur: album & nigrum, quodnam horum fundat de se & præbeat opium, disquisitionem meretur. B 3 Plinio

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ON THE ORIGIN AND NATIVE COUNTRY OF OPIUM. 3. described by Nicol. Alexandr. 1. de comp. medicam. 378. And he himself, 1.6 epidem. sect. 6. text. 46, mentions a soporific, or, as is clear from the context, a narcotic. <They have mentioned opium.> But Dioscorides and Galen knew its use and explained it at length in their writings. Hence the Arabs introduced its more frequent use into the medical field, adorning various preparations with it. <Four species of poppy are sought.> It has been said that opium is prepared from the poppy. Since this is either cultivated or wild, and since several species of each exist, it is nevertheless distinguished into four principal kinds, as it were. See Diosc. 1.4. c.65. The first is the garden poppy, which was called by the Greeks, comprehending three other species under itself: (a.) it has an oblong head and white seed. (B.) It has a head set low and hanging down, but black seed; by some called , which Dioscorides calls the wild poppy. It is also called , because from its stalk there flows a milky juice. (γ.) The third species is as it were more wild, much longer than these and with a more elongated head. The second kind of poppy is the erratic, as they call it; because its flower quickly falls off or drops away, growing very abundantly among the crops in the fields, with an oblong head and reddish seed. The third is the horned one, or , so called, with the seed hidden beneath a small, bent, and black calyx. The fourth is the spongy one, or Heraclean, altogether white. To these may be joined also the thorny one, with yellow flower and black seed. Opium is produced from the first kind. But since this is found in a twofold form, thus distinguished by the seed: white and black, which of these yields and produces opium is worth investigating. B 3 Pliny

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. III. Plinio l. 20. c. 18. & Avicennâ lib. 2. c. 526. autoribus, non abnuente Dioscoride l. c. olim parabatur ex papavere nigro, quibus adstipulantur Renodaus, VVormius, & alii complures, licet ille ex albo quoque papavere vulnerato optimum haberi opium à recentioribus statui, scribat. Alii indiscriminatim ex papaveris capitibus, cortice inciso in Thebaide & aliis locis calidioribus opium stillare asserunt. Alii ex solo albo fieri contendunt. Retulit illustri Scaligero Nicolaus Brixianus, præfectus stabulis Regis Navarræ, qui in Ponto, Bithyniâ, Ciliciâ diu egit, opium fieri ex albo papavere; seri passim multos agros, longè latèque, premique ad usum familiarem, qui etiam Turcis ipsis sit frequentissimus. Exerc. 175. Adstipulatur Bellonius l. 3. obs. c. 15. ex albo papavere opium Turcas parare perhibens. Addi his potest, quod Garcias refert, totâ Indiâ non facilè provenire papaver nigrum. Nil tamen obstat, quin dicamus, ex utrisque opium parari posse. Sed an valentius ex nigro, quàm albo, si quæras; R ex nigro valentius fieri probabile, quia hoc vaporibus excrementitiis sylvestribus, vel si mavis Θe magis abundat. MODUM præparandi exhibit Dioscorides l. 4. c. 65. ex quo alii autores omnes eum transscripsêre. Cum enim meconii faciendi primum docuisset modum, subjungit: , μελατος τὸς ἀγίτος ανιχμαδήνα, περιγράφη μαχαριω τοῦ ασερισκον, ως μὲν εἰς τὰ ὑπος Ζατενταί, καὶ ἐκτω πολινινδὲ τὴς παθίας ἐπὶ & Θεῖας ἐκτέμενεν ἐξεπιπολὴς, καὶ δίτοιχαν τὸ δάκηνον ἐπερχέμενον δακτύλω εἰς μύακα. Ατι opi faciendi ratio hoc est: Cùm ros exaruerit, stellulam (quæ in summo papaveris capite visitur) cultello ita scarificare oportet, ut

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. III. According to Pliny, book 20, chapter 18, and Avicenna, book 2, chapter 526, it was formerly prepared from black poppy, as Dioscorides, book c., does not deny; Renodaus, Wormius, and many others also agree with this, although he writes that from white poppy as well, when wounded, the best opium is now judged by more recent writers to be obtained. Others indiscriminately assert that opium flows from the heads of poppies, when the bark is cut in Thebaid and other warmer places. Others contend that it is made from white poppy alone. Nicolaus Brixianus, prefect of the stables of the King of Navarre, who spent a long time in Pontus, Bithynia, and Cilicia, reported to the illustrious Scaliger that opium is made from white poppy; that many fields are sown everywhere, far and wide, and pressed for household use, which is also very common among the Turks themselves. Exerc. 175. Bellonius agrees, book 3, observation 15, saying that the Turks prepare opium from white poppy. To these may be added what Garcias relates, that black poppy does not easily grow throughout India. Yet nothing prevents us from saying that opium can be prepared from both. But if you ask whether it is stronger from the black than from the white, it is probable that it is more potent from the black, because this is more abundant in wild excrementitious vapors, or, if you prefer, in Θε . The method of preparing it is given by Dioscorides, book 4, chapter 65, from whom all the other authors copied it. For after first teaching the method of making meconium, he adds: ", μελατος τὸς ἀγίτος ανιχμαδήνα, περιγράφη μαχαριω τοῦ ασερισκον, ως μὲν εἰς τὰ ὑπος Ζατενταί, καὶ ἐκτω πολινινδὲ τὴς παθίας ἐπὶ & Θεῖας ἐκτέμενεν ἐξεπιπολὴς, καὶ δίτοιχαν τὸ δάκηνον ἐπερχέμενον δακτύλω εἰς μύακα." The method of making opium is this: when the dew has dried, the little star, which is seen at the top of the poppy head, ought to be cut with a knife in such a way that it

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DE ORIGINE ET PATRIA OPII. 15 ut ne penitus intrò adigatur, & à capitis lateribus per dire- ctum summam cutim incidere, & erumpentem lacrymam di- gito in conchulam abstergere. Addit, redeundum esse non ita multò post, & postero quoque die, repetendamque de- nuò condensatam ex vulnere pridem facto lacrumam. Hæc in pilâ teri jubetur, & in pastillos coacta reponi. Cauto tamen opus esse, concludit, ne liquor vestium affrictu deradatur & pereat, unde retrocedendum esse mo- net. Eleganter modum huncce versibus expressit Macer, in cap. de tribus papav. generibus, ita canens: Exuviis teneris opium faciunt capicellis incisâ leviter summâ cute, lacque, quod inde defuit, excipiunt coeleis, siccumque reservant antidotis multis aptum, variisque medelis. De Meconio verò ita pergit: Sunt qui contundunt cum lacte suo capitella, de quibus expressum siccant in sole liquorem &c. Ex dictis efficitur, fieri opium ex incisione capitum pa- paveris ferè maturescentium, & TEMPUS, quo colligi- tur, ab autoribus nominatur Majus & Iunius, à Querceta- no, VVeckero & aliis, LOCUS NATALIS opii est diversus. < Fit ex Incli- sione tem- pore æstiva.> Olim pluri- mum & optimum opium mittebat non tam urbs Theba- rum sola, quàm regio Thebaica, unde sicuti sena & rha- barbarum Alexandrinum, terebinthina Cypria &c. pro optimis habentur; ita opium Thebaicum, ceu genuinum & optimæ notæ censebatur, quod & hodierno die usu re- ceptum est. A regibus Ægypti dicitur Thebaicus, teste Isidoro, sed à Thebis Cadmi dicitur Thebanus. Theba fuerunt Ægypti oppida insulæ, urbsque: licet com-

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DE ORIGINE ET PATRIA OPII. 15 so that it may not be driven too deeply inward, and from the sides of the head, by a straight cut, the outer skin is to be incised, and the tear that flows out is to be wiped with the finger into a shell. He adds that one must return not long afterward, and on the following day too, and again collect the tear, now condensed from the wound made earlier. This is ordered to be ground in a mortar, and when made into pills, to be stored away. However, he concludes that care is needed lest the liquid be scraped off and lost by rubbing against the clothes, whence he warns that one must draw back. Macer elegantly expressed this method in verses, in the chapter on the three kinds of poppy, singing thus: From the tender outer coverings they make opium from little heads, having lightly cut the outer skin, and the milk, which from there is lacking, they receive in shells; and they preserve it dry, suited for many antidotes and various remedies. Then, concerning meconium, he continues thus: There are those who crush the little heads with their own milk, and dry in the sun the liquid pressed out from them, etc. From what has been said it follows that opium is made by incision of the heads of poppies that are nearly ripe, and the TIME when it is collected is named by the authors as May and June, by Quercetanus, Wecker, and others. The NATIVE PLACE of opium is different. <It is made by incision in the summer season.> Formerly the best and most abundant opium was sent not so much from the city of Thebes alone as from the Thebaic region, just as Alexandrian senna and rhubarb, Cypriot turpentine, etc., are regarded as the best; thus Thebaic opium, as genuine and of the best quality, was esteemed, which is also accepted usage to this day. It is called Thebaic from the kings of Egypt, according to Isidore, but from Thebes of Cadmus it is called Theban. Thebes was among the cities and the island of Egypt; although

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAPUT III. 16 commune nomen sit variarum urbium, non procul à se invicem sitarum, seu conterminarum; recensent quippe Autores Thessalicas, Boëoticas, Ægyptias, Troadas, Phthiotidas, autore Plinio l.4. c.3. ß 8. l.5. cap.19. l.36. c.8. Homer. l.9. Odyss. Solin. c.13. p.61. ß. c.12. p.58. Strabon. l.9. ß 17. Geograph. ubi Ægypti Thebas prope Alexandriam sitas memorat. Ab hâc verò urbe & hodiè varia tum aliarum mercium, tum præcipuè medicamentorum ad nos feruntur genera, utut nonnulli Thessalicam & Boëoticam insulas longo ab Ægypto distare intervallo contendant. Et Thebas ipsas Ægyptias numero portarum fuisse nobiles, & ad eas commercia Arabes undique gentium subvexisse, autor est Solinus polybistor c.45. p.151. addit: hinc regio Thebaica. Cilicia, Bellonius l 3. obs. c.15. in Paphlagoniâ, Cappadociâ, Ciliâ, aliisque locis orientalibus opium parari largo proven- tudocet, integris jugeribus inter incolas divisis, ex quibus quilibet majorem vel minorem copiam colligit. Nominat idem in specie Acharan, Caracharan, Spartadam, Emetelindam. Alii in genere è Turciæ confini Asiâ & Natoliâ, Indiâque in Europam opium adferri scribunt. Natolia. Hinc cum mirari quis possit, quomodo in tantâ copiâ paretur opium, huic dubio satisfit, dicto Bellonii loco. Cum enim integri agri, ut apud nos quibusdam locis cum cnico, glycyrrhizâ, & glasto contingit, serantur papaverè, quid obstat, largâ messe provenire opium? Larga mes sis. Accedit ejusdem testimonio, quod non solùm tanta papaverum ibi extet copia; sed & quòd singulari diligentiâ magnoque legentium numero tantus consurgat proven- tùs, ut quinquaginta cameli opio onerati inde in Persiam, Indiam, Europam, imò varias Turciæ regiones ipsas educantur, qui locus sanè meretur legi integer. Alte-

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAPUT III. 16 the common name may belong to various cities, lying not far from one another, or bordering upon one another; for authors reckon Thessalian, Boeotian, Egyptian, Trojan, and Phthiotic cities, by Pliny l.4. c.3. § 8. l.5. cap.19. l.36. c.8. Homer. l.9. Odyss. Solin. c.13. p.61. §. c.12. p.58. Strabon. l.9. § 17. Geograph. where he mentions the Thebes of Egypt as situated near Alexandria. From this city, however, even today various kinds are brought to us, both of other merchandise, and especially of medicines, although some contend that the Thessalian and Boeotian islands are distant from Egypt by a long interval. And Solinus the polyhistor is author that the Egyptian Thebes itself was famous for the number of its gates, and that the Arabs from all nations brought trade thither; c.45. p.151. he adds: hence the Thebaic region. Cilicia, Bellonius l.3. obs. c.15. in Paphlagonia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, and other eastern places, shows that opium is produced in great abundance, entire acres being divided among the inhabitants, from which each gathers a greater or lesser quantity. He mentions in particular Acharan, Caracharan, Spartadam, Emetelinda. Others generally write that opium is brought into Europe from the borders of Turkey, Asia and Natolia, and India. Natolia. Hence, though one might wonder how opium can be prepared in such abundance, this doubt is satisfied by the aforesaid passage of Bellonius. For when entire fields, as in some places among us with hemp, liquorice, and glasto, are sown with poppy, what prevents opium from yielding a plentiful harvest? A plentiful harvest. To this is added his testimony, that not only is there such a great abundance of poppies there; but also that by singular diligence and a great number of gatherers such a large yield arises, that fifty camels loaded with opium are exported thence into Persia, India, Europe, indeed into various regions of Turkey itself; and surely this passage deserves to be read in full. Alte-

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DE ORIGINE ET PATRIA OPIL. 17 Alterum verò, quod huc facit, perquam notabile est, quod < 1. Capitis papaberini capacitas.> Garcias lib. 1. c. 4. prægrandi capite papaver in India crescere perhibet, quod Caxcax, (aliis Caschas) vocant, adeò ut binos ferè sextarios in se continere possit, id est, uncias XXXV. seu ut alii vertunt, uncias LX. ut hinc Rerodeus scribat, ejus capita singula ovi struthiocameli magnitudinem æquare sect 10. de mat. med. p. 278. Quanta ex his capitibus cultello læsis opii dimanet ubertas, cuivis dijudicandum relinquimus. < Varias pro regionum diversa: e,> Optimum esse è Cairo allatum, Garcias l. c. inquit, cujus varia dentur genera: 1. Albicans; hoc Thebaicum ipsi est. 2. quod ex Aden advehitur, aliisque locis Erythræo marivicinis, nigrum & lurum, cujus pretium pro regionum varietate aut intenditur, aut minuitur. 3 quod in Indiâ, Cambajâ, Mandou, Chitor cogitur, mollius est, & magis slavesce, quo vulgò nos, ipsius sunt verba, utimur. < Profert opium Ægyptus e iam num,> In Ægypto adhuc hodiè magnâ provenire opium quantitate confirmat V Vansleb. relatione dell' Egitto p. 3. c. 6. p. 61. ubi: vi sono parimente in grand' abondanza le Drogh, comme opio, papaveri &c. &, Boncio teste, bist. nat. l 2. c. 4. p. 10. & not. ad Garc. c 4. p. 41. opium electissimum dicitur meseri, contractè misri, (misri verò est Ægyptus) & antiquorum est Thebaicum. Conferri mereatur P. Alpinus qui l. 4. c. 11. de med. Ægypt. hunc succum, ait, quo omnes utuntur, opium puta, ex locis Sajeth, ubi olim Thebarum urbs erat præclarissima, deferunt; ibi etenim nigra papa- vera copiosissimè proveniunt, cæterisque omnibus facultate præstant, ex quorum capitibus succum exprimunt, quem sole siccant, atque ad usum servant. < Faba> In Iavâ majore insulâ orientalis Indiæ copiosè provenire offium affirmat Georg. Andreas, itinerar. Ind. l. 1. cap. 10. p. 13. item ex civitate Amadabath idem copiosè efferri, ibique dicit theriacam offium, scribit idem l. 1. cap. 19. p. 32. C Ex

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ON THE ORIGIN AND NATIVE LAND OF OPIUM. 17 The other point, which belongs here, is very noteworthy: it is that < 1. Capacity of the poppy head.> Garcias, book 1, ch. 4, reports that a poppy with a very large head grows in India, called Caxcax, (by others Caschas), so large that it can contain nearly two sextarii, that is, 35 ounces, or, as others translate it, 60 ounces; from which Rerodeus writes that each of its heads equals the size of an ostrich egg, sect. 10, de mat. med. p. 278. How much opium flows from these heads when wounded with a knife, we leave for anyone to judge. < Different kinds according to the diversity of regions,> That the best is brought from Cairo, Garcias says in the same place, and of it several kinds are found: 1. the whitish; this is the Thebaic to him. 2. that which is brought from Aden and other places near the Red Sea, black and dirty, whose price, according to the variety of regions, is either raised or reduced. 3. that which is gathered in India, Cambay, Mandou, and Chitor, is softer and more serviceable; this is the one we commonly use, as are his own words. < Egypt produces opium even now,> That in Egypt opium still even today comes forth in great quantity is confirmed by Van Sleb, Relation dell' Egitto, p. 3, ch. 6, p. 61, where: there are likewise in great abundance the drugs, such as opium, poppies, etc. And, according to Boncio, Hist. nat. l. 2, ch. 4, p. 10, and note to Garc. ch. 4, p. 41, the most select opium is called meseri, contracted misri, (misri indeed is Egypt), and of the ancients it is the Thebaic. P. Alpinius deserves comparison, who in book 4, ch. 11, de med. Ægypt., says that this juice, which all use, namely opium, is brought from the places of Sajeth, where once the city of Thebes was most famous; for there black poppies grow most abundantly and surpass all others in quality; from whose heads they press out the juice, which they dry in the sun and keep for use. < Bean> In the greater island of Java of the East Indies, it is affirmed by Georg. Andreas, Itinerar. Ind. book 1, ch. 10, p. 13, that opium grows abundantly; likewise that it is brought out in great quantity from the city of Amadabath, and there, he says, opium is made into theriac, writes the same author, book 1, ch. 19, p. 32. C From

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. IV. Apulia, Ex Apuliâ Venetias afferri, non exiguâ copiâ, ait Ama- tus Lusitanus l 4. in Dioscor. enarrat. 68. p. 426. I. B. Silvat. libr. 1. de comp. 1ber. c.6. Et VVecker. antidotar. l.1. s.16. de li- quoribus p.135. credit papaver, quod in Apuliâ crescit, re- gione sicca & aridâ, in quâ rarò pluvia cadunt, perfectis- simum esse ad lacrymam parandam, modò diligenter se- cundum doctrinam Dioscoridis colligeretur, cùm ibi se- ratur admodum copiosè album, unde lacrymam colli- gunt, maximè in ducatu Barcensi. an & no- strum cli- ma? In nostro climate an præparari possit opium, digna ven- tilatu est quæstio. Pro affirmativâ stat Quercetanus, qui Pharmac. dogmat. restit. cap. 25. p.830. docet, ut ait, juxta eandem normam & rationem ex nostro quoque papavere opium educere, quod suâ præstantiâ ac viribus veterum opio longè lateque sit anteferendum, seu, ut paulò post p.832. loquitur, quod proprietatibus & effectibus suis vul- gari isti, quantumvis longissimè advecto respondeat. De- scriptionem verò ipsam eodem capite p.838. subjungit. R[es]t. Sed licet negandum non sit, & nostrum papaver gaude- re particulis sulphureis & soporiferis, anodynis, narcoti- cis, unde diacodium vulgare usus suos habet non conte- mnendos; vim tamen illam tantam esse, quanta in opio hactenus usuali peregrino, experientia refellit. Accedit calor, qui in Indiis & Asia longè major est, præ nostrate frigido Jove, hinc etiam magis coquitur illud seu gum- meum seu sulphureum in papavere, ut de prærogativâ pa- paveris Asiatici peregrini, quam habet in magnitudine, nil amplius repetamus. CAPUT IV. De Notis & Electione Opii. OpiiElec[ti]o Circa opium electio duplex observanda, 1. respectu sui, 2. respectu aliorum. Re-

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. IV. Apulia, From Apulia, says Amatus Lusitanus, a not inconsiderable quantity is brought to Venice, l. 4. in Dioscor. enarrat. 68. p. 426. I. B. Silvat. libr. 1. de comp. lber. c. 6. And Wecker, antidotar. l. 1. s. 16. de liquoribus p. 135, believes that the poppy which grows in Apulia, a dry and arid region, where rain rarely falls, is most perfect for preparing the juice, provided it be diligently gathered according to the doctrine of Dioscorides, since there it is sown very abundantly, white, from which they collect the juice, especially in the Barcense duchy. and our climate? Whether opium can be prepared in our climate is a question worthy of discussion. In the affirmative stands Quercetanus, who, in Pharmac. dogmat. restit. cap. 25. p. 830, teaches that, as he says, according to the same rule and method, opium may also be drawn from our poppy, which by its excellence and strength should be preferred far and wide to the opium of the ancients, or, as he says a little later, p. 832, which in its properties and effects corresponds to that common sort, however far brought from elsewhere. He adds the description itself in the same chapter, p. 838. Answer. But although it must not be denied that our poppy also possesses sulphureous and soporific, anodynes, narcotic particles, whence common diacodium has uses not to be despised, experience nevertheless refutes that such great force exists in it as in the foreign opium hitherto in use. Added to this is the heat, which in India and Asia is far greater than in our cold region; hence that gummy or sulphureous matter in the poppy is also more thoroughly cooked there, so that we need say no more about the prerogative of the Asiatic foreign poppy, which it has in size. CHAPTER IV. On the Marks and Selection of Opium. Selection of opium Concerning opium, a twofold choice must be observed: 1. with respect to itself, 2. with respect to others. Re-

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DE NOTIS ET ELECTIONE OPII. 19 Respectu sui consideratum opium 1 à natali loco maxi- mè commendatur, uti jam deliberavimus, Thebaicum. Ex πῶν Ἐἰδῶν πῶν αἰ γωπίων ὑπος ἰχυερός ἔατος ὑπν. Ab Ægyptiis pe- titum Thebis opium est potentissimum, verba sunt Galeni l.1. de antid. c.3. unde licet interdum Hispanicum laudet, in- terdum Libycum; sæpius tamen commendat Thebaicum. Æëlius interdum Alianum, aliquando & Achaicum no- minat; Avicenna Ægyptiacum. In hunc usque diem offi- cinæ nostræ & seplasiarii uno ore eligunt & commendant Thebaicum, ubi verò præparatum sit, non semper æque norunt. Thebaicum ergò hoc si præscribitur, illud sem- per intelligitur, quod nobilius est aliis. 2. No æ opii Dioscorideæ attendi merentur. ἀγαλισος δὲ δὲν, inquit, ὑπος ὑποπικνος ἁαὶ βαρύς, ὑν δὲ τὴν ὑσμήν ἀγαθικὴς, πι- κης ὑν τὴν γενος, ὅχερως διμημένον ὑδαλη, λεῖθος, λευκος, ὑπερα- χύς, ὑπεῖς ἔμμβοειδής, ὑπεις ἐμμβοειδής ὑν τῶ διεθεῖδης ὑς ἐμεργής, ἐν δὲ τῶν ἐπιν πεῖς, ἀπερμεῖν ὑν ὑπομεῖν ὑς ὑμεργής, ἐν ἑοδωδει ὑλογί ὑμασω πεῖμ, ἐν σκεδητιατὴν τὴν ὑν τὴν ὑσμήν ἀυ- ναμην. Præstantissimum est opium densum & grave, odoratu seporiferum, gustu amarum, quodque facilè aquâ diluitur, læve, candidum, neque asperum, neque grumosum, quodque inter colendum non uticera coit, densaturve, sed soli exposi- tum diffunditur, & ad lucernam accensum, minimè atrâ ob- scurâve lucet flammâ: quod denique postquam extinctum fue- rit, suam odoris vim etiamnum conservat. Hæc meritò ceu normam proponimus nobis ante ocu- los, cum reliqui autores, veteres præsertim, pauca præ- ter hæc ipsa Dioscoridea ponant κοιτήρια. Ex recentioribus audiatur Bellonius, qui l.c. optimum pronunciat opium, quod amarum, gustu calido, fauces in- cendens, flavescens, leoninorum pilorum modo. C 2 Color

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ON THE SIGNS AND CHOICE OF OPIUM. 19 Considering opium in itself, it is most highly recommended by its native place, as we have already discussed, namely Thebaic opium. Among the kinds of opium, that of Thebes, obtained from Egypt, is the most potent, as Galen says, l.1. de antid. c.3. Hence, although at times he praises the Spanish kind, and at times the Libyan, he more often recommends the Thebaic. Aëlius sometimes names the Aelian, at other times the Achaean; Avicenna, the Egyptian. To this day our apothecaries and druggists with one voice choose and recommend the Thebaic; but where it is prepared, they do not always know equally well. Therefore, if Thebaic opium is prescribed, that is always understood which is nobler than the others. 2. The signs of opium given by Dioscorides deserve attention. “The best,” he says, “is heavy and compact, sweet in smell, bitter in kind, easily dissolved in water, smooth, white, not rough, not clotted, which, while being rubbed, does not cling together or become thick, but when exposed to the sun spreads out, and when kindled by a lamp gives forth by no means a dark or obscure flame; and which, finally, after being extinguished, still retains its odor.” We rightly present these as a standard before our eyes, since the other authors, especially the ancient ones, set down little beyond these very Dioscoridean marks. Among later writers, let Bellonius be heard, who declares the best opium to be that which is bitter, warm in taste, burning the throat, yellowish, like the hairs of a lion. C 2 Color

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. IV. < color,> Color in nostro opio hodiè probatur, ad aloen ferè acce- dens hepaticam, ex nigredine ruffescens, cum frangitur, splendore quodam nitens. Nec obstat, quod D oscorides candidum illud requirat, (quod cum primâ specie Garciæ, albicante convenit) cum procul dubio is vel ad lactea re- spexerit primordia, vel recens adhuc collectum statim, prius, quàm calor & a r ambiens illud alteret, innuat, la- tius paulò vocem candoris extendens. < odor,> Odor adest vehemens, graveolens, nauseabundus, pa- paveraceam redolens prosapiam, uno verbo, < sapore,> Sapor inest acri & amaricans, qualis itidem est papa- veris, si gustetur, lactei liquoris Primo gustu non omnem simul de se spargit saporem, sed sensim magis magisque illum in lingua explicat. < consistentia,> Consistentia compactum est, & grave, facilè aquâ, acce- dente simul calore, dissolvitur, non tamen instar ceræ & mucaginis cujusdam lentescit. Non rarum est & friabile, non asperum, nec grumosum, sed ponderosum, densum, solidum. < puritate,> Quoad alia accidentia maximè eligitur purum. Licet enim quoad extimam vestem admixta interdum habeat se- dimina, si modò interiora integra sint viscera, opium pro puro habetur. Selet ut plurimum soliis propriis qualite- gi, quæ, si ad usum vocetur, facilè removeri possunt. < inflammabilitate,> Flammæ objectum opium accenditur, nec atrâ obscurâ- que nec splendidâ lucidâque exardet flammâ, plus tamen ad obscurum vergente. Extinctum eandem vim odoris non retinet integram eodem gradu, uti prius, sed ex par- te, papaveraceam videlicet. Accenditur, teste Pliniol 20. c.18. difficiliùs, & crebrò extinguitur. Variat hæc inflammabilitas secundum siccitatem ad- junctam, quæ iterum pro aere externo variat. Ac-

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. IV. < color,> The color in our opium is commonly found, approaching almost to aloe, with a reddish tinge from blackness, and shining with a certain brilliance when broken. Nor does it matter that Dioscorides requires it to be white, since this agrees with Garcia’s first appearance, whitish as it is; for without doubt he either had in mind its milky beginnings, or indicates that, when still freshly collected, before the surrounding heat and air has altered it, he extended the term “whiteness” somewhat more broadly. < odor,> There is a strong, foul-smelling, nauseating odor, redolent of the poppy race; in a word, < sapore,> The taste is sharp and bitter, such as that of poppies, if the milky liquor be tasted. At the first taste it does not at once spread all its flavor, but gradually unfolds it more and more on the tongue. < consistentia,> Its consistency is compact and heavy; with the addition of water and heat it is easily dissolved, yet it does not become glutinous like wax and a certain mucilage. It is not uncommon and friable, not rough, nor lumpy, but weighty, dense, and solid. < puritate,> As to its other accidents, it is especially chosen when pure. For although it sometimes has on its outer skin some mixed sediments, if only the inner viscera remain intact, the opium is considered pure. It is usually sold in its own proper leaves, which, if needed for use, can easily be removed. < inflammabilitate,> When exposed to flame, opium catches fire, and it burns neither with a dark and obscure flame nor with a bright and clear one, but rather inclining more toward the dark. When extinguished, it does not retain the same power of odor in the same degree as before, but only in part, namely the poppy-like scent. According to Pliny, Book 20, ch. 18, it is kindled with greater difficulty and is often extinguished. This inflammability varies according to the accompanying dryness, which in turn varies with the external air. Ac-

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DE NOTIS ET ELECTIONE OPII. Accensum laudanum seu extractum nostrum opii luctulenta candidâque exarsit flammâ, facilimè tamen seu statim extinguibili, & terreum relinquens pulverem. Contra extractum aloes nostrum purissimum licet, eâ promptitudine, ut opium, non accenditur, & plures relinquit feces, ceu cineres, ob fixum , & terrenum magna magis in eo abundans; minorem verò quantitatem Æris. Meconium nec accidentibus modò dicit s, nec inflam-mabilitate cum opio, nisi perquam remoto gradu æquiparandum est, sed particulis multis heterogeneis, aqueis præsertim, terrestribus & similibus, ab opio vero diversis, pollet. II. Respectu aliorum admistorum consideratum opium, veterum testimonio sæpius fuit adulteratum, quò majori luero cederet mercatoribus, magno cum damno humani corporis. Dioscorides l.c. meminit variorum mangoniorum, v.g. 1. glaucii, 2 gummi, 3. succi sylvestris lactucæ, quem, quod viribus papaveri aliquatenus sit similis, nonnullos olim meconio permiscuisse confirmat l.2. c.166.4 adipis, quibus omnibus variè deturpatum dignoscendum benè monet, vitiari enim colorem à glaucio, quatenus aquâ solutum & colatum croceum tunc reddit colorem; odorem, consistentiam viresque à reliquis, unde fiat invalidum, inodorum, pellucidum, asperius, ut hinc liceat quasi generale axioma formare, illud opium, quod supra recensita non habet, ratione coloris, odoris, saporis, consistentiæ, & consequenter, virium, pro genuino neutiquam esse habendum. Garcias l.c. scribit, à nonnullis statui adulteratum opium Indicum, quod odorem thymaleæ referat, subinfert tamen, C3 BIBLIOTeca NAZI ROM. VICTORIO EMANUE

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ON THE SIGNS AND SELECTION OF OPIUM. The ignited laudanum, or our extract of opium, burst forth in a mournful and whitish flame, yet very easily, or immediately, extinguishable, and leaving behind a earthy powder. By contrast, our pure extract of aloes, although with such readiness as opium, is not ignited, and leaves more dregs, as it were ashes, because of the fixed and earthy matter more abundantly present in it; but a smaller quantity of air. Meconium is not to be compared with opium only by its accidents, nor in inflammability, unless by a very remote degree, but it possesses many heterogeneous particles, especially aqueous and earthy ones, and the like, different from opium. II. Considered with respect to other admixtures, opium, by the testimony of the ancients, was very often adulterated, in order that it might yield greater profit to the merchants, to the great harm of the human body. Dioscorides, in the cited passage, mentions various sophistications, e.g. 1. glaucium, 2. gum, 3. the juice of wild lettuce, which, because in some measure it is similar in virtue to poppy, he confirms that some in former times mixed with meconium, l. 2. c. 166. 4. fat; and he prudently warns that it is to be recognized when in various ways corrupted, for its color is altered by glaucium, insofar as, dissolved in water and strained, it then renders a saffron-colored hue; its odor, consistency, and strength are altered by the others, whence it becomes weak, odorless, translucent, rougher, so that from this it is possible, as it were, to form a general axiom: that opium which does not have the things just listed is by no means to be regarded as genuine, on account of color, smell, taste, consistency, and consequently strength. Garcias, in the cited passage, writes that by some adulterated Indian opium is held to be that which has an odor resembling thymelaea, however he adds, C3 BIBLIOTeca NAZI ROM. VICTORIO EMANUE

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. V. tamen, nec in Cambaja, nec totâ Indiâ, quoad sibi visum, provenire illam plantam. Amatus Lusitanus comm. in Diosc. l. c. amaritudinem in opio repertam adscribit glaucio, vel succo agrestis lactu- ca, quibus plerumque adulteretur, fatente id Dioscoride. Si enim opio, addit, naturalis illa inesset amaritudo, du- bio procul calidum esset dicendum, non verò frigidum. Tantum potest præjudiciis occupata mens. < Opii per smicroscopium lustratio.> Per smicroscopii adhibitionem lustratum opium, appa- ruit nobis, integrum quidem, ut [aurum]ium, vel minera ejus, striatum, fuscum cum candore, particulis tamen resinosis refertum. Derasæ verò particulæ inspectæ resinosum flavescens aliquid præ se ferebant, instar succini, resinæ pi- ni &c. CAPUT V. Temperamentum opii, & 1. an sit frigidum, indagat. < De Temperie opii opiniones Saria,> Licet nequeamus adeò certos assignare gradus tempera- turæ rerum, unde Galenus alicubi scribit: si cognosce- rem gradum temperaturæ determinatum, crederem me esse Æsculapium; annitendum tamen, ut eatenus illam erua- mus, quatenus intellectui nostro patet aditus. Sed optandum esset, ut de solo gradu caloris vel frigoris dissentirent medici, & non de toto temperamento, & inverso planè in- tensionis qualitatum ordine. Videbimus primò, an calidum sit, an frigidum opium, deinde, an caliditate an frigiditate somnum inducat, alia- que exequatur, quæ communi applausu simplici huic at- tribuuntur. < eorum, qui frigidum> Frigidum esse, communiter statuunt veteres, ad unum ferè

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. V. however, neither in Cambaja nor throughout all India, as far as he could see, does that plant grow. Amatus Lusitanus, comm. in Diosc. l. c., assigns the bitterness found in opium to glaucium, or the juice of wild lettuce, with which it is for the most part adulterated, as Dioscorides admits. For if, he adds, that natural bitterness were in opium, it would undoubtedly have to be called hot, not cold. So much can a mind occupied by prejudices. < Examination of opium by means of the microscope.> Opium having been examined by the use of the microscope, it appeared to us entire, indeed, as [aurum]ium, or its mineral, streaked, brown with whiteness, yet filled with resinous particles. But the particles scraped off and examined showed something resinous and yellowish, like amber, pine resin, &c. CAPUT V. The temperament of opium, and 1. whether it is cold, is investigated. < Opinions concerning the temperament of opium.> Although we may not be able to assign very certain degrees of the temperament of things, wherefore Galen somewhere writes: if I knew the determined degree of temperament, I should believe myself to be Aesculapius; nevertheless we must strive to discover it insofar as access is open to our understanding. But it would be desirable that physicians should disagree only about the degree of heat or cold, and not about the whole temperament, and a plainly reversed order of the intensities of the qualities. We shall first see whether opium is hot or cold, then whether it induces sleep by heat or by cold, and carries out the other effects which by common acclaim are attributed to this simple. < Of those who [hold it] cold> That it is cold, the ancients generally maintain, almost to a man

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DE TEMPERIE OPII FRIGIDA. 13 ferè omnes, quorum primipili sunt Dioscorides l.4. c.65. Ga- lenus tum alibi passim tum l.8. de simpl. med. facult. cap.105. ex quarto & ultimo refrigerantium ordine esse statuit. Avicenna l.2. Tr.2. c.526. Trallian. l.3. c.1. Æginet. l.7. Aët. tetr.3. ferm.1. c.32. Oribas. l.2. de virt. simpl. p.255. Scribon. Larg. l. de compos. med. c.48. Marcell. Donat. l.4. Hist. mir. c.18. Gattinar. in l.9. Rbas. Iacbinus comm. in l.9. Rbas. Cardan. de subtil. l.18. Scaliger exerc. 140. Alex. Bened. l.6. pract. c.13. Fallop. de comp. med. c.8. & de Tumor. c.14. Fernel. l.5. m. m. c.17. & l.6. m m. c.1. & c.5. ubi de opio, & in genere de qui- busvis narcoticis, omnia, inquit, vehementer frigida exi- stunt. Ratio potissima desumpta est ab effectibus, ex ipsorum hypothesi frigidis. Argumentari possunt: Q effectus e- dit frigidos, illud est frigidum. Sed opium & opiata illud præstant. Ergò sunt frigida. Minorem probant, 1. quia stuporem, 2. quia somnum, eunque profundum, inducunt, simulque calorem nativum opprimunt, & cerebrum, sensus omnes, & actiones animales stupefaciunt. 3. Quia corrigitur calidis, ut Zingibere, pipere, euphor- bio, aliis. 4. Probant assertum à remediis opiatorum. Calidissi- ma propinantur, si periculum ab opio immineat. 5. Quod palmarium ducunt, in quibusdam opio extin- ctis ferunt circa cor inventum sangvinem congelatum & conglaciatum fuisse, adeoque constare opium frigidis, terreis, siccis, fixis, incrassantibus & condensantibus par- tibus. Quam in rem elegans est sive historia, sive fabula Levini Lemnii de occult. natur. mirac. l.2. cap.52. p.163. Medi- ci, ait, apud Italos homines facinorosos, qui morti addicti sunt, certo anni tempore à præfectis impetrant in disse- ctionis

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OF THE COLD TEMPERAMENT OF OPIUM. 13 Nearly all, whose chief authorities are Dioscorides, l. 4, c. 65; Galen, both elsewhere in many places and in l. 8, de simpl. med. facult., c. 105, states that it belongs to the fourth and last order of refrigerants. Avicenna, l. 2, Tr. 2, c. 526; Trallianus, l. 3, c. 1; Aegineta, l. 7; Aëtius, tetr. 3, ferm. 1, c. 32; Oribasius, l. 2, de virt. simpl., p. 255; Scribonius Largus, l. de compos. med., c. 48; Marcellus Donatus, l. 4, Hist. mir., c. 18; Gattinara in l. 9, Rhas.; Iacchinus, comm. in l. 9, Rhas.; Cardano, de subtil., l. 18; Scaliger, exerc. 140; Alex. Bened., l. 6, pract., c. 13; Fallopius, de comp. med., c. 8, and de Tumor., c. 14; Fernelius, l. 5, m. m., c. 17, and l. 6, m. m., c. 1 and c. 5, where he speaks of opium, and in general of all narcotics, says that all are vehemently cold. The principal reason is drawn from their effects, which according to their hypothesis are cold. They may argue: whatever produces cold effects is cold. But opium and opiates produce such effects. Therefore they are cold. They prove the minor premise, 1. because they induce stupor, 2. because sleep, and indeed deep sleep, and at the same time suppress native heat, and stupefy the brain, all the senses, and the animal functions. 3. Because it is corrected by hot things, such as ginger, pepper, euphorbium, and others. 4. They prove the assertion from the remedies for opiates. Very hot things are administered if danger from opium is imminent. 5. What they consider the chief point: in some who have been killed by opium, they report that blood was found around the heart frozen and congealed, and thus it is established that opium consists of cold, earthy, dry, fixed, thickening, and condensing parts. In this matter there is an elegant account, or rather fable, of Levinus Lemnius, de occult. natur. mirac., l. 2, c. 52, p. 163. The physicians, he says, among the Italians, obtain from the magistrates, at a certain time of the year, for criminals who are condemned to death, permission for dissection of the

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24 LIB. I. SECT. I. CAPUT V. ctionis usum, & quò rei medicæ studiosi in re anatomica exerceri possint. Itaque ne ullos humores dissipari con- tingat, aut crassiores spiritus evanescere, onaniaque se a- pertè proferant, opii, hoc est, succi nigri papaveris binas ternasve drachmas ex vino meracissimo mortem comme- ritis exhibent, quâ potione haustâ primùm exhilarescere incipiunt, velut risu Sardonio perfusi, mox in somnum so- poremque resoluti, morte sopiuntur, tantâ siquidem per- nicitate venas ac vitalia corripit, ut dissecto corum, qui opio potionati sunt, corpore, cordi adhæsisse compertum sit. Imò & in cerebri ventriculis sangvinem instar glaciei ex- inde coactum & congelatum fuisse refert, qui idem recenset, < ab affectionibus frigidi.> Iaach. Curæus l 2. de sensu c. 17. p. 129. Frigidum esse opium, evinci potest affectionibus frigi- di, ab ipso Galeno l. 9 de simpl. med. facult. c. 22. ß 1. 4. ejusd. tractat. c. 1. & Aristotele l. 4. meteor. c. 7 ß 8. probatis. Fri- gidi est densare, cogere, astringere, incrassare: calidi ra- refacere, fundere, aperire, atteruare. Opium verò den- sare, cogere, astringere, incrassare, quis negabit? Sed frigida & calida sibi relicta effectus hosce edunt, per accidens verò & frigida calefacere, & calida refrigera- re possunt. Unde distinguendum venit inter effectum uni- vocum & æquivocum, licut videmus, aquilonem, frigi- dum ventum, nubes dissipare, quia ex frigidis locis in ca- lidiora illas devexit, austrum verò calidum nubes collige- re, quia ex calidis locis in frigidiora eas deducit. Referri huc posset Helmontii conciliatio, quòd campho- ra, & opium licet calida, refrigerare dicantur, quacenus Archæum subigunt aur fugant. Potest. med. ß 4. p. 291. < Alias pro frigiditate argumenta 1.> Frigiditas opii aliâ verisimili ratione probari potest: primò lententiâ illorum, qui theriacam tamdiu infermen- taram

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24 LIB. I. SECT. I. CAPUT V. the use of dissection, and so that students of medicine may be exercised in anatomical matters. Therefore, lest any humors should happen to be dissipated, or the grosser spirits vanish, and all things openly reveal themselves, they give to those condemned to death two or three drachms of opium, that is, black juice of the poppy, in very strong wine; and after this potion has been swallowed, they first begin to grow cheerful, as though covered with the laughter of Sardonyx, then, resolved into sleep and drowsiness, they are lulled to death, for so great is its violence that it seizes the veins and the vital parts, so that, when the bodies of those who have been drugged with opium are dissected, it has been found to have adhered to the heart. Indeed, he also reports that in the ventricles of the brain the blood was afterwards driven together and frozen like ice, which same thing he records, <from the affections of cold.> Iaach. Curæus l. 2. de sensu c. 17. p. 129. That opium is cold can be proved by the affections of cold, as established by Galen himself, l. 9 de simpl. med. facult. c. 22. ß 1. 4. and c. 1 of the same treatise, and by Aristotle, l. 4 meteor. c. 7 ß 8. For it belongs to cold things to thicken, cohere, bind together, and make dense; to hot things, to rarefy, melt, open, and attenuate. But who will deny that opium thickens, coheres, binds together, and makes dense? But cold things and hot things, left to themselves, produce these effects; however, by accident cold things can heat, and hot things can cool. Hence a distinction must be made between a univocal and an equivocal effect, as we see that the north wind, a cold wind, scatters clouds, because it has carried them from cold places into warmer ones, while the south wind, though hot, gathers clouds, because it brings them from warm places into colder ones. One might refer here Helmont’s reconciliation, namely, that camphor and opium, although hot, are said to cool insofar as they subdue or drive away the Archeus. Potest. med. ß 4. p. 291. <Other arguments for coldness. 1.> The coldness of opium can be proved by another plausible reason: first, by the opinion of those who for so long theriac has been fermented

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DE TEMPERIE OPII FRIGIDA. 25 tatam manere statuunt ob opium. Frigida fermentationem impediunt, calida promovent, cujus causam ajunt opii esse cruditatem. Deinde istorum, qui theriacam primis sex mensibus esse frigidam propter opium profitentur. Theriaca recens majori efficaciâ dolores sedat, spiritus sopit, sistit fluxiones, quàm vetus. Verùm credendum non est, exiguam opii quantitatem, si respicias ad rotum compositum, impedire fermentationem. Justum tempus requiritur ad debitam fermentationem. Non persistit sine fermentatione theriaca, sed sensim & sensim particulæ heterogeneæ fermentationem moliuntur. Dicit quidem Quercetanus, si compositioni spiritûs aciduli & excellentis à Olo educti addatur, fermentationem promoveri posse multùm; sed illud non sit ob opium, fermentationem impediens, verùm quia spiritus hic salinus fermentationi perquam est aptus. Alterum argumentum non concessâ nititur hypothesi, opium esse frigidum. Non minus recens theriaca sudorem movet, effectu sanè omnium consensu calido, quàm vetus. Probabilius argumentum alii adducunt, quia frigefaciendo enecat, ut Hoffmannus facit, de med. offic. lib. 2. c. 169. §. 13. vel quia frigiditate suâ resolutionem inferat, ut Averrb. 5. can. 27. cujus tamen vis patet ex dictis, & ex dicendis clarebit magis. Vide tur hæc veterum hypothesis de frigiditate opiatorum, & quod ea immediatè sensum partium tollant, exinde orta, quod viderint, frigidis aliis actu talibus obtundi sensibilitatem, tum si partibus sanis, tum si dolentibus applicarentur, quo de vid. Illustris Bartholinus Tr. de Nive cap. 24. 28 & 5. aph. 25. ubi: vdegun [mercur]ij uere[n]t[ur], [mercur]ium corpor enim (à frigidâ affusâ) moderatus dolorem solvit. Cum ergò D

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ON THE COLD TEMPERAMENT OF OPIUM. 25 they hold that it remains wholly so on account of opium. Cold things hinder fermentation, hot things promote it, the cause of which they say is the rawness of opium. Then those who profess that theriac is cold during the first six months because of the opium. Fresh theriac with greater efficacy allays pains, induces sleep, stops fluxes, than old theriac. But it must not be believed that a small quantity of opium, if you look at the whole compound, prevents fermentation. A proper time is required for due fermentation. Theriac does not remain without fermentation, but little by little heterogeneous particles bring about fermentation. Indeed Quercetanus says that, if to the composition a spirit, acidulous and excellent, extracted from oil, be added, fermentation can be greatly promoted; but that is not because of opium, as preventing fermentation, but rather because this saline spirit is highly suited to fermentation. The other argument rests on an ungranted hypothesis, namely that opium is cold. No less does fresh theriac provoke sweat, an effect certainly, by the agreement of all, as hot as old theriac. Others bring a more probable argument, because by cooling it kills, as Hoffmann does, de med. offic. lib. 2. c. 169. §. 13. or because by its coldness it produces relaxation, as Averr. 5. can. 27. Yet its force is clear from what has been said, and from what will be said it will become clearer still. It seems that this hypothesis of the ancients concerning the coldness of opiates, and that they immediately take away the sense of the parts, arose from their having seen that other things actually cold blunt sensibility, whether applied to healthy parts, or to painful ones; concerning which see the illustrious Bartholinus, Tr. de Nive cap. 24. 28 & 5. aph. 25. where: vdegun [mercur]ij uere[n]t[ur], [mercur]ium corpor enim (à frigidâ affusâ) moderatus dolorem solvit. When therefore D

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. VI. ergò ab assumpto incautè, vel magnâ dosi propinato ur- gentibus doloribus opio, non ipsum solùm tolli, sed & sensum ipsum unà cum homine emori, cernerent, judica- rût, ipsa hæc eò nominata narcotica frigidissima esse opor- tere, cum tamen ab externis, præsertim actu talibus, ad in- terna non valeat consequentia, unde rectè apud Cratonem dicitur l.3. epist.16.p.211. Qui fit, si frigidum est opium, quod non nix & glacies &c. tantum inducant soporem? < Anodyna calida cre- dita,> Notabile etiam hoc est, quòd anodyna non statuerint frigida, sed calida, quo de videri latius potest Galenus l.5. de simpl. med. facult. c.18. Cui ὑμὸς ΠΘ Hippocrates πὸ Ἴεμοῦν ἀνῶδυννον, calida anodyna, seu dolorem auferre pronunciat 5. apb. 22. & tùm alibi, tùm l. de loc. in bom. cap. 30. jubet πὴν ὑδύνην πᾶνεν Ἴεμωμητηιοι Φαρμάνοι, dolorem sedare ca- lefacientibus medicamentis, licet ibidem de dolore solùm < Narcotica frigida.> pleuritico loquatur. Narcotica verò, & hypnotica frigi- da crediderunt. Vid. Galen. l.c. CAPUT VI. 2. An calidum sit, disputat. < Calidum opium qui passuans.> Multi ex Galenicis, Chimici pleriq; calidum adserunt o- pium. Felix Platerus, Casp. Baubinus, Gesnerus, Zwinger 9, Quercetanus, Libav. l.2. Batrach. c.13. Sala opiol. c.3. & alii ca- lidum esse contendunt. Matthiolus l.4. c.60. quamvis, inquit, opium quarto excessu frigidum statuatur, tamen, si ex sapo- re & effectu rerum temperamenta & qualities cognoscun- tur, opium nostri usus non modò gustu amarum percipi- tur, sed etiam acre, adeò, ut paululum in ore detentum lin- guam & palatum exulceret; unde haud dubiè colligi posse putaverim, calidissimas illi inesse qualitates, cujus rei fi- < Rationes pro calida temperie à simili.> dem augere potest, ea, quæ ex eo prodit, odoris gravitas. Stant hi agmine facto contra frigiditatem l. quod hoc modo

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. VI. therefore, from this rash assumption, or from opium given in a large dose to those suffering urgent pains, not only sleep itself is brought on, but also sensation itself, together with the man, seems to die away, they judged that this very thing, because it was so named, must be the coldest of narcotics; yet from external things, especially such as act externally, no consequence holds for internal things. Hence it is rightly said in Crato, l. 3, epist. 16, p. 211: How is it, if opium is cold, that snow and ice, etc., should induce sleep so much more? < Anodynes thought to be hot.> This too is notable, that anodynes were not held to be cold, but hot; on this matter Galen may be seen more fully, l. 5 de simpl. med. facult. c. 18. To which Hippocrates pronounces ἀνῶδυννον, hot anodynes, or pain-removing remedies, 5 aph. 22; and elsewhere as well, and in l. de loc. in hom. cap. 30, he orders the pain to be soothed by warming medicines, although there he speaks only of pleuritic pain. < Narcotics cold.> But narcotics and hypnotics they believed to be cold. See Galen, loc. cit. CAPUT VI. 2. He discusses whether it is hot. < Hot opium who contend.> Many of the Galenists, and most of the chemists, assert that opium is hot. Felix Plater, Caspar Bauhin, Gesner, Zwinger, Quercetanus, Libavius, l. 2 Batrach. c. 13, Sala, opiol. c. 3, and others maintain that it is hot. Matthiolus, l. 4, c. 60, says that although opium is judged cold in the fourth degree, nevertheless, if the temperaments and qualities of things are known from their taste and effect, opium in our use is perceived not only as bitter to the taste, but also as acrid, so that if kept a little in the mouth it ulcerates the tongue and palate; whence I should think it could be inferred without doubt that the hottest qualities are in it, and to this evidence may be added the heaviness of the smell that proceeds from it. < Reasons for a hot temperament from analogy.> These men stand in a formed line against its coldness in this way

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DE TEMPERIE OPII CALIDA. 17. modo ejusdem gradus frigida præstare idem in tàm exigua dosi deberent, ut aqua frigida, nix, glacies. II. Ab affectionibus idem probatur. 1. Odor gravis, te- ter, penetrans, caliditatis est argumentum, jam verò o- mnia odorata, & vaporosa calida esse, affirmat Pergamenus l.4. de simpl. med. fac. c.21. 2. In sapore amarities majus momentum adponit. 2a πινηgî de πύντα Iερμά, omnia verò amara calida pronunciat idem l.4. de simpl. med. fac. c.6. circa fin. Quo motus Spigelius Isagog. l.2. cap.9. p.168. sanè, inquit, quartum gradum frigoris nullâ ratione attingere potest, cum mediocriter amarum sit: quantum namque habet amaroris, tantum ca- liditatis. Et idem maximè urget Helmontius Duumvir. ß.8. concludens, aut falsum esse amarorem indicem caloris, aut opium non esse frigidum. Videantur de amaritie opii plura apud Zacut. Lusit. M.P.H. l.1. bist.60. dub.35. ubi & alia habentur. 3. Sudorem excitat opium, effectu sanè calido. Illa enim, quæ diaphoretica sunt, calida sunt & tenuium par- tium, censente sæpe laudato Pergameno l.5. de simpl. med. fa- cult. c.14. In vigilantibus etiam sudorem inde profluere, quidam addunt. His adjungi possunt 4. inflammabilitas, ea enim medica- menta, quæ ubi ignem attigerint, facilè accenduntur, nos quoque excalefacere, disertis verbis affirmat idem l.3. de temperam. c.2. utut l.1. de simpl. med. fac. c.16. id limitare vi- deatur. 5. Pruritus in toto corpore: 6. Sitis inde excitantur, ut infrà docebitur, quæ acti- væ qualitatis, calidæ sc. sunt effecta. III. Etiam in calidis vis soporifera & narcotica similis apparet, vinum, crocus, & spirituosa alia somnum indu- cunt, D 2

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ON THE WARM TEMPERAMENT OF OPIUM. 17. if things of the same degree that are cold ought to produce the same effect in so small a dose, such as cold water, snow, ice. II. The same is proved by its effects. 1. A heavy, foul, penetrating odor is an argument of warmth; and indeed all fragrant and vaporous things are said by Galen to be hot, l. 4. de simpl. med. fac. c. 21. 2. In taste, bitterness is of greater importance. 2a πινηgî de πύντα Iερμά, moreover he pronounces all bitter things to be hot, the same l. 4. de simpl. med. fac. c. 6. near the end. Moved by this, Spigelius Isagog. l. 2. cap. 9. p. 168. rightly, he says, it cannot in any way reach the fourth degree of cold, since it is moderately bitter: for as much bitterness as it has, so much warmth it has. And the same is most strongly urged by Helmontius Duumvir. ß. 8. concluding either that bitterness is a false sign of heat, or that opium is not cold. See more on the bitterness of opium in Zacut. Lusit. M.P.H. l. 1. hist. 60. dub. 35, where other things are also found. 3. Opium excites sweating, certainly a hot effect. For those things which are diaphoretic are hot and of fine parts, as often stated by the same Galen l. 5. de simpl. med. facult. c. 14. Some also add that among wakeful people sweat flows from it. To these may be added 4. inflammability, for those medicines which, when they have touched fire, are easily kindled, do also warm us, the same writer expressly affirms l. 3. de temperam. c. 2, although l. 1. de simpl. med. fac. c. 16. seems to limit this. 5. Itching throughout the whole body: 6. Thirst is excited by it, as will be taught below, which are effects of an active quality, namely hot ones. III. Even in hot things a similar soporific and narcotic power appears; wine, saffron, and other spirituous things induce sleep, D 2

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAPUT VI. cunt, neque tamen frigida reputantur. Sequeretur, fir- mâ existente hypothesi de frigiditate opii, etiam hæc esse frigida. 4. corre- Pione, IV. Corrigitur opium non calidis solùm, sed & frigidis, acidis, attemperantibus. 5. usu ex- terno, V. Externè applicatum discutit, & emollit tophos no- dosque, jam verò si frigidum esset, densaret potius & con- stringeret. 6. animosi- tate. VI. Addi potest, quòd animositatem conciliet, quo nomine Turcis perquam familiare est, quo de inferius. sect. 3. capite ultimo plura. Exceptiones varia Quidam pro salvandâ sententiâ priori varias adducunt limitationes, præcipuè contra adductum amarorem; contra amaritiem, Opium esse amarum, secundum partes quasdam tenui- ores, exteriusque magis apparentes, interim tamen esse frigidum in gradu excellenti, & ob id venenum, respon- sio est Keckermanni system. Physic. l. 3. c. 6. p. 310. Sed partium illa diversitas in opio monstrari nunquam poterit. Quin Keckermanni, opium homogeneum est maximam partem & totum ama- rum, adeò ut sapor hic illi sit quasi proprius, cum in quo- libet menstruo solutum, amaritiem inseparabiliter servet. aliorumq; Simile huic est illorum responsum, qui frigidis opii mul- tis partibus paucas aliquas calidas, amaritudinem haben- tes adjunctas statuunt, vid. Sylvat. l. 1. de compos. ther. c. 6. Opium, licet frigidissimum sit, linguæ tamen apparere amarum, quia plures habet sapores, & quia linguæ citius amarus sapor, quàm acerbus aut austerus communicatur, quod non solùm magis est injucundus, sed etiam in cali- diori & minus crassâ substantiâ consistit, verba sunt Nom. Acosta l. de art. med. c. 13. p. 45. quorum quidam a- mara cali- da esse ne- gant. Imò in frigiditate ipsâ essentiam aliquam habere amaru[m] saporem, contendit Averrboes l. 5. colliget. cap. 27. Hinc non- nul-

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CHAP. VI. but they are not therefore considered cold. It would follow, if the hypothesis about the coldness of opium were firm, that these also would be cold. 4. corre- Pione, IV. Opium is corrected not only by hot things, but also by cold, acidic, and tempering things. 5. usu ex- terno, V. Applied externally, it disperses and softens nodes and knots; but if it were cold, it would rather thicken and constrict them. 6. animosi- tate. VI. It may be added that it gives courage, on which account it is very familiar to the Turks; more on this below, at the end of section 3, chapter. Exceptiones varia Some, in order to save the former opinion, bring forward various limitations, especially against the argument from bitterness; contra amaritiem, that opium is bitter in certain thinner parts, and more apparent on the outside, yet is cold in an eminent degree and therefore a poison: the reply is that of Keckermann, System. Physic. l. 3. c. 6. p. 310. But that diversity of parts in opium will never be able to be shown. Rather, opium is homogeneous for the most part and wholly bitter, so that this taste is, as it were, proper to it, since, dissolved in any menstrum whatever, it preserves its bitterness inseparably. Keckermanni, A similar answer is that of those who maintain that many cold parts of opium have some few hot parts, possessing bitterness, joined to them; see Sylvat. l. 1. de compos. ther. c. 6. Opium, although it is very cold, nevertheless appears bitter to the tongue, because it has several tastes, and because a bitter taste is communicated to the tongue more quickly than a sharp or austere one, which is not only more unpleasant, but also consists in a warmer and less dense substance, are the words of Nom. Acosta l. de art. med. c. 13. p. 45. quorum quidam a- mara cali- da esse ne- gant. Indeed, Averroes, l. 5. colliget. cap. 27, contends that the bitter taste has some essential quality even in coldness itself. Hence some ...

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DE TEMPERIE OPII CALIDA. 29 nulli Ca piuqà piúta Ieguà eiras omnia amara esse calida, pe- nitus negant, ceu facit Francisc. Valeriola, l.1. enarrat. 4. per tot. ipsius opii & cicutæ, ut & cichorii & endiviæ exem- plo, & Laurent. Gryllustract. de sapore dulci & amaro inscri- ptol.2. cap.6. p 87., Galenum, ait, hoc scribentem prolixâ non opus habere refutatione, cum experientia, sensus & exempla reclament. Frigida sunt, subjungit, & amara quamplurima, intybus, i.e. cichorium, quod ideò piuèc dicitur, & endivia, sonchus, lactuca adulta domestica, præ- sertim tamen sylvestris, quæ ut amarior, ita domesticâ fri- gidior, & adeò quidem, ut caput stupore tentet. Addit & papaver, cortices juglandium virides, salicem, aliaque exempla plura. Verùm autores hi partim autumant, ex communi hy- pothesi, stuporem, alios que effectus huic similes proveni- re à causâ frigidâ: partim pro frigidis adducunt, quæ vel talia non sunt, vel solùm superficietenus amaritiem ostendunt, intus tamen talem non habent. Quod si addatur, in multis recensitis, v.g. lactucâ adesse aliqualem amari- tiem, ast frigidam nihilominus statui plantam, non tam levis amaroris, qui tamen ut talis calido adscribendus semper est, quàm mixtionis & particularum humidarum, quibus maximè obtunditur, intuitu, res erit clarior, sicq; dilui possunt reliqua, quæ pro discussione objectionum af- ferebantur. Imò hi petitionem principii committunt, dum opium ipsum & cicutam pro exemplo allegant, id quod tamen in- quæstione est. Et cichorium & endivia non tam frigidi- tate suâ propriâ & essentiali affectibus calidis medentur, sed per accidens, quatenus amaritie suâ obstructiones re- serant bilemque abstergunt, & diluunt, refrigerant. Oquò & [mercur]io dictis autoribus est Francisc. Pallesius l.9. con-~~ D 1 trovers.

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On the hot temperament of opium. 29 none can by any means deny that all bitter things are hot, as Francisc. Valeriola, l.1. enarrat. 4., and likewise by the example of opium and hemlock, as well as chicory and endive, and Laurentius Gryllus, tract. de sapore dulci & amaro, inscript. l.2. cap. 6. p. 87, says of Galen, who wrote this, that he does not need a lengthy refutation, since experience, the senses, and examples cry out against it. Cold things, he adds, are very many and bitter: intybus, that is, cichorium, which is therefore called piuèc, and endive, sonchus, mature domestic lettuce, especially however the wild kind, which, as it is more bitter, so is it colder than the domestic, and indeed so much so that it attacks the head with stupor. He adds also poppy, the green husks of walnuts, willow, and many other examples. But these authors partly suppose, from the common hypothesis, that stupor and other similar effects arise from a cold cause; partly they bring forward as cold things what either are not such at all, or only outwardly show bitterness, while within they do not have such a nature. If it be added that in many of the things listed, for example lettuce, there is indeed some bitterness, yet the plant is nevertheless held to be cold, the matter will be clearer: not so much because of the slight bitterness, which as such must always be attributed to heat, as because of the mixture and the moist particles by which it is especially blunted. In this way the remaining arguments advanced for the discussion of the objections can be dispelled. Indeed these men commit the fallacy of begging the question when they cite opium itself and hemlock as examples, which is precisely what is in question. And chicory and endive do not heal hot affections so much by their own and essential coldness, but accidentally, insofar as by their bitterness they open obstructions, cleanse away bile, and dilute and cool it. Oquò & [mercur]io, according to the said authors, is Francisc. Pallesius, l. 9. con- D 1 trovers.

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. VII. troverf. cap. 5. qui negat, res amaras plures partes calidas, quàm frigidas habere, & subtile adducit exemplum bilis & aloes, quæ exiguâ quantitate aquæ admixta illam amaram reddant, v.g. si lbj. aquæ bilis 3j. admisceatur. Sed huic respondet Sennertus 1. Neg. aquam per se frigidam tantillæ bilis vel aloes partis admixtione frigidirem fieri. 1. Crama illud non naturale, sed artificiale esse. 3 Diversam esse opii rationem, hoc enim esse corpus maximâ ex parte homogeneum & totum amarum. CAPUT VII. Aliorum sententiæ recensentur. Aliorum sententia, Alii, cum videant amarorem soli deberi calori, conciliationem aliam pro salvandâ hypothesi suâ excogitarunt. Capibaccii, Capo divaccâ tr. devenen. l.7. pract. c.9. statuit, diversas inesse opio partes, calidum existere in 3. gradu, frigidum in quarto, adeoque juxta consentientem Kenodæum l.1. de mat. med. sect. 10. p.279. caliditatem leviorem ac fugacem, contrà verò frigiditatem contumacem & validiorem inesse, à majori verò parte fieri debere denominationem. Hoffmanni, Casparus Hoffmannus idem sentit l. de med. offic. l. c. & animadvers. in Montan. c.7. ß.16. p.81. concedit esse frigidum in 4. gradu, sed multas habere partes calidas, quæ vehiculum præbent frigidis. Sanctorii, Gemina his sunt illa Sanctorii comment. in fen. 1. cap. 2. quæst. 20. ubi, opium refrigerat, inquit, magis partes internas, ratione vehiculi calidi, id est amaritiei, deferentis virtutem narcoticam, dum enim separatur amarities ab opio, opium virtute narcoticâ magnâ ex parte destituitur &c. Videatur idem l.c. quæst. 17. ubi plura elegantia hanc in rem habentur. Spe-

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BOOK I. SECTION I. CHAP. VII. Troverf. cap. 5. He who denies that bitter things have more warm parts than cold, and brings forward the subtle example of bile and aloe, which, being mixed with a small quantity of water, make it bitter, e.g. if 1 lb. of water be mixed with 3 j. of bile. But Sennertus replies to this: 1. That water is not by itself made colder by the admixture of so small a part of bile or aloe. 2. That it is not natural, but artificial. 3. That the case of opium is different; for this is a body for the most part homogeneous and wholly bitter. CHAPTER VII. The opinions of others are reviewed. Others’ opinion. Others, when they see that bitterness is due only to heat, have devised another reconciliation for the sake of saving their own hypothesis. Capibaccii, Capo divaccâ, tr. devenen. l. 7. pract. c. 9, states that different parts exist in opium, the hot in the 3rd degree, the cold in the 4th; and thus, according to Kenodæus, l. 1. de mat. med. sect. 10, p. 279, the heat is to be regarded as lighter and fleeting, but the cold as stubborn and stronger; and therefore the denomination ought to be taken from the greater part. Hoffmann’s, Caspar Hoffmann thinks the same, l. de med. offic. l. c. & animadvers. in Montan. c. 7, §.16, p.81. He grants that it is cold in the 4th degree, but says it has many warm parts, which serve as a vehicle for the cold parts. Sanctorius’, Similar to these are those remarks of Sanctorius in his commentary on fen. 1, cap. 2, quaest. 20, where he says, “opium cools,” more especially the internal parts, by reason of the warm vehicle, that is, the bitterness, conveying the narcotic virtue; for when the bitterness is separated from opium, opium is for the most part deprived of its narcotic virtue, etc. See the same author, l. c. quaest. 17, where there are more elegant remarks on this subject. Spe-

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ALIORUM SENTENTIÆ. Spectat huc sententia Amati Lusitani supra cap.4. citati, qui opio amaritudinem omnem abrogat, illamque unicè glaucio vel succo agrestis lactucæ adscribit, unde opio sit accidentalis, non essentialis. Aliqui, ut Scaliger l.c. distinguunt inter illud opium, quod ex albo papavere, & illud, quod ex nigro paratur. Quod enim, scribit, opium in quarto gradu frigidum cognoscitur à medicis, nigro sit ex papavere. CAPUT VIII. De occultis opii qualitatibus. Alii, cùm videant à qualitatibus primis elementaribus deduci non posse vim opii narcoticam, illam ad occultas, cæcas nec loquentes causas retulêre, unde passim legas, narcotica esse, quæ peculiari vi ac ineffabili qualitate spiritus animales sopiunt; quæ qualitate occultâ, calido nativo inimicâ, sistant sangvinem, quæ seminali virtute & specificâ totius substantiæ proprietate operentur &c. Dato enim, cognitum esse exactè temperamentum; dato, temperamenti illius gradus certò innotuisse; dato deniq; graduum latitudines accuratè deprehensas, nihilominus semper iisdem involuti sunt difficultatibus. Quocunque enim rem verterint, sive ad certum caloris gradum, occurrit quæstio, quâ quæritur, si ratione caloris id præstant, cur alia æquè, vel magis calida id non præstabunt, cum neque piper, nec sinapi, aloe, aliaque sint narcotica? sive ad frigiditatis stateram illam metiantur vim, qui fit, ut Cratonio supra citata non repetamus, si opii drachma ob frigus occidat, cur glaciei uncia, quæ est frigid or, statim non exterminet vitæ robur? quæ verba sunt Sanctor. in mith. vitand. error. l.8. cap.10. pag.674. Et, quod

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OPINIONS OF OTHERS. To this point belongs the opinion of Amatus Lusitanus, cited above in chapter 4, who denies to opium all bitterness, and attributes it solely to glaucion, or the juice of wild lettuce, whence opium would be accidental, not essential. Some, as Scaliger in the place cited, distinguish between that opium which is prepared from the white poppy and that which is prepared from the black. For, he writes, opium is known by physicians to be cold in the fourth degree, and this is from the black poppy. CHAPTER VIII. On the occult qualities of opium. Others, since they see that the narcotic power of opium cannot be derived from the primary elemental qualities, have referred it to occult, blind, and speechless causes; whence one reads everywhere that those things are narcotic which by a peculiar power and ineffable quality put the animal spirits to sleep; that by an occult quality, hostile to native heat, they stop the blood; that by a seminal virtue and a specific property of the whole substance they operate, and so forth. For granted that the exact temperament is known; granted that the degree of that temperament has certainly been ascertained; granted finally that the breadth of the degrees has been accurately detected, nevertheless they are always involved in the same difficulties. For whichever way one turns the matter, whether to a certain degree of heat, the question arises, by which one asks: if they accomplish this by reason of heat, why will other things equally, or more, hot not accomplish it, since neither pepper nor mustard nor aloe, nor other things, are narcotic? Or if they measure that power by the balance of coldness, how is it, as we need not repeat the Cratonian passage cited above, if a drachm of opium kills because of cold, why does an ounce of ice, which is colder, not immediately destroy the strength of life? These are the words of Sanctorius in Mithridate of Avoided Error , book 8, chapter 10, page 674. And, what

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. IX. quod Fernelii est exemplum, sempervivum majus, licet al- terco frigidius, minimè tamen partem ullam admotum stupefacit, l.6. m. m. c.5. unde non ab hâc manifestâ, sed pe- culiari occultâ facultate sensum adimere asserit. < Rationes alia.> Probant occultam hanc qualitatem ab aliis quoque o- pii affectionibus. Equidem, inquit Th. Erastus disp de nar- cot. 5.69. si nihil aliud, abominabilis narcoticorum odor ac sapor satis probat, præter qualitates notas, occultiorem vim in eis abditam latere, unde ab occultis qualitatibus eorum vim omnem deducit. Confer Sennertum l.6. pract. part.7. cap.1. p.292. & Zuvelferum Pharmacop. Reg. class.14. p.625. & alios ibi citatos. CAPUT IX. Chimica elementa recludit. < Opiniones> Elementa opii quænam sint, chimici omnium optimè curiosâ indagant manu. < Paracelsi,> Paracelsus anatomiam opii ex professo non instituit, so- lummodò papaver esse anodynem vi compositionis, quam obtinuit, perhibet libr.7. archidox. p.813. < Severini,> Petrus Severinus Danus in ideâ medicinæ philosophicæ cap. 7 p.m.71. ita de opio: Diu multumque de opio dubitatum est, quâ ratione in tantâ amaritudine stupefaciendi virtus excelleret. Nos substantiarum factâ separatione, vel eosum quippiam deprehendimus, planè narcoticum: E- jusdem naturæ sulphura ante conspexeramus, eâdem in- dustriâ, in multis naturæ partibus, in , , fere omnibus, in vulgari, in herbis plurimis. Itaque nec calori, nec frigori, nec humiditati, nec siccitati, nec tenuitati, nec crassitiei, hanc opii proprietatem adscri- psumus, sed tali corpori, i.e. tri narcotico, Unum

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. IX. as in the example of Fernelius, a larger sempervivum, although somewhat cooler in its bitterness, nevertheless, when applied in any part, stupifies at once, l. 6. m. m. c. 5. whence he maintains that the power of depriving the senses arises not from this manifest quality, but from a peculiar hidden faculty. < Other reasons.> They also prove this hidden quality from other affections of opium. Indeed, says Th. Erastus, disp. de narcot. 5.69, if nothing else, the abominable smell and taste of narcotics sufficiently prove that, besides the known qualities, a more secret force lies hidden in them; whence he derives all their power from occult qualities. Compare Sennertus, l. 6. pract. part. 7. cap. 1. p. 292, and Zuvelferus, Pharmacop. Reg. class. 14. p. 625, and the others cited there. CAPUT IX. It reveals the chemical elements. < Opinions> What the elements of opium are, the chemists examine with the most diligent curiosity. < Paracelsi,> Paracelsus did not undertake a formal anatomy of opium; he only states that poppy is anodynous by virtue of the composition it has obtained, lib. 7. archidox. p. 813. < Severini,> Petrus Severinus the Dane, in the Idea of Philosophical Medicine, cap. 7, p. m. 71, says thus of opium: Much and long has opium been doubted about, by what means the stupefying virtue excelled in so great a bitterness. We, after making a separation of the substances, have detected in it something plainly narcotic. We had previously observed sulphurs of the same nature, by the same industry, in many parts of nature, in , , almost all, in the common, in many herbs. Therefore we attribute this property of opium neither to heat, nor to cold, nor to moisture, nor to dryness, nor to thinness, nor to thickness, but to such a body, i.e. tri narcotic, One

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DE CHIMICIS ELEMENTIS OPII. Unum hoc est elementum opii, detegens ipsi, unde sit narcoticum. Pergit jam & producit & alterum: Eadem separatione, anatomia, analysi, in opio quoddam dia- phoreticum deprehendimus, quod subtili resolutione pe- netrando sudores movet: cujus similitudinem in multis naturæ partibus similiter demonstrare possumus. Job. Bapt. Helmont. in Duumvirat. §.8. p.211. deprehen- disse se, scribit, in opio em acrem sudorificum, & ama- rum oleum, longè ab opii odore recedens, attamen sopo- riferum. Quod Tr. de litbiasi c.9. §.87. p.63. repetit, ubi amaricans, & acre ac sudoriferum ex opio recenset. Conformia his sunt illa Quercetani l.1. defens. c.20. quod in papaveribus, dicentis, atque opio narcoticum est, id ni- hil aliud est, quàmpars quædam oleosa ac Tea, flammam concipiens. Subjectum à nobis Vulcano ad torturam opium exhi- buit, per vitream illud per se ex: ∴ ßdo, 1. Phlegma 2. volum volatilem, seu Ole volatili refertum, urinosum, qui cum u Oli aliisque acidis commixtus effervescit, odore restante foetido. 3. oleum nigricans, ex quo patet vis agen- di opii, mox pluribus delibanda. Inest copiosum, seu substantia oleaginosa, inflammabilis, inest eius, seu vatile vaporosum, seu halituosum, præter aqueas & terreas passivas, & Olinas fixas in residuas partes. Hæc certo modo invicem mixta sunt elementa opii & somni effectiva, quæ fundamentum nobis præbent, de activitate ejusdem uberiùs disserendi. CAPUT X. Eπικεισις generalis dictorum. Quid ergò in dubitantium horum dissonantià dicen- dum nobis? Quid statuendum, ut animus veritatis avi-

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ON THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS OF OPIUM. This is one element of opium, revealing from it whence it is narcotic. It proceeds further and produces another: by the same separation, anatomy, and analysis, we detect in opium a certain diaphoretic principle, which, by a subtle resolution penetrating through, stirs up sweats: a likeness of which we may similarly demonstrate in many parts of nature. Job. Bapt. Helmont, in Duumvirat. §.8. p.211, writes that he has discovered in opium an acrid sudorific and a bitter oil, far removed from the odor of opium, yet soporific. Which he repeats in Tr. de lithiasi c.9. §.87. p.63, where he lists from opium a bittering, acrid, and sudorific substance. Consonant with these are those of Quercetanus, l.1. defens. c.20, who says that in poppies, and in opium, what is narcotic is nothing else than some oily and fiery part, kindling flame. Opium subjected by us to Vulcan’s torture yielded, through glass, by itself: 1. phlegm; 2. a volatile volume, or a volatile oil, urinous, which, when mixed with acids and other things, effervesces, the fetid odor remaining. 3. a blackish oil, from which the active power of opium is evident, to be handled more fully in what follows. There is present copiously a fatty, inflammable substance; there is present in it a volatile vaporous or airy matter, besides the watery and earthy passives, and fixed oily parts remaining in the residue. These elements of opium, and the effective causes of sleep, are thus in some manner mixed together, and they provide us with a foundation for discussing more fully its activity. CHAPTER X. General statement of what has been said. What then is to be said by us about the disagreement of these doubters? What is to be determined, so that the mind of truth may be…

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54 LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. X. GENERALIS. avidus satiari & acquiescere possit? Sapienter Philosophus, ubi res constat, si opinio adversetur rei, quærendam ra- tionem jubet, non rem ignorandam. < In papaveres partes heterogeneas,> Statuimus, papaver, ut alia mista, habere in se partes he- terogeneas, calidas, siccas, frigidas & humidas. Calidæ particulæ tametsi à frigidis & humidis in virenti plantâ re- centique opprimantur, luculentius tamen, pereuntibus istis se produnt, & prædominio potiuntur, quod fit, ubi re- solvuntur & separantur artis igne. Ex arte multum acce- dit adustionis, maximè in succo, unde opium nostrum, ignis ope coctum, depuratum, inspissatum, notas calidi- tatis sibi impressas intensiores acquisivit. < calida in succo conficia. Vis narcoticam non in folis primis qualitatibus fundatur,> Ad narcoticam verò vim ejus quod spectat, pro instru- mento operantur modò calida, modò frigida quæ sunt. Quamvis enim virtutes peculiares, sub quibus & narcoti- ca est, mixtis elementaribus insint; qualitatibus tamen, quæ sunt in mixto, manifestis iis atque sensibilibus non pro formâ, sed pro instrumento utuntur, sine quibus ne- que integræ manent in mixto, neque quicquam efficiunt. < magis tamen calore quam frigore agit opium;> Quod si tamen quæratur, num per calida fortius ope- retur, quàm per frigida, opium, per calida omninò respon- dendum arbitramur. Activitas enim, quæ in calidis est fortior & citior, etiam hîc apparet. Deinde minor dosis i- dem evincit, & alia modò deliberata. < gradus caloris.> Vita validum, sensus moderatum calorem requirebat, inde cor à naturâ effectum calidius, cerebrum respectu hujus frigidius, unde non opus est, ut statuamus opium frigidum vel calidum in excedente gradu, quò ligentur sensus, sed sufficit, si strictas quis expetat leges, secundus caliditatis, & siccitatis ferè tertius gradus. CAPUT

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54 LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. X. GENERAL. How can it be that it may hunger to be satisfied and rest content? The philosopher wisely, where the thing is established, if opinion is opposed to the fact, orders that the reason be sought, not that the thing be ignored. < In poppies, heterogeneous parts,> We establish that poppy, like other mixtures, has in itself heterogeneous parts: hot, dry, cold, and moist. Although the hot particles are suppressed by the cold and moist ones in the green and fresh plant, yet they become more clearly apparent when those perish, and gain the upper hand, which happens when they are dissolved and separated by the fire of art. By art much is contributed to the burning, especially in the juice; hence our opium, cooked by the aid of fire, purified and thickened, acquired more intense marks impressed upon it of heat. < heat in the prepared juice. The narcotic power does not rest on the primary qualities alone,> As to its narcotic power, however, sometimes hot things, sometimes cold things act as the instrument. For although the peculiar powers, under which it is also narcotic, reside in the elementary mixtures, yet the qualities that are in the mixture, being manifest and perceptible, are used not as the form but as the instrument; without these, those powers neither remain whole in the mixture nor accomplish anything. < nevertheless opium acts more by heat than by cold;> If, however, it be asked whether opium acts more strongly through heat than through cold, we think it must be answered altogether through heat. For the activity which is stronger and quicker in hot things appears here as well. Then the smaller dose proves the same, and other things just considered. < degree of heat.> Life required a strong, moderate heat; hence the heart, formed by nature, is hotter, the brain, in relation to this, colder; whence there is no need for us to maintain that opium is cold or hot in the highest degree, so that the senses may be bound, but it is sufficient, if one strictly demands the rules, that it be of the second degree of heat, and nearly the third of dryness. CHAPTER

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CAP. XI. DE MODO AGENDI OPII. CAPUT XI. De modo agendi opii specialiùs inquiritur. UT verò vis soporifera opiatorum perspicuè & penitiùs pateat, paulò altiùs videtur arcessenda somni origo. Tres diversos somnus habet gradus, prout vel major, vel minor, seu prout profundior, diuturnior, breviorve & placidior contingit. Hinc eleganti divisione, 1. alius est absolutè naturalis, 2. alius non absolutè naturalis, & 3. præter naturam. De quibus tamen non agemus h[oc] e[st] nisi quantum ad scopum nostrum attinet. Somnum naturalem, omnes concedunt producere suaviores & blandas , seu vapores primum demulcentes, qui cum spiritibus animalibus mixti torpidos quasi illos reddunt. Ascendunt nempe à coctione probè peractà in caput vapores non ingrati, utpote primi rores ciborum, ut loquitur Verulam. Hist. Vic. & mort. p. 252. & sic, ut loquamur cum Æginetâ l. 1. c. 97. ob succedit somnus. Præter hanc quotidianam & naturalem somni vicissitudinem, idem variis ex causis producitur & extenditur. In genere somnus augetur ab omnibus iis, quæ poros cerebri obstruere, &, ut concidant, efficere apta nata sunt, sive id positivè faciant, vaporosis scil. effluviis, seu privativè, absumptis spirituum particulis, quæ dilatabant eosdem, Sic illud sit v.g. 1. A lassitudine, nimiâ exercitatione, laboribus, quibus cerebrum ipsum fatigatum & siccatum, spiritibus animalibus multum absumptis, & requie simul & refectione eget, unde pro indigentiâ hâc animali diutius protrahi- tus E 2

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CHAP. XI. OF THE MODE OF ACTION OF OPIUM. CHAPTER XI. The mode of action of opium is more particularly inquired into. But that the soporific power of opiates may be clearly and thoroughly set forth, the origin of sleep seems to be sought somewhat further back. Sleep has three degrees, according as it is greater or lesser, or as it happens to be deeper, longer, shorter, and more tranquil. Hence, in an elegant division, 1. one kind is absolutely natural, 2. another not absolutely natural, and 3. contrary to nature. Yet of these we shall not treat here except insofar as it concerns our purpose. All agree that natural sleep is produced by gentler and soothing, or at first softening vapors, which, mixed with the animal spirits, render them, as it were, sluggish. For vapors arise from a digestion well performed and ascend into the head, not unpleasant vapors, being the first dews of the food, as Verulam speaks. Hist. Vic. & mort. p. 252. And thus, to speak with Ægineta l. 1. c. 97, sleep follows. Besides this daily and natural alternation of sleep, it is also produced and prolonged by various causes. In general, sleep is increased by all those things which are apt to obstruct the pores of the brain and, as it were, cause them to collapse, whether they do this positively, namely by vaporous effluvia, or privatively, by the loss of particles of the spirits which were dilating the same. Thus, for example, 1. From weariness, excessive exercise, labors, by which the brain itself, fatigued and dried up, the animal spirits being greatly wasted, needs both rest and refreshment, whence, on account of this animal need, it is prolonged longer- E 2

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. XI. turquies, & hos altior tunc somnus premit. Sic & à morbis exantlatis, præsertim calidioribus, circa declinationem ferè continuò dormiunt ægri, quod sub febrium inprimis continuarum abitum, cum aliis signis bonis, semper salutare observavimus. 2. A sanguinis profluviis, venæ sectione, præcipuè largiore, ut quotidiana restatur experientia, vulneribus &c. Videmus hinc admodum pronos in somnum labi ægros. 3. Ex casu, percussione, contusione capitis, maximè musculorum temporalium. 4. Ex præcedentibus vigiliis diuturnis. Sic ipse Gale- nus vidit in ægris quibusdam, qui tres vel quatuor dies vi- giles egerant, difficilem excitatu somnum supervenien- tem, qui prorsus nocte dieque perseverans magnum attu- lit auxilium. Idem & infantes hoc modo non unum so- lùm, sed duos ex ordine dies absque ullo incommodo dor- mientes observavit, in 1. pror[um]h. comment. 2. aph. 29. 5. Ab humiditate in cerebro existente copiosâ, ut in hy- drocephalo, hinc & infantes magis & crebrius dormiunt. 6. Ab humidis & humectantibus cum quâdam energiâ adsumptis. Ut enim videmus, vigilias contumacissimas oriri v.g. in statu p.n. in febribus ardentibus, absumpto q[ui] ali omni sero, à nimiâ siccitate; in maniâ; in quibus morbis sanguis V.S. eductus vix micam seri sæpe exhibet; in statu etiam naturali ipso, in biliosis & temperaturis sic- cioribus, in senibus; ita etiam tum ab humiditate abun- dante in corpore, tum ab humectantibus largius propina- tis subsequi somnum, & vigilias corrigi quotidiè observa- mus. Pertinent huc emulsiones, & aquæ hypnoticæ, quæ sanè parum vel nihil de opio participant, effectu tamen omni non destituuntur, ob id ipsum, quod humectant. Quod veteres somnum & soporosos affectus frigori ad- scri-

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. XI. and higher sleep then presses them. Thus, too, after diseases have been worn away, especially the hotter ones, around the decline the sick are almost continually asleep, which, as diseases especially continuous fevers pass off, with other good signs, we have always observed to be salutary. 2. From discharges of blood, venesection, especially copious, as daily experience testifies, wounds, etc. Hence we see patients fall quite readily into sleep. 3. From falls, blows, contusions of the head, especially of the temporal muscles. 4. From preceding long vigils. Thus Galen himself saw in certain sick persons, who had passed three or four days wakeful, sleep supervening, hard to rouse, and persisting altogether night and day, which brought great relief. He observed the same thing in infants, not one only, but two days in succession sleeping without any discomfort, in 1. pror[um]h. comment. 2. aph. 29. 5. From a copious humidity existing in the brain, as in hydrocephalus; hence infants also sleep more and more often. 6. From humid and moistening things taken with a certain energy. For, as we see most stubborn vigils arise, for example in the state p.n. in burning fevers, all other serum having been consumed, from excessive dryness; in mania; in which diseases blood drawn by V.S. scarcely yields a drop of serum often; also in the natural state itself, in bilious persons and drier temperatures, in old men; so likewise we observe sleep to follow both from an abundance of humidity in the body and from moistening things administered more freely, and vigils to be corrected daily. Hither belong emulsions and hypnotic waters, which certainly partake little or nothing of opium, yet are not lacking in every effect, for the very reason that they moisten. Which the ancients ascribed sleep and soporific affections to cold-

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DE MODO AGENDI OP[ER]A. 37 scripserint, inde reverà ortum primitus videtur, quod ea vidissent somnum movere, quæ humectarent largiùs, & , ut sic loquamur, substantialiter. Hæc cum simul crederent frigida, uti quidem nonnulla sunt, activæ magis qualitati, frigori, quàm passivæ, humiditati id acceptum ferre voluerunt. Concedunt enim, & passim id scribit Galenus & alii, à potu vini, & quidem modicè diluti, non meraci, non antiqui, somnum fieri, cum tamen optimè nossent, omne vinum calefacere, & calidum esse. Hinc vinum omni quasi aqueo phlegmate orbatum, si in corpus biliosum sic- cum recipiatur, tantum abest, ut somnum procreet, ut potius vigiliæ contumacissimæ inde oriantur, quo de vide elegantissimum exemplum apud Galenum l.2. de loc. aff. c. ult. circà fin. 7. A vaporosis assumptis liquidis, liberali vini, cerevisiæ, maximè loliaceæ, , tum veri, tum frumentacei potu. Spectant: huc illa Theophrasti l. de lassit. pag. 271. O de μαλλον γινελαι πλειον ουρεῖν ἀγιεμεῖ, ἀγα- δάπερ ποίς μετωσων. Somnus verò multus fit à calidi & humidicopia, ut ebriis accidit. Ea enim cum particulis oleosis seu Θeis, & volatilibus conjunctam habent aquositatem. In specie à non somnus solùm profundissimus, sed & stupor maximus sequitur. Hos, qui , aquam vitæ com- muniter dictam, immoderatè sumpserant, primùm sum- moperè accendi, postea attonitos stupere, ac si opium bi- bissent, & stertere ad mortem usque, multoties observa- vit Platerus l.1. obs p.17. Vidimus hujus exemplum insigne mense Julio anno 1672. in tertianario. Hic morbi & me- dicamentorum pertæsus, cum, ob corporis cachexiam vo- to diutiùs affligeret febris, ut illam abigeret, ante paroxysimum bibit frumentacei ultra 5ix. Hinc in somnum delatus profundissimum per duodecim horas absque sen- su E }

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ON THE MANNER OF ADMINISTERING REMEDIES. 37 They seem, indeed, to have originated first from the fact that they saw those things which moisten more copiously and, so to speak, substantially, to move sleep. Since they believed these, when taken together, to be cold—and indeed some are so—they wished to attribute this rather to the active quality, cold, than to the passive, moisture. For they concede, and Galen and others everywhere write it, that sleep is produced by wine-drinking, and indeed by moderately diluted wine, not undiluted, not old wine, although they very well knew that every wine warms and is hot. Hence wine, deprived as it were of all watery phlegm, if it is received into a bilious, dry body, is so far from producing sleep that rather most obstinate wakefulness arises from it, concerning which see an elegant example in Galen, l. 2. de loc. aff. c. ult. circa fin. 7. From liquid things taken in vaporous form, from generous wine, from beer, especially lolicae, and from the drinking of both true and grain-based beer. Theophrastus refers to this, l. de lassit. p. 271. Ο de μαλλον γινελαι πλειον ουρεῖν ἀγιεμεῖ, ἀγα- δάπερ ποίς μετωσων. But sleep becomes very deep from abundance of heat and moisture, as happens to drunkards. For these, when combined with oily particles, or Θeis, and volatile ones, have a watery nature. In particular, not only the deepest sleep but also the greatest stupor follows. Plater, l. 1. obs. p. 17, very often observed those who had taken immoderately what is commonly called aqua vitae first to be greatly heated, then to become stunned and stupefied, as if they had drunk opium, and to snore until death. We saw an outstanding example of this in July of the year 1672, in a patient with tertian fever. He, weary of both the disease and the medicines, since the fever, because of the cachexia of his body, afflicted him for a long time against his will, drank, before the paroxysm, grain liquor, more than 5 iix. Hence, being carried into a deepest sleep for twelve hours, without sensation E }

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. XI. su & motu, oculis apertis decubuit, nullo modo excitabilis, cum ronchis. Noctu ad illum vocatus jussi testibus applicare lintea, oxycrato imbuta, & cum natura se ab hâc farragine (comederat enim multum unà panem) spontaneo vomitu ex parte liberasset, magno labore vix excitato propinavimus elixir cephalicum c. - urinoso *ci fortiùs acuatum. In somnum relapsus per 8. vel 10. horas adhuc dormivit. Die sequenti acida & refrigerantia dedimus, calebat enim cum summâ siti, & sic à somno quidem & stupore liberabatur, febris tamen nihilominus statâ horâ rediit, cum per unum & alterum diem solum vi Dei medicamenti vis ejus obtusa esset. 8. à croco. Unde communiter mulierculæ infantibus pro corrigendis vigiliis solent supponere sacculum, quo crocus fuit adservatus. Referenda huc alia spirituosa. Sic, doctè id observante Simone Pauli, quadripart. Botan. p. 71. & 145. hypnotica sæpe præposterè in senibus ad somnum provocandum præscribuntur, qui speciebus diambræ & diamoschi in formâ electuarii & similibus sæpe molestas abigunt vigilias. 9. A purgantibus. Sæpissimè observavi, vigilias infantum, cum clamoribus, torminibusque conjunctas, absque diarrhoëâ tamen, omnium felicissimè sublatas, datâ mechoacannâ, vel galappâ. Mirum est, quàm subitò obdormiverint, in quietem dati, non aliter, ac si opiatum sumpsissent. Et, ut hoc obiter addamus, notandum est, infantes facillimè ferre purgantia, & ipsa etiam correctiora emetica. Dedi sæpiùs infantibus duorum vel trium saltim dierum laudatum modò gialapium, ad duo, tria & quatuor grana, felicissimo cum successu, hoc modo & somnum concilians inquietis, & humores leniter educens; quod ipsum à variis symptomatibus eos præservat. Et, quod

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. XI. of itself and by its own motion, he lay down with his eyes open, in no way to be roused, with snoring. At night, when called to him, I ordered witnesses to apply linen cloths soaked in oxycrate, and when, by nature, he had been somewhat relieved from this medley (for he had eaten much bread at once) by spontaneous vomiting, and after great effort had at last been barely roused, we gave him the cephalic elixir, with the urinoso *ci made stronger. Falling back into sleep, he slept for 8 or 10 hours more. On the following day we gave acids and cooling remedies, for he was warm with very great thirst; and thus indeed he was freed from sleep and stupor, but the fever nevertheless returned at the appointed hour, although for one day and another the force of it had been dulled only by the power of God's medicine. 8. from saffron. Hence commonly old women are accustomed to place under infants, for correcting wakefulness, a little bag in which saffron has been kept. Other spirituous things are to be referred here. Thus, as Simon Pauli, who noted it learnedly, says, in Quadripart. Botan. p. 71 and 145, hypnotics are often prescribed quite improperly to old people for inducing sleep, who with species of diambræ and diamoschi in the form of an electuary and the like often drive away troublesome wakefulness. 9. From purgatives. I have very often observed that the wakefulness of infants, when joined with cries and colics, yet without diarrhea, has been most happily removed by giving mechoacan or jalap. It is astonishing how suddenly they have fallen asleep, when given rest, just as if they had taken an opiate. And, to add this by the way, it is to be noted that infants bear purgatives very easily, and also even the more corrective emetics. I have several times given infants of two or at least three days old the praised jalap in the amount of two, three and four grains, with most fortunate success, in this way both bringing sleep to the restless and gently evacuating the humors; which very thing preserves them from various symptoms. And, what

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DE MODO AGENDI OPII. 37 quod majus est, certissimum est, infantes hæc ipsa purgantia respectivè & proportionaliter longè commodius & in majori dosi quàm adultos ferre. Neque hæc eatenus solum somnum conciliant, quia vapores & humores, à quibus spiritus lacessuntur, expugnant, quæ ratio est Thoma Erasli Disp. de somno 79. sed & aliis de causis, quæ ex sequentibus colligi facilè possunt, cum jam prolixiùs de iis agere non sit locus. 10. A capitiluvius, & pediluvius. Hoc modo sæpius cum successu jussimus ad vigilias tùm alias, tùm melancholicorum, caput lavare cum decocto lactucæ, aliarumque herbarum humectantium. De pediluvius verò videantur longè elegantissima apud Rolfincium consult. med. 1.2. cons. 1. quam sub illius ductu elaboratam ventilavimus, & Lang. 1. 2. epist. 45. 11. Possemus hîc recensere exempla eorum, qui à vapore musti, quale ipsimet novimus, ab exhalatione ardentium prunarum, ab evaporatione calcis cæteriæ & stupore & morte correpti fuerunt, aliaque plura; nisi jam opinione amplius essemus digressi. Videri interim de his exempla possunt, apud Plater. 1. 1. obs. p. 17. & 19. Solenandr. consil. med. sect. 5. consil. 6 p. 461. Camerar. oper. subcisiv. cent. 1. c. 27. p. 137. Mæb. Epit. Inslit. 1. 2. part. 2. c. 6. p. 121. & alii. De caro ab odoriferis nimis producto Vid. Strabo 1. 16. geograph. p. 535. 12. Adduci possent & illi, qui innive & intensissimo gelu lethali sopore obruuntur. Sed hæc & præcedenti paragrapho recensita, magis videntur insidiari -ibus vitalibus, ejusque concernere præcedentem, vel simultaneam dissolutionem, unde cerebrum quoque eclipsin patitur, & pori ejusdem lethali torpore subsident. Agendi opii vis soporifera ad nullam classem aptius referri <10. à lotione capitis & pedum.> <11. Vapor musti, prunarum 15 c. næquale nos.> <12. Gelu intensum torporem inducens.> <Applicatio ad opium>

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ON THE METHOD OF ADMINISTERING OPIUM. 37 what is more, it is most certain that infants bear these same purgatives, relatively and proportionally, much more comfortably and in a larger dose than adults. Nor do these things induce sleep only in this respect, because they drive away the vapors and humors by which the spirits are troubled, which is the reason given by Thomas Erastus, Disp. de somno 79; but also for other causes, which may easily be gathered from what follows, since it is no longer the place to discuss them at length. 10. By washing the head and the feet. In this way we have often, with success, ordered, both in other cases and in melancholic patients, the head to be washed with a decoction of lettuce and other humectant herbs. Concerning foot-washing, however, see the very elegant discussion in Rolfincius, consult. med. 1.2. cons. 1, which we examined as elaborated under his guidance, and Lang. 1.2. epist. 45. 11. We could also recount examples of those who were overcome by the vapor of must, such as we ourselves have known, by the exhalation of burning coals, by the vapor of quicklime, and were seized by stupor and death, and many others; unless we had already strayed too far from our subject. Meanwhile examples of these matters may be seen in Plater. 1.1. obs. p. 17 & 19, Solenandr. consil. med. sect. 5. consil. 6 p. 461, Camerar. oper. subcisiv. cent. 1. c. 27. p. 137, Maeb. Epit. Instit. 1.2. part. 2. c. 6. p. 121, and others. On flesh produced by things too fragrant, see Strabo 1.16. geograph. p. 535. 12. Those also could be mentioned who, in snow and in the most intense cold, are overwhelmed by deadly sleep. But these, and those set forth in the preceding paragraph, seem rather to attack the vital powers and to concern a preceding or simultaneous dissolution, whence the brain too suffers an eclipse, and its pores subside in deadly torpor. The soporific power of opium is more fittingly referred to no class <10. by washing the head and feet.> <11. Vapor of must, burning coals 15 c. not equal to us.> <12. Intense cold inducing torpor.> <Application to opium>

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DE MODO AGENDI OPII. Neque interim negamus, nervos ipsos stomachicos statim in se unà recipere vaporosum illud. Non intelligimus vapores ejusmodi crassos, qui in caput ex ventriculo immediatè ferantur, & tum demum operationem suam exerant, sed blandam spirituum ligationem, quam nervi stomachici & ductus alii, cum chylo, communes statim cum capite & sanguine communicant. Hinc mirum non est, etiam nondum egresso è ventriculo opiato, effectum sentiri. Ipse sic cibus à famelico assumptus statim famem sistit, cum vix in chylum mutandus ab ore assumptus est. Offerret se hoc loco latissimus campus, de hoc ipso modo distributionis chyli è ventriculo, & inde resultantis refectionis pluribus disserendi, sed ne extra oleas vagemur, aliò id discutiendum differimus, hîc verò de opiatis solùm dispiciemus. Neque moramur nonnullos, ut Helmontium, Duumvir. §.6. seqq. p.210. 55. Grembsium l.1. cap.7. §.7. qui negant, ob effluvia vaporosa agere opiata, quod [sulphur]li anodynem fixum sit. Concessum itaque est à posteriori, dependere vagnovà nùm animalium libero itu & reditu agili cessante, sive obstruantur, densentur, constipentur, & quasi coagulentur & sigantur: sive quovis modo meatus seu pori cerebri blandè claudantur. CAPUT XII. De sulphure opii narcotico. Sed plus ultra! Nondum satisfactum est curiositati. Quæramus porrò, & insistamus viæ, donec ad exoptatam veritatis metam detur accessus. Eleganter Helmontius virtutem somniferam adscribit phantasiis formarum mixti, & proprietates ejusmodi for. Virtus somnifera ex pp. chimi- cus.

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ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF OPIUM. Nor in the meantime do we deny that the stomachic nerves themselves immediately take into themselves that vaporous substance. By such vapors we do not understand coarse ones, which are carried from the stomach directly to the head and only then exert their operation, but rather a gentle binding of the spirits, which the stomachic nerves and other ducts, in common with the chyle, immediately communicate to the head and blood. Hence it is no wonder that the effect is felt even before the opiate has gone out of the stomach. In like manner, food taken by a hungry person at once allays hunger, though it has scarcely been taken in at the mouth to be changed into chyle. At this point there would present itself a very broad field for discussing at length this very mode of the distribution of chyle from the stomach, and the refreshment resulting therefrom, but lest we wander beyond the olive groves, we defer that to be considered elsewhere; here, however, we shall consider opiates alone. Nor do we stop with those, such as Helmontius, Duumvir. §.6 seq. p. 210. 55. Grembsius l.1. cap. 7. §.7., who deny that opiates act by vaporous effluvia, because the [sulphur]li anodynum is fixed. It has therefore been conceded from the posterior side that they depend on the free passage and active return of the animal spirits being halted, whether their course be obstructed, thickened, condensed, compacted, and as it were coagulated and fixed; or whether in any way the passages or pores of the brain are gently closed. CHAPTER XII. On the narcotic sulfur of opium. But still further! Curiosity is not yet satisfied. Let us inquire further, and press onward in the way, until access be granted to the desired goal of truth. Helmontius elegantly ascribes the sleep-inducing power to the phantasies of the form of the mixture, and to properties of this kind of for. Sleep-inducing power of chemical principles.

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. XII. 42. formales manare à phantasiis formarum trium principiorum, salis, Πis, & Πii. de magnet. vuln. curat. ß 153. Negari nequit, qualitatem seu vim illam anodynem & stupefactivam τεργον της μιχεως, modum mixtionis sequi, in quâ mixtione elementa non modò æqualiter vel inæqualiter miscentur, sed etiam pro materiæ secundæ disposicione variè patiuntur & agunt. <illustrantur> <elementa opii, imprimis> Exposita sunt suprà elementa opii, & per Vulcanum in apricum collocata; Eminere in eo dictum est inprimis Π copiosum, & Θ volatile seu Πium, adeoque hæc quasi à priori, ita se habere, quàm certissimè demonstratum est. A posteriori tria potissimum idem evincunt: <patefacit odor,> Primum odor. Hunc sulphuri unicè deberi, in confesso est; parvium enim Πearum effluvia Πialium ope volatilisata & subtilisata interventu aeris ad nervos olfactorios delata odorem efficiunt, quorum mixtio ut variat, ita diversi generis exurgere odores necesse est. <sapor,> Deinde sapor amarus, qui eosdem agnoscit natales, salino adscriptus principio, primariò puta, & plerumque in iis videndus est, ubicum Π & Πio penitius terra commixta est. <inflammbilitas.> Tertiò inflammabilitas, quam ad Πreferendam, ex vulgatissimo axiomate Paracelsico: quicquid ar det, sulphur est, palam est. <Cui debeatur bis narcotica?> Hinc quæstio exoritur, an vis narcotica Πi primariò, an Πio seu sali volatili sit adscribenda, præsupposito hoc, & reliquorum quodvis symbolam suam conferre. <argumenta pro Θle> <volatili> Argui posset pro sale volatili 1. activitas, agit enim in minimâ quantitate, & virtutem suam quàm ocyssimè in corpus vibrat, 2. quia figitur acidis, quæ ipsa in genere soporosis affectibus prosunt. 3. quia in Θtione, non minus quam Π, apparet, & oculotenus se sistit. Verum

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. XII. 42. formal qualities to arise from the phantasies of the three principles, salt, Πis, and Πii. de magnet. vuln. curat. ß 153. It cannot be denied that that quality or anodynic and stupifying force, τεργον της μιχεως, follows the mode of mixture, in which mixture the elements are not only mixed equally or unequally, but also, according to the disposition of the secondary matter, undergo variously and act. illustrated elements of opium, especially The elements of opium have been set out above, and placed in the open by Vulcan; it has been said that in it there is especially abundant Π, and volatile Θ, or Πium, and thus these things, as it were a priori, have been shown to be so most certainly. A posteriori, three things chiefly prove the same: reveals odor, First, the odor. This is admitted to be due solely to sulfur; for the effluvia of the small Πs, volatilized and subtilized by means of Πials, and carried by the intervention of the air to the olfactory nerves, produce the smell, and as their mixture varies, so necessarily different kinds of odors arise. taste, Next, the bitter taste, which recognizes the same origin, is ascribed to the saline principle, primarily, that is, and is for the most part seen in those cases where the Π and the Πio are more intimately mixed with the earth. inflammability. Thirdly, inflammability, which must be referred to the Π, is plainly shown by the very common Paracelsian axiom: whatever burns is sulfur. To whom is the narcotic quality owing? Hence the question arises whether the narcotic force of the Π is to be attributed primarily to the Πio, or to the volatile salt, this being presupposed, and each of the others contributing its share. arguments for the volatile salt It might be argued for the volatile salt: 1. its activity; for it acts in the smallest quantity, and throws its virtue into the body with the utmost speed; 2. because it is fixed by acids, which themselves in general are useful in soporific affections. 3. because in the Θtion it appears no less than the Π, and presents itself to the eye. But

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DE ΠE OPII NARCOTICO. 43 Verùm enim verò plurima sunt, ex quibus sal volatile copiosum educi potest, & quorum vires ab illo ipso Οle volatili dependere creduntur, quæ tamen longè diversos ab opio effectus in corpore nostro edunt. Nunquam ta- lis effectus à sale volatili antiscorbuticorum, quæ id emi- nenter possident, observatus est; nemo id à volatilibus ce- phalicis unquam evenire notavit. Quin contrarium po- tius visum est. Observavimus in quamplurimis scorbuti- cis volatilia ejusmodi varia symptomata potius excitâsse, nisi in quibus fixi humores volatilia indicârunt. Et, quod palmarium est, vidimus in soporiferis affectibus longè præsentius se gerere urinosa volatilia, quàm ulla alia me- dicamenta. Verius ergò & rectius narcoticum illud omne in Πre principaliter quæritur. Plerique chimici sulphur narco- ticum pro genuinâ causâ habuerunt hactenus, neque id si- ne causâ, modò rectè explicetur res, aliàs enim paulò ali- ud vocabulum, quàm occulta qualitas obtruditur, res ve- rò nullo modo explicatur. Constant nimirum & abundant non minus Πre, v.g. ca- storeum, & camphora, quæ tamen vigilias potius quàm somnum inducunt, unde opii genuina antidota habentur, ut infra patebit; in quo ergò consistat sulphur hoc narcoti- cum, disquirendum est. Nobis, ut, quæ hæreat sententia, explicemus, videtur opium constare ΠRE FACILE RESOLUBILI, id- que potissimùm, quod in quolibet menstruo solvitur, abs- que deperditione saporis, & consequenter virium, hinc a- cidis, aqueis, & ~~~~osis seu oleosis extrahi potest, ipsisque salinis. Ita pariter in corpore nostro omnibus aut pluri- mis humoribus lubenter obsecundat, inprimis verò sero- sis, aqueis. F2 No-

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OF THE NARCOTIC PART OF OPIUM. 43 But indeed there are very many substances from which a copious volatile salt can be drawn, and whose powers are believed to depend on that same volatile oil, yet they produce effects in the body quite different from opium. Such an effect has never been observed from the volatile salt of antiscorbutics, which possess it eminently; nor has anyone ever noted it to occur from cephalic volatiles. On the contrary, the opposite seems rather to have been seen. We have observed in very many scorbutic patients that volatile substances have rather excited various symptoms, unless in those cases in which the fixed humors have indicated volatiles. And, what is most important, we have seen in soporific disorders that urinous volatiles behave far more promptly than any other medicines. Therefore, more truly and correctly, that whole narcotic principle is chiefly sought in the fire. Most chemists have hitherto taken narcotic sulfur to be the genuine cause, and not without reason, provided the matter be correctly explained; otherwise, another term is forced upon us instead of a hidden quality, while the thing itself is in no way explained. For there are, to be sure, and in no less abundance, substances containing fire, such as castoreum and camphor, which nevertheless induce wakefulness rather than sleep, whence they are held to be the true antidotes of opium, as will be shown below; in what, then, this narcotic sulfur consists, must be investigated. In order that we may explain the opinion that has prevailed, it seems to us that opium consists of a readily resoluble fire, and especially of that which is dissolved in any menstruum without loss of taste, and consequently of strength; hence it can be extracted by acids, watery, and oily substances, and by saline ones as well. Thus also in our body it readily yields to all or most humors, especially the serous and watery. F2 No-

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. XII. 44 Notum est ex Chimicis, quodlibet mixtum proprium sibi deposcere menstruum, præcipue verò præ omnibus Tea. Sulphur commune nunquam solvitur aqveis, nunquam obsecundat & vincitur acidis, nec ipsi cedit aquæ forti, aliisque stygiis, licet salinis fixis intimius remixtum sit particulis. Nullum oleum cum acido, vel aqueo per se < In quodis menstruo,> combinatur, nullum sulphureum, neque spirituosis Tea æquè parent. Ast opium, ut suo loco latius docebitur, omnia æquè amat menstrua. < & in corpore,> Hoc ergò opiatum in corpore resolutum spiritus vaporesos & sulphureos cum sanguine, & cerebro communicat, qui cerebri conceptacula oppilantes, ut loquitur Kircherus de peste s.3. c.3. p.103. cerebri ventriculos opplentes, juxta Quercetanum Pharmac. dogm. c.24. seu poros potius, secundum Cartesium, saporem inducit. < Unde somnum facit> Combinatur hoc cum sulphure vitali nostro, & facillima resolutione evaporationes halituosas suas cum ipso jungit. Sal sanguinis volatile cum sero resolutionem hanc sulphuris multum adjuvat, hinc particulis suis viscidis, oleosis, balsamicis poros cerebri & nervorum leniter obstruit, sanguinem verò blandè concentrat, adeoque somnum efficit. Opium, quod Theophrastus de odoribus dicit l de odor. Νερὶ τὴν με Φύστη, μὲ λιτα δ.ι. νεῖται καὶ συμπλησθοι της πορης, ὑδὲ Π αἰθησοις καλημελητην, ηπι λήμης ὑστι, πεινεν ἀδυωατεῖ, Ob levitatem (sulphuris cum ζio juncti) penitus pervadit, porosque obsidet, ut nimirum sensus occupatus & oppletus judicare non possit. < confirmant id ipsum alia similia,> Ubi sulphur exuperat Θvolatile, & in se est resolubile, opio effectus consimiles deprehenduntur in aliis. Ita V, vinum ipsum, crocus, carbonum vapor & alia supra delibata, eodem Θe resolubili pollent, unde effectus edunt quàm simillimos. Contraversò si abundet in mixtis Θvolatile

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAP. XII. 44 It is known from the chemists that every mixture requires its own proper menstruum, especially, above all others, tea. Common sulphur is never dissolved by waters, never yields to or is conquered by acids, nor does it give way even to strong water and other stygians, although it be more intimately re-mixed with fixed saline particles. No oil is of itself combined with acid or aqueous matter; no sulphureous substance, nor even spirituous tea, is equally compliant. But opium, as will be more fully shown in its proper place, loves all menstruums alike. Therefore this opiate, being dissolved in the body, communicates to the blood and brain its spirituous and sulphureous vapors, which, blocking up the brain’s receptacles, as Kircher says, De Peste, s.3. c.3. p.103, filling the ventricles of the brain, according to Quercetanus, Pharmac. Dogm. c.24, or rather the pores, according to Descartes, induce sleep. It is combined with our vital sulphur, and by a very easy resolution joins its own vaporous exhalations to it. The volatile salt of the blood, with the serum, greatly assists this resolution of sulphur; hence with its viscous, oily, balsamic particles it gently obstructs the pores of the brain and nerves, and in a mild way concentrates the blood, and thus produces sleep. Opium, as Theophrastus says in De Odoribus, by its lightness (of the sulphur joined with the zio) passes through thoroughly and blocks the pores, so that the faculties, being occupied and filled, cannot judge. Where sulphur prevails in a volatile state and is in itself easily resoluble, similar effects to opium are observed in other things. Thus wine itself, saffron, the vapor of charcoal, and other things mentioned above, possess the same resoluble quality, whence they produce effects very similar. On the contrary, if volatile sulphur abound in mixtures

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DE DE OPII NARCOTICO. 4) latile præ sulphure. & sulphur resolubile non sit, sive suâ naturâ, sive ob defectum laticis in sangvine, vigilias potius inducunt, ut exemplo camphoræ & castorei inprimis docuimus. Habent hæc copiosum sulphur, sed non resolubile, unde evaporationes quidem faciunt, sed non halituosas blandas, viscidas, sed subtiles penetrantes, meatus & poros aperiendi potiùs, quàm occludendi vi præditas. Imò ipsum opium, si effectus ejus contrarii & velut extraordinarii nonnunquam spectentur, idem evincit. Verissimum enim est, & in praxi totâ die occurrunt casus, ubi exhibitum opium, etiam in magnâ satis quantitate, tantum abest, ut somnum inducat, ut potius vigilias augeat. Siccat enim magis, nisi humor aqueus serosus sufficiens sit in sanguine, qui ipsum possit resolvere, qualia subjecta supra nominavimus, unde necessarium colligimus axioma, opium quidem omnibus facilè solvi liquoribus, ut verò somnum conciliet, opus esse sufficienti humor, qui ipsum & resolvat, & didat. Unde nobis certò ex praxi & creberrimâ observatione innotuit: Opium non operari, nisi serum sit in sangvine proportionatum. Ut serum est , alimenti vehiculum, ita & medicamenti tum hujus, tum aliorum: quo vectore si destituatur sanguis, difficillimè obtinetur sopor, sin debito modo abundet, facillimè. Videas hic mirum quantum sæpe peccari. Dentur in istis casibus humectantia, & quidem substantialiter, vel cum his misceantur opiata, & voto damnabitur æger juxtim ac medicus. Patet hinc, quibus opium magis conveniat, & quibus magis somnum moveat, ut enim id denuò repetamus, qui serosis abundant humoribus, seu in statu s[un]t[ n. ]s[. ]p[. ]n[.] ab opio eminentiores persentiscunt vires, unde datum hoc hisce faci-

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OF THE NARCOTIC OPIUM. 4) if the volatile principle is too full of sulphur, and the sulphur is not soluble, whether by its own nature or because of a deficiency of fluid in the blood, they rather produce wakefulness, as we especially showed by the example of camphor and castoreum. These have a copious amount of sulphur, but not soluble one; whence they do indeed make evaporations, but not soothing vaporous ones; viscous, but subtle and penetrating, endowed rather with a force to open the passages and pores than to close them. Indeed, even opium itself, if its contrary and, as it were, extraordinary effects are sometimes observed, proves the same thing. For it is most true, and in the whole practice of daily experience cases occur where opium administered, even in a fairly large quantity, is so far from inducing sleep that it rather increases wakefulness. For it dries more, unless there be in the blood sufficient aqueous serous moisture which can dissolve it, such as those subjects we named above; from which we infer the necessary axiom, that opium is indeed readily dissolved by all liquids, but in order to bring on sleep, there is need of sufficient moisture which both may dissolve and dilute it. Hence we have certainly learned from practice and very frequent observation: opium does not act unless there is proportionate serum in the blood. As serum is the vehicle of nourishment, so also of medicine, both of this and of others: if the blood is deprived of such a carrier, sleep is most difficult to obtain; if it abound in due measure, it is most easy. Here you may see how greatly one often errs. In such cases let humectants be given, and indeed substantially, or let opiates be mixed with them, and both patient and physician will be disappointed in their wish. Hence it is clear for whom opium is more suitable, and for whom it more readily brings on sleep; for, to repeat it once more, those who abound in serous humors, or are in a state of s[un]t[ n. ]s[. ]p[. ]n[.] from opium perceive more eminent effects, whence this is given to these faci-

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CAPUT XII. faciliùs somnum affert. Contra qui biliosiores seu secundum naturam, seu præter naturam, minus subiguntur, quo de & inferius dabitur dicendi locus. < Digressio ad affectus soporosos qui calorem habent jun. dum,> Equidem, ut verum fateamur, nullum vidimus affectum soporosum, verè talem, ubi non adfuerit simul calor p. n. cujus unicum solùm recensebimus exemplum. Villici cujusdam filia anno 1671. tempore autumnali per unam & alteram septimanam prius torpore, lassitudine & somnolentiâ correpta, hinc & aliquali diarrhœâ, horruit, hinc calore continuò laborabat, cum perpetuò somno, ut ægerimè excitari solùm pro cibo vel potu assumendo potuerit, idque per integros ferè decem dies duravit. Obviam itum febri alterantibus & cordialibus, mixtis acidiusculis. < & ipsorum remedia,> Nil verò magis sopori debellando profuit, quàm *ci volatilis cum aq. lil. convall. nousâ ritè administratus internè. Externè inunximus nares, tempora, & præcordia, oleo succini, & camphoræ, cum pinguedine castorei, & in sacculo appendimus camphoram, nigellam & castoreum, quibus probè applicatis præter omnium spem evasit. < unà cum causa explicantur.> Quin paralysin universalem, omnium consensu affectum frigidum notavimus semper ferè antecessisse calorem, cum torpore. Hinc licet obiter asserere, quando cunque somnus copiosior adest, ibi sanguinis à sero copiosiori resolutum esse, & hinc poros cerebri obstrui, ita quidem, ut vius seu sal volatile activitatis humanæ, seu vitalitatis instrumentum à re superetur. Ubi verò acidis v.g. segregatio & præcipitatio horum sit, uti mechanicâ demonstratione in chimicis notissimum est, sulphura à salibus liquidis resoluta, acidis præcipitari; vel urinosa propinata cum morbo consiligant, ut sulphureæ partes iterum sui fiant juris, & obtusum volatile sibi restituatur; vel sulphura non solubilia, ut camphora, castoreum, ni- gella,

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LIB. I. SECT. I. CHAPTER XII. more easily brings on sleep. On the contrary, those who are more bilious, whether by nature or contrary to nature, are less subdued; of this there will be a place to speak below. < Digression on soporific affections that have heat along with them,> Indeed, to tell the truth, we have seen no soporific affection, truly such, in which there was not at the same time a morbid heat, of which we shall record only a single example. The daughter of a certain steward, in the year 1671, in the autumn season, for one and then another week had first been seized with torpor, lassitude, and drowsiness, and then also with some diarrhea; then she shivered, then she was continually troubled with heat, together with perpetual sleep, so that she could scarcely be awakened except for taking food or drink, and this lasted for almost a full ten days. The way was prepared for the fever by alteratives and cordials, mixed with somewhat acid remedies. < and the remedies themselves,> But nothing proved more effective in overcoming the sleep than volatile salt, administered properly inwardly with lily-of-the-valley water. Externally we anointed the nostrils, temples, and precordia with oil of succinum and camphor, with castor fat, and in a little bag we suspended camphor, nigella, and castoreum; these being well applied, she recovered beyond everyone's expectation. < together with the cause it is explained.> Indeed, universal paralysis, by common consent a cold affection, we have almost always observed to be preceded by heat, together with torpor. Hence we may incidentally assert that whenever more abundant sleep is present, there the blood has been dissolved by a more abundant serum, and hence the pores of the brain are obstructed, so that the volatile spirit, or salt, the instrument of human activity or vitality, is overcome by the matter. But where, by acids for example, the separation and precipitation of these take place, as is well known from mechanical demonstration in chemical matters: sulphurs, released from liquid salts, are precipitated by acids; or let urinous remedies be given together with the illness, so that the sulphureous parts may again come into their own, and the dull volatile may be restored to itself; or let non-soluble sulphurs, such as camphor, castoreum, nigella,

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DE DE OPII NARCOTICO. 47. gella, sanguinis sulphur adaugeant, ut vinci & subigi tàm facilè non possit, omnia iterum vegetantur in oeconomia animali, & splendent. < Volatilium> Observavimus sæpius, soporosos & apoplecticos magis excitari urinosis, quàm aromaticis, vel sulphureis, tùm in- ternè, tum externè applicatis, quo casu vel solùm * cum in quodcunque lixivium infusum & naribus objectum fe- liciter se gessit. < Objectiones contra> Objectum quidem sæpius fuit chimicis, quod narcoti- cæ virtutis in opio causam Πri adscripserint, 1. quod id ni- hil sit aliud, quàm dicere, commune esse particulare, & vi- ce versâ, 2. quod in aliis maximam partem Πeis id non de- prehendatur, vid. Gregor. Martin. Tr. contr. 11. cap. de con- sens. & diffens. Sennerti, p. 69. Quis ergò hinc evadat do- ctior? quis animus solidæ scientiæ cupidus saturetur? quis non sentiat, sibi fucum fieri petitione principii & verba dari? inquit idem, 1 c. p. 151. Gemina his sunt illa Thoma E- rasti disp. contra Paracels p 2. p. 81 ubi, quid enim, quæso Te, inquit, in causâ est, ut oleosa pars in opio stupefaciat, non item, quæ in aliis rebus inest? Si admixtionem partium re- ferant, eodem recident, ut plura, quæ ibi acriter contra assertum hoc disputat, non allegemus. Sed ex dictis jam facilè lis dirimi potest, modò ipsi ad meliorem inclinare velint mentem. < Villific de opiatorum virtute mens.> Neque hoc pacto assensum merentur illa, quæ Glückra- dius not. ad tyroc. chem. 1. 2. c. 6. p. 62. scribit, narcosin tan- tùm crasso & seculento Πri competere, non item illi, q[ui]s od per anatomiam essa am emergit purum & spirituosum. Memorandum hoc loco est V Villifici, viri celeberrimi, de opiatorum virtute jud eium. Hic libro, pharmaceutice rationalis inscripto sect 7. cap. 1. p. 285. seqq. statuit, opiata constare Πe foetido, hoc est, è Πe, cum Ole fixo & materiæ terre-

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... cause the sulphur of the blood to increase, so that it cannot be overcome and subdued so easily; everything is again invigorated in the animal economy, and shines. < Volatile substances > We have often observed that soporific and apoplectic patients are more powerfully roused by urinous remedies than by aromatic or sulphureous ones, whether applied internally or externally; in which case even the mere * having been infused into any lye and held to the nostrils acted successfully. < Objections against it > It has indeed often been objected to chemists that they have ascribed the cause of the narcotic power in opium to the [principle], 1. because this is nothing else than to say that the common is the particular, and vice versa, 2. because in others, for the most part, this [principle] is not detected; see Gregor. Martin. Tr. contr. 11. cap. de consens. & diffens. Sennerti, p. 69. Who then will escape from this better informed? Who, with a mind eager for solid knowledge, will be satisfied? Who will not feel that he is being deluded by begging the question and given empty words? says the same author, l. c. p. 151. Similar to these are the words of Thomas Erastus, disp. contra Paracels. p. 2. p. 81, where he says: For what, I ask you, is the reason that the oily part in opium stupefies, but not the same part found in other substances? If they refer it to an admixture of parts, they will come back to the same point; let us not cite the many things he argues there sharply against this assertion. But from what has already been said the dispute can easily be settled, provided they are willing to incline their minds to a better view. < Villific on the virtue of opiates, opinion > Nor do those things deserve assent which Glückradius writes in his notes to the tyrocinium chemicum, 1. 2. c. 6. p. 62, namely, that narcosis belongs only to the crude and gross [principle], not to that which, by anatomy, emerges pure and spirituous. It should be noted here, too, what Villifici, a very celebrated man, thought concerning the virtue of opiates. In his book entitled Pharmaceutice rationalis, sect. 7, cap. 1, p. 285 ff., he lays down that opiates consist of a fetid [principle], that is, of a [principle] together with fixed oil and earthy matter.

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LIB. I. SECT. L CAP. XII. terrestri simul combinatis, & ad efferationem evectis, adeoque vires suas exerere, spiritus animales perimendo, profligando, debellando, consternendo, & extinguendo, idque, si in justâ dosi sumantur, quibusdam solùm accidere, quasi in primâ acie collocatis, unde cæteri consternati aut interius compulsi, aut saltem ab effluxu in partes nervosas solito revocati pensa sua derelinquant aut aliquantisper remittant; sin verò in magnâ nimis dosi dentur, eosdem planè, prorsus & omninò pessundare. Addit, maximè eadem adversari spiritibus animalibus, eorumque extinctoria seu potiùs VENENA esse, venenare ergò eosdem & in maximâ copiâ destruere; sanguinem tamen non vitiare, nec huic ipsi simul venenosas esse opii particulas, sed potius alexiterias, immiscibiles nihilominus & heterogeneas prorsus, nec assimilari eidem, sed expelli quantocyus è sanguinis confinio. < Thixæ. 15.> Assentiri his potest, qui volet, nos mentem nostram satis explicuimus, & per totum hoc opus exposuimus, neque jam nostrum est in alterius viri docti præjudicium aggredi, sed id omne cordato lectori committimus. Interim certum est, nimiâ opiatorum dosi pericula quidem vitæ imminere, sed id ipsum non tam fieri extinctione spirituum, quam obnubilatione, ut sui juris amplius non sint, adeoque functionibus sibi demandatis præesse nequeant, ceu id ipsum exemplo , copiosius hausti, aliorumque similium est quàm evidentissimum. < an ob uliginosum humorem agant?> Claudat agmen opinio, quam fovet Anton. le Grand bi flor. natur. part. 7. artic. 9. p. 369. narcoticam vim papaveris aliorumque adscribens uliginoso humori, quo hujusmodi plantæ abundent, unde oppleti choroidis plexus pori spiritus à corde venientes ad cerebrum transmittere nequeant, adeoque somnifera statuit humectando & refrigerando agere.

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LIB. I. SECT. L CAP. XII. terrestrially, at the same time combined, and raised to ferocity, and thus exercising their forces, destroying, overthrowing, routing, and extinguishing the animal spirits, and that, if taken in a just dose, this happens only to some, as if placed in the first line of battle, whence the rest, dismayed or driven inwardly, or at least recalled from their usual outflow into the nervous parts, abandon their tasks or relax them for a time; but if, on the other hand, they are given in too large a dose, they utterly, completely, and altogether ruin the same. He adds that they are especially opposed to the animal spirits, and that they are their extinguishers, or rather POISONS; therefore they poison them and destroy them in the greatest quantity; yet they do not corrupt the blood, nor are the particles of opium themselves poisonous to it, but rather alexipharmic, nevertheless incapable of mixture and entirely heterogeneous, and not assimilated to it, but expelled as quickly as possible from the neighborhood of the blood. < Thixæ. 15.> He who wishes may assent to these views; we have explained our mind sufficiently, and throughout this work we have set it forth, nor is it now ours to attack another learned man’s prejudice, but we commit all this to the judicious reader. Meanwhile it is certain that with an excessive dose of opiates dangers indeed threaten life, but that this happens not so much by the extinction of the spirits as by clouding them, so that they are no longer in their own control and therefore cannot preside over the functions entrusted to them, as is most evident from this very thing by example, when taken in larger quantity, and from other similar cases. < or do they act by means of a marshy humor?> Let the final opinion be that favored by Anton. le Grand, in bi flor. natur. part. 7. artic. 9. p. 369, who ascribes the narcotic power of poppy and of others to a marshy humor, with which plants of this kind abound; whence the pores of the choroid plexus, being filled, cannot transmit the spirits coming from the heart to the brain, and thus he states that sleep-producing things act by moistening and cooling.

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LIB. I. SECT. II CAP. I. DE CORRECTIONE OPII. gere. Sed uti de humectantibus id verum est, ita vix illud licebit applicare ad opium. LIBRI I. SECTIONIS II. CAPUT I. De correctione opii agit. < Opium prodest & nocet pro utentis ca- ptu.> Qvod Galenus ait l. 11. meth. medend. c. 11. difficile esse, ejusmodi aliquod auxilium invenisse, quod citra ullam noxam magnificè prosit, illud etiam in opio vel maximè locum habet. Magnificè prodest, si ritè præparatum sit, & circumstantiæ in dosi, indicationibus &c. observentur; Nocet, si temerario & vano ausu, præcipuè crudum &, ut vocant, incorrectum porrigatur, non absque vitæ instantaneo detrimento. Utut enim vis major quibusdam simplicibus insit, quàm eorum essentiæ, approbatore Helmontio in trib. princip. chim. qui etiam pharm. ac dispens. nov. p. 458. ait: Credo simplicia in suâ simplicitate esse sufficientia pro sanatione omnium morborum; nihilominus tamen repagula, ex sententiâ chimicorum, demenda, auferenda noxia, addenda corrigentia, ut omnibus modis ceu potestate dotali medicamen voto nos damnet. < Correctione assumendum eget opium> CORRECTIO opii occurrit duplex: 1. ut adsumendi, 2. ut adsumpti. De priori si quæratur 1. an corrigendum sit opium? quod sic, probatione desumptâ, tum , autoritate, tum , ratione ac experientiâ. < consensu omnium,> Autoritas adest omnium adeò medicorum, veterum & recentiorum, ut superfluum ducamus, adducere testimonia. G Cor-

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LIB. I. SECT. II CAP. I. ON THE CORRECTION OF OPIUM. ... but as this is true in the case of humectants, so it can scarcely be applied to opium. BOOK I. SECTION II. CHAPTER I. Treats of the correction of opium. < Opium benefits and harms according to the user’s capacity.> What Galen says, l. 11. meth. medend. c. 11., that it is difficult to have found some remedy of such a kind that, without any harm, it may benefit magnificently, this applies even more greatly to opium. It benefits magnificently, if it be properly prepared, and the circumstances in dose, indications, etc. be observed; it harms, if through rash and vain boldness it be administered, especially when crude and, as they say, uncorrected, not without immediate detriment to life. For although a greater force may reside in certain simples than in their essences, as approved by Helmont in the trib. princip. chim., who also in pharm. ac dispens. nov. p. 458 says: I believe that simples in their simplicity are sufficient for the healing of all diseases; nevertheless, according to the judgment of the chemists, restraints must be removed, harmful things taken away, correctives added, so that in every way, as by a dotal power, the remedy may fulfill our wish. < Opium requires correction before it is taken> The CORRECTION of opium is twofold: 1. as to what is to be taken, 2. as to what has been taken. If inquiry is made about the former, 1. whether opium ought to be corrected? the answer is yes, proved both by authority and by reason and experience. < by the agreement of all,> Authority is present from all physicians, so many ancient and modern, that we think it superfluous to cite testimonies. G Cor-

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAPUT I. < Imprimis chimicorum.> Correctionem inprimis urgent Chimici, παυγα γδ ἰδλα μειγγαία, πολλα δε λυγα, pauca enim immista esse bona, multa verò noxia, unde homogenea ab heterogeneis sepa- randa censent. < Correctionis ratio.> Ratio subsequitur. Cum redundent in opio halituosæ excrementitiæ particulæ, quæ chimicis lentum & foetidum sulphur audiunt, utique correctionem aliquam exposcere videtur. Experientia idem confirmat, testata, non æquè proficuum eventum ex incauto & incorrecto usu ejus pro- manasse. Felix, ait Helmont. juduum v. 64. æger, cujus auxiliator medicus novit lethænæ è papavere separare, re- tento auxilio. Alioqui sanè nocuum cum proficuo simul assumuntur, unumque impedit alterius profectum. < Modus corrigendi veterum, per calida,> 2. Quid & quomodo corrigendum? Aliter corrigunt Galenici, aliter chimici. Veteres, cum frigidum in quar- to gradu statuerent, calidis id præstare annitebantur, pipe- re, zingibere &c. Succo papaveris admiscebant euphor- bium; mandragoram, aliasque herbas conclamati frigo- ris pipere temperabant, Macrob. l.7. Saturn. c.5. p.522. < ipsi addita;> Hinc in compositionibus illa opiatis perpetuò addebant, duplici de causâ, 1. uti jam innuimus, quò frigiditatem hanc intensam corrigerent, obtunderent, adeoque ne cor- pori humano adeò nocere possent, efficerent. 2. ut vires suas mediantibus calidis penitius in dolentes partes vi- brarent. Utrumque conjungit & eleganter declarat Per- gamenus l.8. de comp. παρ. ποῦπ. c.4. ubi: quò stupefactio non cum magno detrimento fiat (statuit verò narcotica frigi- da) & ut per altum dolentium corporum frigiditas pene- tret, calefacientia miscentur, quæ refrigerantium stupe- factionem deducere possunt, cum illa ipsa per se tardi transitus existant. < in specie ca- borco;> In specie verò idem l.8. loc. cit. c.3. scribit, oppositum terme

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CHAPTER I. < First of all of the chemists.> The Chemists especially urge correction, παυγα γδ ἰδλα μειγγαία, πολλα δε λυγα, for a few things mixed in are good, but many are harmful; hence they judge that homogeneous things are to be separated from heterogeneous ones. < Reason for correction.> The reason follows. Since in opium there abound vaporous and excrementitious particles, which the chemists call a thick and fetid sulphur, it seems indeed to require some correction. Experience confirms the same, having shown that no equally beneficial result has arisen from its incautious and uncorrected use. Happy, says Helmont, Jud. v. 64, is that sick man whose assisting physician knows how to separate the deadly part from the poppy, while preserving the remedy. Otherwise, indeed, the noxious and the profitable are taken together, and the one hinders the advancement of the other. < The method of correcting the ancients, by hot things,> 2. What is to be corrected, and how? The Galenists correct in one way, the chemists in another. The ancients, since they held cold to be in the fourth degree, endeavored to counteract it with hot things, such as pepper, ginger, and the like. They mixed euphorbium with the juice of poppy; mandragora and other herbs of well-known coldness they tempered with pepper, Macrob. l. 7. Saturn. c. 5. p. 522. < they themselves added;> Hence, in opiate compositions they always added these things, for a twofold reason: 1. as we have already indicated, in order to correct this intense coldness, blunt it, and thus make it unable to harm the human body so greatly. 2. So that, by means of the hot ingredients, their powers might more deeply vibrate into the painful parts. Pergamenus combines and elegantly explains both in l. 8. de comp. παρ. ποῦπ. c. 4, where: lest stupefaction should occur without great detriment (for he holds narcotics to be cold), and so that, through the depth of the suffering bodies, coldness may penetrate, heating things are mixed, which can diminish the stupefaction of the cooling agents, since those very things are in themselves of slow passage. < in particular ca- borco;> In particular, however, the same writer, l. 8. loc. cit. c. 3, writes, the opposite term

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DE CORRECTIONE OPII. fermè opio facultate esse castoreum. Sed tum hoc ipso loco, tum l.3. præcedente c.8. manifestis verbis innuit, ca- storeum opio admixtu esse ab Apollonio & Asclepiade, ut videlicet vehementiam refrigerandi facultatis in eo ob- tundat. Hæc hypothesis cum hodiè per suprà dicta sit sal- sa deprehensa, non necessum est, eâ de causâ correctorio hoc uti, nisi forte dicere velimus, castorei vires in affecti- bus soporosis tollendis esse notissimas, adeoque etiam so- poriferis corrigendis non destitui virtute singulari. Sed quantum de eo accedit, tantum virtutibus opii decedit. Idem castoreum Abuali l.4. fen.6. tr.1. sum.3. c.1. opii the- < Opii anti- doto,> riacam, quod succurrat corruptioni opii, & nocumento & veneno ejus l.3. fen.13. Tract.5. c.13; Guainerius de Venen. < vino gen- roso,> cap.9. opii bezoar adpellant. Casp. Hoffmannus, animadvers. in Montan. c.7. ß.16. p.81. ejus antidotum dicit esse malvaticum, quod ipsum jam Pergamenus scripserat l.3. de simpl. med. facult. c.19. ubi vi- num calidum ebitum, sed vetus, generosum, polypho- rum, præsentissimum opio sumpto remedium esse & do- cet, & experimento confirmat. Sic etiam Rondeletius, Grevinus, Conrad. Kubnath, & alii alexipharmacum opii ajunt esse vinum, & præsertim meracum, generosum, un- de in compositionibus opiatis dissolvi jubetur eodem, ceu solutivo & correctivo, itidem ob hypothesin, opium esse frigidum & siccum. Quo de observationem habet Chri- stoph. à Costal. arom. p.236. ubi Turcus Adensis in penuria opii vinum sibi & sociis dandum petiit, aliàs ne biduum quidem supervicturos; id quod tamen ob analogiam po- tiùs, calefaciendi & roborandi, quàm opium obtunden- di, factum esse facilè patet. Et vinum ipsum ex hâc opi- nione adsumpto magis, quàm adsumendo opio prodest. Prædicantur & alia opii corrigentia ab autoribus. Ita & aliàs, G 2 præ-

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ON THE CORRECTION OF OPIUM. It is almost as though castoreum had the power of opium. But in this very place, and also in the preceding chapter, l.3. c.8., he plainly indicates that castoreum is mixed with opium by Apollonius and Asclepiades, namely so that it may blunt the excessive refrigerating power in it. Since this hypothesis, from what has been said above, has today been found false, it is not necessary to use this corrective for that reason, unless perhaps we wish to say that the powers of castoreum in removing soporous affections are very well known, and thus that it is not without a special virtue even in correcting soporifics. But however much is added of it, so much is taken away from the virtues of opium. The same castoreum, Abuali l.4. fen.6. tr.1. sum.3. c.1. calls the theriac of opium, because it comes to the aid of the corruption of opium and its hurt and poison; l.3. fen.13. Tract.5. c.13; Guainerius de Venen. cap.9. call wine the bezoar of opium. Casp. Hoffmann, animadvers. in Montan. c.7. ß.16. p.81, says its antidote is malvaticum, which Pergamenus had already written in l.3. de simpl. med. facult. c.19, where he both teaches and confirms by experiment that warm wine, drunk in moderation, but old, generous, and polyphorus, is the most immediate remedy for opium taken. So too Rondeletius, Grevinus, Conrad. Kubnath, and others say that the alexipharmic of opium is wine, and especially neat, generous wine; hence in opiate compositions it is ordered to be dissolved with the same, as both a solvent and a corrective, likewise on the hypothesis that opium is cold and dry. On this point Christoph. à Costal. has an observation, arom. p.236, where a Turk of Aden, in the scarcity of opium, asked that wine be given to him and his companions, otherwise they would not survive even two days; yet it is easy to see that this was done rather by analogy, for warming and strengthening, than for blunting opium. And wine itself, when taken with this opinion, benefits more than when opium is to be taken. Other correctives of opium are also commended by authors. Thus also, and elsewhere, G 2 præ-

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. I. < croco, myrrhæ, salibus,> præter castoreum corrigi id scribit croco Fernel. l.4. meth. med. c.7. myrrhæ idem l.6. meth. med. c.5. salibus Dioscorides l.5. c.126. circa fin. ubi: contrà haustum opium & fungos salia cum oxymelite bibuntur; unde & inter recentiores Helmontius, sopores tàm morbosos, quàm artificiales seu opiatorum optimè debellari per lixivia censet, jus duum vir. S.31. p. m. 188. Hæc potiora sunt, quibus opii tum malignitatem, tum soporem ab eo incauto usu, & dosi excedente, nimis longum inductum corrigere medici sunt soliti. < camphora, somni quæ sunt remedia.> Jungi his queunt illa, quæ in affectibus soporosis à Practicis adhibentur, inter quæ non immeritò locum tuetur suum camphora. Nos in ejusmodi casibus essentiam castorei, elixir nostrum cephalicum cum - *ci, -um formicarum volatilem, potissimum laudamus, quæ tum externè, tum internè, non omisis quandoque acidis, profuisse novimus. Acida enim sulphura tum salium, tum alia, obtundunt, præcipitant, invertuntque, ac exhalationem & resolutionem remorantur, quod infinitis experimentis chimicis demonstrari posset, si id hujus esset loci. Nec vomitoria pro re natâ omittenda sunt, ut quasi vecte quodam extrudant, quicquid in ventriculo hærens naturam gravat. < Adsumptum incandè opium ut corrigendum: purgante,> Si nimium opii præbium humores adeò incrassaverit, ut alvus officii sui obliviscatur, Platerus leniens adsumendum svadet. Valæus contrà meth. medend. p. 154. optimum judicat, si validum exhibeatur purgans, ut attenuentur humores incrassati; nec est, inquit, quod superpurgationem timeas, nunquam enim illa in hoc casu à pharmacis fit. Refert idem, binos medicos de causâ mortis accusatos: alterum, quod valido purgante superpurgationem excitaverit, alterum, quod hanc sistere volens exhibuerit narcoticum, ægro mox mortuo. Nos,

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. I. < croco, myrrhæ, salibus,> besides castoreum, it is written that this is to be corrected with saffron; Fernel. l.4. meth. med. c.7. myrrh likewise l.6. meth. med. c.5. saltes; Dioscorides l.5. c.126. near the end, where: against a draught of opium and mushrooms, salts are drunk with oxymel; whence also among more recent writers Helmontius judges that both morbid and artificial sopors, or those of opiates, are best overcome by lixivia, jus duum vir. S.31. p. m. 188. These are the chief means by which physicians are accustomed to correct both the malignity of opium and the sopor brought on by its incautious use and excessive dose, when it has continued too long. < camphora, somni quæ sunt remedia.> To these may be joined those remedies which, in soporous affections, are employed by practitioners, among which camphor not undeservedly holds its own place. In such cases we especially commend the essence of castoreum, our cephalic elixir with - *ci, the volatile of ant-formic -um, which we have known to be useful both externally and internally, sometimes not omitting acids. For acids blunt, precipitate, and invert the sulphurs, both of salts and others, and retard exhalation and resolution; which could be demonstrated by infinite chemical experiments, if this were the place for it. Nor are emetics to be omitted when occasion requires, so that they may, as it were by a lever, force out whatever lies in the stomach and burdens nature. < Adsumptum incandè opium ut corrigendum: purgante,> If too much opium has so thickened the humors that the bowels forget their office, Platerus advises that a lenient should be taken. Valæus, on the contrary, in meth. medend. p. 154, judges it best that a strong purge be administered, in order that the thickened humors may be attenuated; nor, he says, is there any need to fear over-purging, for that never occurs in this case from medicines. The same writer relates that two physicians were accused concerning a cause of death: one because by a strong purge he had excited over-purging, the other because, wishing to stop this, he administered a narcotic, and the patient shortly afterward died. We,

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DE CORRECTIONE OPIL. Nos, si ab adhibitis opiatis alvus officii sui obliviscatur, in praxi nostra feliciter solemus interponere pilulas aloeticas nostras, quas eodem cum opio menstruo paramus. Baccius l. 7. de tbermis cap. 23. p. 474. usum balnei, aqua- rum temperatarum ad eos commendat, qui ex opio ad- sumpto gravisopore submersi, & quasi commortui jacent, ingenti pruritu interdum cruciari soliti. Eadem etiam commendat Grevinus l. 2. de venen. cap. 16. pag. 208. ob maximam frigiditatem medicamenti, quæ cutim densissi- mam reddidit, & illarum partium sanguinem in grumum ferè redegit, aut certè ob erosionem, quam excitare po- tuit. Balnea cum sint calida & humida, cutim extendunt, partes refrigeratas & exsiccatas corroborant, & per insen- sibilem transpirationem exhalare faciunt id, quod inter carnem & cutim relinqui potuit, sanguinemque pristino vigorii suo restituunt. Locum hæc habent, si ad sanum sensum redigantur. CAPUT II. De præparatione & correctione opii, per evaporationem. Notissima in scholis chimicorum est correctio opii per ignis mediatum contactum, quæ fit leni Πis foetidi, Φλογιζή, immaturi, evaporatione, & creditur hoc modo cogi, ut maledicum quod in se habet, exsudet. Hermetici enim quamplurimi, è quibus nominamus Quercetanum, Hartmannum, Brendelium, Zwelferum, aliique moderni id corrigunt tostione super laminâ ferreâ seu patellâ. Scinditur in minuta frustula opium, & in laminam, orbemve appositè collocantur segmenta, ne se tamen arctius attin- gant invicem particulæ, subdito moderato carbonum igne G 3 sen-

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On the correction of opium. We, if the bowels, through the opiates administered, forget their duty, in our practice are accustomed successfully to interpose our aloetic pills, which we prepare with the same amount of opium each month. Baccius, l. 7, de thermis, cap. 23, p. 474, recommends the use of the bath, and of tepid waters, for those who, after taking opium, are plunged into deep sleep, and lie as if dead, and are sometimes wont to be tormented by intense itching. The same is also recommended by Grevinus, l. 2, de venen. cap. 16, p. 208, on account of the great coldness of the medicine, which makes the skin exceedingly dense, and has almost reduced the blood of those parts to a clot, or certainly on account of the erosion which it may excite. Since baths are hot and moist, they stretch the skin, strengthen parts that have been chilled and dried out, and by insensible transpiration cause to exhale that which may have remained between the flesh and the skin, and restore the blood to its former vigor. These things have their place, if they are brought back to sound sense. CHAPTER II. On the preparation and correction of opium, by evaporation. The correction of opium by the medium contact of fire is well known in the schools of chemists; this is done by gentle, smoky, immature heat, by evaporation, and it is believed that in this way it is forced to sweat out whatever poisonous quality it contains in itself. For very many of the Hermetics, among whom we name Quercetanus, Hartmann, Brendel, Zwelfer, and other moderns, correct it by roasting on an iron plate or pan. The opium is cut into small pieces, and the segments are suitably placed on the plate or round vessel, care being taken that the particles do not adhere more closely to one another, under a moderate fire of charcoal...

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. II. 54 sensum exhalare sinitur sulphur dictum vaporosum, donec odor papaveraceus teter exspiret, & in pulverem facilè te- ri possit, ad siccitatem instar aloes redactum. Expectant quidam, donec aromaticum de se spiret odorem, quem inde sibi pollicentur. ab aliis i- gne leni, Inprimis celeberrimus Zuvelferus append. ad animad- vers. p. 79. opium, inquit, per exhalationem narcotici sui spiritus super patellam ferream igne leni paratum, lauda- no cuicunque ferè esse æquiparandum. Nonnulli ad præ- scriptum Severini in viperâ Pythiâ part. 3. c. 6. p. 460. simul tantillum succi arantiorum acerbiorum inspergunt, & fer- ro subinde eousque versant, dum absumpto pauxillulo & refrigerato videas, num ita induruerit, ut pulverisari pos- sit, cavendo sedulò, ne amburatur. ab aliis fortiori perallus, Aliii tostionem hanc eò usque procrastinant, ut planè calcinetur opium, cineresque propinant, qui tamen o- mnes penitus vires amiserunt, avolantibus narcoticis & soporiferis particulis omnibus, & essentiâ per ignem de- structâ. examina- tur & reji- situr Mirum enim est, quod autores nonnulli liberare opi- um contendant à sulphure suo narcotico, cum tamen il- lam ipsam intendant, quærantque & expectent virtutem ex opio. Non castrandum est opium virtute narcoticâ, non sulphur narcoticum separandum, aliàs evanidum fiet & nullarum virtutum. Sed heterogenea sunt semoven- da. Nam opium si torreatur supra carbones, unde flam- ma excitetur, quomodo ero certus, quod non vis illa, quæ operationem narcoticam efficere debet, torrefactione pe- reat, & saltem noxa abeat, hâc illæsâ, ut illa M. Meieri de Sept. mont. Planet. c. 1. p. 69. huc applicemus, ubi & miran- dum esse, ait, quosdam promittere horum à se præparato- rum medicamentorum, aliàs fortissimorum, doses du- pli-

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. II. 54 the vaporous sulfur so called is allowed to exhale its sense, until the foul poppy-like odor breathes out, and it can easily be made into powder, reduced to dryness like aloe. Some wait until an aromatic odor exhales from it, which they promise themselves from it. by others with a gentle fire, Especially the most celebrated Zuvelferus, Appendix to the Observations, p. 79, says that opium, prepared by the exhalation of its narcotic spirit over an iron plate with a gentle fire, is almost to be equated with any laudanum whatever. Some, according to the prescription of Severinus in Viperā Pythiā, part 3, ch. 6, p. 460, sprinkle in at the same time a little juice of bitter oranges, and keep turning it on the iron from time to time until, after a little has been consumed and it has cooled, you can see whether it has hardened so that it can be powdered, taking great care lest it be burned. by others with a stronger fire, Others prolong this roasting so far that the opium is plainly calcined, and they offer the ashes, which nevertheless have altogether lost all their powers, the narcotic and soporific particles having flown off altogether, and the essence having been destroyed by fire. examined and rejected For it is wondrous that certain authors should strive to free opium from its narcotic sulfur, when yet they themselves intend, seek, and expect that very virtue from the opium. Opium is not to be emasculated of its narcotic virtue, nor is the narcotic sulfur to be separated; otherwise it will become vanishing and of no powers. But heterogeneous things are to be removed. For if opium is toasted over coals, from which a flame is kindled, how shall I be certain that the force which ought to produce the narcotic operation does not perish by roasting, and that at least the harmful part may depart, with this one unharmed, so that we may apply here what M. Meier says in De Sept. mont. Planet., ch. 1, p. 69, where he also says it is to be wondered at that some promise doses of these medicines prepared by themselves, otherwise most powerful, dupli-

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DE EVAPORATIONE OPII. plices aut triplices, imò ut pro saccharo tutò assumi possint absque noxâ, cum tamen ab innatis virtutibus multum spolietur & destruatur. &c. Excusari tamen posse videntur, si distinguatur inter sulphur hoc anodynem, quod ab effectu est & dicitur narcoticum. Duplex enim est hoc ipsum, ut innuit Querce- tanus tetradecap. affect. c. 16. p. 213. aliud putidum ac nar- coticum, aliud mitigativum. Sed si rem penitius intro- spiciamus, differunt solùm magnitudine, seu gradibus, jam magis & minus non variant speciem. Excessivum il- lud sylvestre & capiti grave sulphur, ut in terminis loquen- di maneamus, separatur, ne nimia evaporatione noceat cerebro & spiritibus animalibus, & ad eum gradum redi- gendum, qui temperamento animalis hujus oeconomia sit appropriatus, unde cum opium narcotico [mercur]ie nimium tinctum sit & infectum, eatenus correctio quædam & concedi potest & necessaria videtur, de quâ tamen jam plura. Sed cavendum est, ne, dum vitia vitantur, tostio- ne in contrarium fiat transitus, & virtus unà pereat. Hinc non solùm ex recentioribus Poterius, Chimicus non insimi subsellii, hoc suffumigatum laudanu[m] minus virium obtinere observavit, unde tantùm probat [mercur]ium, pharmacop. spagyri. p.m. 251. Sed & dudum id culpavit Galenus (neque enim præparatio hæc nova est) qui de hâc ipsâ 13. de com- pos. med. [uncia] [uncia] [uncia] cap. 8. prolixè agit. Ibi enim disquirens, quam ob rem non modò Apollonius, sed alii etiam qui- dam celebres viri opium (loquitur simul etiam de casto- reo, quod verò hujus loci non est) torrefacere jusserint, duas potissimum ob causas illud factum scribit, 1. quò vehe- mentia virium ipsius minueretur. 2. ob ejusdem maligni- tatem. His fusius respondet, & binis vicibus repetit, & inculcat, torrefactum hoc modo opium efficaciam per- dere, & id se sæpius esse expertum. Ex

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On the evaporation of opium. plices or triplices, indeed so that they may safely be taken in place of sugar without harm, although much of their inborn virtue is thereby stripped away and destroyed, etc. Yet they seem able to be excused, if distinction be made between this anodynous sulphur, which is so by effect and is called narcotic. For this very thing is twofold, as Querceta- nus hints, tetradecap. affect. c. 16. p. 213: one kind putrid and nar- cotic, the other mitigating. But if we examine the matter more closely, they differ only in size, or in degrees; for more and less do not change the species. That excessive, wild and heavy on the head sulphur, to use the terms of speech, is separated lest by too much evaporation it harm the brain and the animal spirits, and reduced to that degree which is appropriate to the temperament of this animal economy, whence, since opium is too much tinctured and infected with narcotic [mercur]y, to that extent some correction can and indeed seems necessary, of which however more presently. But care must be taken lest, while vices are avoided, through roasting there be a passage into the contrary, and the virtue perish at the same time. Hence not only among the more recent writers Poterius, a chemist not of the lowest seat, observed that this suffumigated laudanum obtained less strength, whence he approves only [mercur]y, pharmacop. spagyri. p.m. 251. But long ago Galen also criticized it (for this preparation is by no means new), who treats at length of this very matter in 13. de comp. med. [uncia] [uncia] [uncia] cap. 8. For there, inquiring why not only Apollonius, but also certain other celebrated men had ordered opium (he speaks at the same time also of castor, which truly is not the matter of this place) to be roasted, he writes that it was done chiefly for two causes: 1. that the force of its virtues might be diminished. 2. on account of its malignity. To these he responds at length, and repeats twice, and insists that opium roasted in this way loses its efficacy, and that he himself had often experienced this. Ex

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. III. < & hunc sequentibus> Ex hoc loco quoque Bernhardus Dessen. Cronenburg. l.1. de compos. medic. p.48. torrefactionem opii damnat. Mentionem hujus præparationis facit & Abuali l.2. 1r.2. cap. 526. quam subtilem videtur affirmare, opium, inquit, assatur super laminam ferream ignitam, & sit rubeum. < Alius processus.> Consultius existimamus, aut omittere hanc præpara- tionem, aut levissimo saltim calore ita tractare medica- mentum, ne vires perdamus, quas tam solicite quærimus, idque eò magis, quod ipsimet hujus correctionis patroni fatentur, dicto modo torrefactum opium vix flammam concipere, manifesto indicio, illud sulphure, adeoque vi- ribus narcoticis exutum esse. Par ratio est, si quis instar scammonii sulphurati fumo sulphuris id præparare sustineat, ut præter calorem & acor accedens majus pondus addat correctioni. Veremur enim, ne tantum virtutis amittat, quantum aciditatis ad- mittit. CAPUT III. Menstrua extrahendi opii, & primò falina. < CorreBio opii in depuratione consistis,> Si fateri volumus, quod res est, correctio opii consistit in ejus depuratione, quod habet commune cum aliis, v.g. attende aloen, scammonium, ladanum; Hæc si cruda quis intrò dare velit, uti olim illud toto die factum est, tormina, & quæ ab aloe præsertim & scammonio timen- tur incommoda alia, consequi, facilè colliget is, qui hæc præparavit manu suâ, vel saltem præparari vidit. Rema- nent scil. longè magis, quàm in opio ipso arenosæ & aliæ excrementitiæ partes, quæ corpori nocent. Et id certis- simum habemus, nunquam ab opio ulla timenda esse in- commoda, si benè depuratum sit. Depu-

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. III. < & with the following> From this place too Bernhardus Dessen. Cronenburg. l.1. de compos. medic. p. 48. condemns the torrefaction of opium. Abuali also makes mention of this preparation, l.2. 1r.2. cap. 526, where he seems to affirm it to be subtle: opium, he says, is roasted on a heated iron plate, and becomes red. < Another process.> We consider it more advisable either to omit this preparation, or at least to treat the medicine with the gentlest heat, lest we lose the virtues that we so carefully seek; and this the more so because the very advocates of this correction admit that opium, roasted in the said manner, scarcely takes fire, which is a clear indication that it has been deprived of sulphur, and therefore of narcotic powers. The same reasoning applies if anyone should undertake to prepare it like sulphurized scammony by the smoke of sulphur, so as, besides heat and the supervening acid, to add greater weight to the correction. For we fear that it loses as much strength as it takes in acidity. CAPUT III. Solvents for extracting opium, and first, the saline ones. < The correction of opium consists in purification,> If we are willing to admit what the matter is, the correction of opium consists in its purification, which it has in common with other substances, for example, note aloe, scammony, ladanum; if anyone wished to administer these in a crude state internally, as was formerly done with that substance throughout the day, he will easily gather that colic, and the other inconveniences feared especially from aloe and scammony, would follow, who has prepared these with his own hand, or at least has seen them prepared. For there remain much more than in opium itself sandy and other excrementitious parts, which harm the body. And this we know for certain, that no inconveniences are ever to be feared from opium if it be well purified. Puri-

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DE MENSTRUIS OPII SALINIS. 57 < quæ sit solutione & separatio> Depuratio sit solutione & separatione. Solutione, mediante calore & digestione factâ, pars instar spumæ ad superficiem fertur, pars in fundo subsidet, media purior & desiderata est, prior verò utraque per lacinias, vel filtrum separari potest, & remanet, optima verò perfluit & seorsim colligitur. Hinc de accommodo & appropriato genuino menstruo soliciti simus, necessum est. < Menstrua opium extrahendi,> Ut verò sub tribus solventium tota familia continetur generibus, & menstrua sunt vel aquea, vel sulphurea, vel salina; ita & triplex hoc opium extrahendidatur menstruum. Frequentius hactenus in usu fuêre menstrua spirituosa & acida, disceptantibus tamen inter se autoribus, quænam harum præparatio sit melior. < acida, lenia & forsta> Sub acido militant, acetum tum simplex, tum destillatum, succus citri, cydoniorum, limonum + tum + is sulphureum, quo opium extraxit B. D. Ausfeld, teste Nob. D. D. Vollgnad nostro Disp. de Hemicraniâ, spiritus [sulphur], [sulphur]li, aliaque, quæ nuper exercitatione de menstruis latius exposui- mus. Hinc alii solum + superfundunt aliquoties, exiccant iterum & pulverisant, cujus loco iteruni alii -um [sulphur]li summè rectificatum, alii succum citri affundunt, sæpeque irrorant & exiccant. < inprimis per> Apud Indos, teste Bontio l.2. de meth. med. Indor. cap.4. p.20. etiam per acetum corrigitur, ubi utilissimum & ipsi laudatissimum extractum croci Indici, per quem intelligit curcumam, seu potius laudanum opiatum describit. Alii opio pulverisato affundunt acetum, destillant per XX igne forti, donec opium in fundo ad summam siccitatem perveniat, idque cohobant tertiâ vice. Plerique verò, qui acida eligunt, opium grosso modo H con-

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OF THE SALINE MENSTRUA OF OPIUM. 57 <what is by solution and separation> Purification is by solution and separation. By solution, after digestion has been effected with heat, part is carried to the surface like foam, part settles in the bottom; the middle part is purer and desired. The former two, however, can be separated by cloths or by a filter, and remain behind; the best, however, passes through and is collected apart. Hence we must be solicitous for a suitable and proper true menstruum. <Menstrua for extracting opium,> But as, under the three kinds of solvents, the whole family is contained, and the menstrua are either aqueous, or sulphureous, or saline, so also for extracting opium this menstruum is threefold. Hitherto the spirituous and acid menstrua have been more frequently in use, although authors dispute among themselves which preparation of these is the better. <acid, gentle, and strong> Under the acids are reckoned vinegar, both simple and distilled, the juice of citrons, quinces, lemons; and also the sulphureous one, with which B. D. Ausfeld extracted opium, as our noble D. D. Vollgnad testifies in the Disputatione de Hemicraniâ; spirit of sulphur, and other things, which in a recent exercise on menstrua we have explained more fully. Hence some pour it on only once, dry it again, and powder it; in place of this, others pour on highly rectified spirit of sulphur; others again add the juice of citron, and often moisten and dry it repeatedly. <especially by> Among the Indians, according to Bontius, l. 2. de meth. med. Indor. cap. 4. p. 20, it is also corrected by vinegar, where he describes the very useful and highly praised extract of Indian saffron, by which he means turmeric, or rather opium prepared with laudanum. Others pour vinegar upon powdered opium, distill over a strong fire, until the opium in the bottom has reached the greatest dryness, and they cohobate it a third time. Most, however, who choose acids, coarsely prepare the opium H con-

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. III. < Processus> conscindunt, affundunt ad aliquot digitorum eminen- tiam, digerunt, filtrant, & leniter inspissant in extracti formam. Inter hos primarios nominamus Quercetanum, Horstium, Sylvim, Langium, &c. Sunt tamen, qui opium leniter torrefaciunt prius, quàm illud affuso aceto destil- lato extrahant. Glauberus furn. Philos. part. 3. c. 24. p. 56. recludit opii ʒiv. -us Ʒis. & purgati ʒj. hinc extra- hit cum . < Compositio Langelotti- ana.> Elegans compositio est chimiatri excellentissimi Dn. D. Joelis Langelotti, quam primò ad Bartbolinum cent. 3. epist. 45. p. 188. & hinc longè fusius ad Academiam curiosam, de- scripsit, vid. Ann. III. Ephemerid. German. obs. 59. p. 100. ubi sub titulo novæ opium præparandi rationis veræque ejus essentiæ describitur. Fit 1. ex opii Thebaici lbj, succi cy- doniorum lbx. Ʒi puri & sicciss. ʒj. 2. addendo, cum per diem unum & alterum stetit, sacchari ʒiv. 3. Blando ca- lore promovetur fermentatio. 4. Hinc medius purior liquor, à superiori spumosâ, & inferiori terrestri parte cautè separatus, filtratus ad mellaginein inspissatur. 5. Denique V alcohol. hæc dissolvitur, digeritur, & ad justam consistentiam abstrahendo servanda vera opii essentia. < Menstruum lixivum.> Ad salinum menstruum pertinet & lixivum. Cum enim ex supra dictâ Helmontianâ hypothesi sopores nimii per lixiva optimè debellentur, & Ʒlia Dioscorides contra o- pium commendet, hinc multi credunt, opium optimè cor- rigi & extrahi posse cum lixiviosis v.g. eis. Sic Glauberus per alkahest mitescere ait, oper. mineral. p. 1. p. 61. D. D. Et- müllerus in chirurgiâ infusoriâ c. 3. conclus. 2. 7. Ʒle alkali fi- xo inprimis Ʒri cum terebinthinâ debitam opii fieri per digestionem correctionem, scribit, & fieri sic opium tutum & mirabile in magnis quoque morbis remedium. Sic cum tincturâ Ʒri etiam id ipsum non infeliciter quidam moli- untur, unde consiunt essentiæ elegantes & splendidæ. Ratio-

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. III. < Processes> break them up, pour them over to a height of several fingers’ breadth, digest them, filter them, and gently thicken them into the form of an extract. Among these primary methods we name Quercetanus, Horstius, Sylvius, Langius, &c. There are, however, some who first lightly roast the opium, before they extract it with distilled vinegar poured over it. Glauberus, furn. Philos. part. 3. c. 24. p. 56. reopens opium ʒiv. -us Ʒis. & purgati ʒj. hence he extracts with . < Langelotti’s Composition.> An elegant composition is that of the most excellent iatrochemist Dn. D. Joel Langelotti, which he first described to Bartholinus, cent. 3. epist. 45. p. 188., and from there at much greater length to the Academia Curiosa; see Ann. III. Ephemerid. German. obs. 59. p. 100., where it is described under the title of a new and true method of preparing opium and of its essence. It is made 1. from Thebaic opium lbj, juice of quinces lbx. Ʒi pure and very dry ʒj. 2. By adding, after it has stood for one or two days, sugar ʒiv. 3. Fermentation is promoted by gentle heat. 4. Then the middle purer liquor, carefully separated from the upper frothy part and the lower earthy part, is filtered and thickened to the consistency of honey. 5. Finally V alcohol. this is dissolved, digested, and, by distillation, brought to the proper consistency so that the true essence of opium may be preserved. < Alkaline menstruum.> Among saline menstruums belongs also the lixivium. For since, according to the above-mentioned Helmontian hypothesis, excessive sleepiness is best overcome by lixivia, and Dioscorides commends Ʒlia against opium, many therefore believe that opium can best be corrected and extracted with lixivial substances, e.g. these. Thus Glauberus says it is softened by alkahest, oper. mineral. p. 1. p. 61. D. D. Etmüllerus, in chirurgiâ infusoriâ c. 3. conclus. 2. 7. Ʒle, especially the fixed alkali Ʒri with turpentine, produces by digestion the proper correction of opium, and thus makes opium safe and a wonderful remedy even in great diseases. Likewise, with the tincture of Ʒri, some attempt the same thing not unsuccessfully, whence elegant and splendid essences are compounded. Ratio-

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DE MENSTRUIS OPII SALINIS. 59 Rationes, quibus acidorum extrahentium patroni utuntur, potissimæ sunt 1. quod acetum venenis adversetur, & in hyoscyami opiique adsumptorum correctione optimè se gerat, quin & contra serpentum etiam venenatissimorum ictus faciat, teste Celso, l.6. cap.27. 2. acrimonium & caliditatem opii corrigit. Ut mitescunt Oliæ volatilia ab acidis & quasi fixantur, ut radix ari c. 4to præparata non amplius linguam ita mordicat, sinapi, raphanus rusticanus, nasturtium & alia cum 4to apposita mitescunt, ita & Oliæ volatilis opii fixationem quàm optimè præstat, in quo correctionem ejus genuinam consistere credunt. Contra ea V tantùm 4 extrahere, O verò intactum relinquere (quod pro extrahendis Olibus particulas non aptas obtineat) acetum verò utrumque, & malignitatem insimul edomare, perhibent. Eadem ratio est succorum aliorum è vegetabili regno acidorum. Accedit 3. quod succus cydoniorum acidaq; recensita, stomachum, cui opiata non æquè prosunt, confortent. Præparatio hæc cum succo cydoniorum Helmontiana quoque est, quam Helmontius filius easdem obtinere virtutes, cum eâ, quæ fieret per Alcahest, & medicum felicem, qui opium ita præparet, asseruit apud Tachenium epist. de liq. alcahest p.27. Nos, ut breviter nostram exponamus, in genere quidem libenter concedimus, ab acidis obtundi opiata, figi eorum sal volatile, & hinc tutius ea adsumi posse, sed an id fiat virtutibus & qualitatibus, quas tamen exin elicere est animus, illæsis, de eo mirum quantum dubitamus. Hinc, ut illa ex Glasero vertamus traitte de la chymie l.2.c.11 p.322. qui considerant in opio partem 4eam volatilem, & salinam internam, quibus primariò suam debet virtutem, ea verò cum acidis habent contrarietatem, tantum abest, ut correctionem illis perfici credant, ut potius mul-

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ON THE SALINE OPIATES. 59 The reasons by which the advocates of acidifying agents are chiefly guided are: 1. that vinegar is opposed to poisons, and behaves most excellently in correcting opium and hyoscyamus taken internally; nay, according to Celsus, l. 6. cap. 27, it even acts against the bite of the most venomous serpents. 2. It corrects the acrimony and heat of opium. For as the volatile oils are rendered mild by acids and, as it were, fixed, so that the root of arum, prepared in this way, no longer bites the tongue so much; mustard, horseradish, nasturtium, and other things added with vinegar are likewise softened; so too vinegar most excellently brings about the fixation of the volatile oil of opium, in which they believe its true correction consists. On the contrary, they maintain that merely extracting the V and leaving the O untouched (because it contains particles not suited for extracting the oils), whereas vinegar tames both and at the same time subdues the malignity, has this effect. The same reason applies to other acid juices from the vegetable kingdom. Added to this is 3. that quince juice and the other juices just mentioned strengthen the stomach, for which opiates do not help equally well. This preparation with quince juice is also Helmontian, concerning which Helmont the Younger asserted to Tachenius, epist. de liq. alcahest p. 27, that the same virtues are obtained by it as by that which would be made through the Alcahest, and that the fortunate physician who should prepare opium in this way. We, however, to state our own view briefly, do in general willingly grant that opiates are weakened by acids, their volatile salt is fixed, and that by this means they may be taken more safely; but whether this occurs while their virtues and qualities remain unharmed, which nevertheless we intend presently to derive, we doubt greatly. Hence, to translate that from Glaser, traitte de la chymie l. 2. c. 11 p. 322, who, considering in opium the volatile and internal saline part, to which it chiefly owes its virtue, and which indeed are in contrariety with acids, he is so far from believing that correction is accomplished by them, that rather mul-

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAPUT III. 60 multum, si non totum, destruatur, & castretur. Deinde, qui præparavit opium, seu ejus extractum confecit cum . to, negare non poterit, remanere multum de salinis a- cidis . ti particulis, quæ nares odore constanti abundè & mordicant & feriunt, ut adeò imminui ex parte saltem, si non maximè, vim leniter demulcendi ob acres, acidosve humores dolentes partes, & poros cerebri occludendi, cer- to sit certius. Quemvis tamen sensu suo abundare liben- ter patimur. . to simplici non extrahendum opium In specie consultius videtur, . tum simplex ob partes crassiores, . eas admistas, quas in [sulphur]tione videre est, pla- nè omittere, ne subtiliori parte ejus per evaporationem ablatâ, excrementitiæ, liceat has ita nominare, cum opio jungantur, & feces cumulentur fecibus. De succis expressis judicium. Quoad succos expressos alios acidos vel his confines, e- gregias inde consurgere compositiones, fatendum est, sed id tamen monere videtur operæ pretium, salvâ manente cujusvis agendi libertate, & neminis in præjudicium, quod necessariò, si cum eis extrahatur opium, horum ex- tractum proprium, forte paris, si non majoris, cum ex- tracto opii ponderis, simul emergat, quod ipsum tamen vires non auget, sed imminuit, diditis inter ea opiatis par- ticulis, & sit v.g. rob cydoniorum opiatum, extractum cy- doniorum opiatum. Olia pilulas non benè ingrediuntur. Sin addantur Olia, v.g. ol. [sulphur]ri per deliquium, vel cry- stallinum, succum, verenda est & fermentationis anni- hilatio, quæ intenditur tamen, & ne extracti forma, ob hu- midi attractionem, salibus familiarem, ad pilularem con- sistentiam aliasque compositiones opiatas sibi relictas fiat aliquo modo inconveniens, ut alia, quæ in contrarium dici posse norunt naturæ periti, silentio involvamus. Iudi- cium Tachenii sincerum est, loc. cit. non aliam minorem virtutem ab ejus exhibitione deprehendi, quàm ex solitâ & simplici correctione. CAPUT

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CHAPTER III. 60 much, if not altogether, is destroyed and emasculated. Then, he who prepared the opium, or made its extract with ... to, cannot deny that much remains of the saline-acid ... particles, which with a constant odor abundantly attack and bite the nostrils, so that the power of gently soothing painful parts by means of sharp, acid humors, and of closing the pores of the brain, is certainly, at least in part, if not most greatly, diminished. Yet we willingly allow anyone to abound in his own sense. In particular, it seems more prudent not to extract opium with the simple ... the simple opium on account of its coarser parts, ... plainly omit those admixed particles which are seen in the [sulphur]tion, lest, after the subtler part has been carried off by evaporation, the excrementitious parts, if we may so call them, be joined with the opium, and the dregs be heaped up with dregs. Judgment concerning expressed juices. As for expressed juices, especially the acidic ones or those bordering on them, it must be admitted that excellent compounds may arise from them; yet it seems worth while to warn that, with everyone’s freedom of action preserved and to no man’s prejudice, if opium is necessarily extracted with them, there will also arise their proper extract, perhaps equal, if not greater, in weight than the extract of opium itself, which nevertheless does not increase, but diminishes, the powers, since the opiated particles are dispersed among them; and thus, for example, an opiate quince preserve, an opiate quince extract. Oils do not mix well with pills. But if oils are added, for example oil of [sulphur] by deliquescence, or crystalline oil, to a juice, the destruction of the intended fermentation is to be feared, and also lest the form of the extract, because of the attraction of moisture, which is familiar to salts, become in some way inconvenient for pill-like consistency and for other opiate compositions left to itself; though other things that experts in nature know may be said to the contrary, let us pass them over in silence. Tachenius’ judgment is sincere, loc. cit., that no lesser virtue is perceived from its administration than from simple and solitary correction. CHAPTER

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CAPUT IV. DE MENSTRUIS ÆIS. 61 CAPUT IV. Alterum extrahendi opii menstruum, Æeum. < Extractio opii per vinum Hispanicum,> Cum oleosis aromaticis extrahendi modus hactenus usitatus non fuit, cum spirituosis verò non infrequens. Quidam illum opii corrigendi modum amplectuntur: Decoquunt illud in vino Hispanico dulci, & benè maturo, idq; tamdiu lenissimo igne continuant ad evaporationem vini Hispanici, iterando etiam affusionem, & coctionem priori modo, donec acquirat consistentiam mellis, addendo tunc pro lubitu alia mollia vel solida, quæ descriptio est Lindenii in not. mss. ad praxin Hartmanni Tit. de anodynis. Illustri etiam Boyleo opii ea videtur optima præparatio, < vinum cum Æle Æri, Ævi- nosum,> ut in vino cum æqua parte purissimi salis Æri digeratur, teste Hamelio l. 2. de corp. affection. c 5. t 8. p. 448. Thomsonus epilogism. chim. 130. p. 76. -um Ælis vinosum, < Ævi- nosum,> quem pag. seq. describit, pro menstruo commendat, cui hinc Æri jungit, & Ætis, hinc cum Æ alcalisato extrahit. Sennertus, Poterius, Billichius, Zuvelferus, & alii opium per Æ corrigunt, essentiam eliciunt, extractoque ad justam consistentiam redacto, tincturas spec. diambræ, diamoschi d. cum magisteriis & oleis cordialibus, vel extractum croci, corallinum pulverem & guttulas aliquot -us Æli &c. jungunt. < Æ, per Æ Æ hinc per Æ.> Media viâ incedunt, qui primum Æto, hinc Æ extrahunt, ut Londinenses, vid. Pharmac. Londin. p. 230. & qui Begunum secuti opium extrahunt Æ, cum -ibus acidis, Æli, Æis, acuato. H 3 Ratio-

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CHAPTER IV. OF MENSTRUAL MENSTRUA. 61 CHAPTER IV. The other menstruum for extracting opium, the aqueous one. Extraction of opium by Spanish wine. When the method of extracting with oily aromatic substances has not hitherto been in common use, with spirituous substances it has been not infrequent. Some adopt this method of correcting opium: They boil it in sweet, well-matured Spanish wine, and continue this with the gentlest fire until the Spanish wine evaporates, also repeating the pouring on and the boiling in the former manner, until it acquires the consistency of honey, then adding at pleasure other soft or solid things, which is the description of Lindenius in the manuscript notes to Hartmann’s practice, Title On anodynes. Also to the illustrious Boyle this seems the best preparation of opium, , that is, it may be digested in wine with an equal part of the purest salt of Ær, as Hamelius testifies, book 2, On bodily affections, ch. 5, t. 8, p. 448. Thomson, epilogism. chim. 130, p. 76, recommends the vinous menstruum, , which he describes on the next page, for a menstruum; to this he therefore joins Ær, and Ætis; hence he extracts it with alcalisated Æ. Sennertus, Poterius, Billichius, Zuvelferus, and others correct opium by Æ, draw out the essence, and when the extract has been brought to the proper consistency, add tinctures of species diambræ, diamosch. d., together with magisteries and cordial oils, or extract of saffron, coralline powder, and a few drops of Æl, etc. Those proceed by a middle course who first extract with Æt, then with Æ, as the Londoners do; see Pharmac. Londin. p. 230; and those who, following Beguyn, extract opium with Æ, with acid ingredients, with Æl, Æis, sharpened.

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAPUT IV. < Pro Vn- siones.> Rationes pro V, quò pertinet & frumentaceus, item sambuci, citri, theriacalis, aliique, sunt, non quod o- pium reputetur frigidum, cum omnis iterum V per eva- porationem, vel [sulphur]ionem avolet, adeoque à calore hujus correctionem realem expectare non possit, sed 1. quia o- pium abundat [sulphur]e, seu resinositate, jam verò V his est ho- mogeneus, cum iis symbolizat, & genuinum resinosorum est menstruum. 2. quia vapidas & halituosas opii particu- las naturæ amicas reddit, neque vires obtundit. < V [sulphur] o- pis non relinquit intactum,> Nec timendum est, quod superius modò tactum fuit, V [sulphur] intactum relinquere, neque extrahere, cum ex- perientia chimica constet, illum ipsum non solùm non respuere conjugium volatilium salium, (qualia in opio eminent) sed ex parte ipsorum etiam vulgò dictorum si- xorum, quo de vid. Specim. experim. nostrid de [sulphur] vol. plant. c.5. p.36. & exerc. de menstruis cap 3. < nec [sulphur] eas secum au- fere par- tes,> Nec sufficiens est altera objectio, Vum se unire inti- mius cum partibus narcoticis, sulphureæ ejusdem naturæ symbolicis, illas elevare secum in evaporatione vel abstra- ctione, quod verò in fundo restat, tantùm esse substanti- am terrestrem, dotibus suis principalibus orbatam. Si e- nim praxin & experientiam sequamur, tantum abest, ut V i opiatus, seu ab opio abstractus sit narcoticus, anody- nusve, præter propriam ipsius agendi sphæram, ut potius [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i 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Transcription: Translated (English)

LIB. I. SECT. II. CAPUT IV. < For Vn- siones.> The reasons for V, insofar as it concerns the grain-based one, likewise that of elder, citron, theriacal, and the rest, are not that opium is deemed cold, since every V again, by evaporation, or [sulphur]ion, flies off, and therefore from the heat of this it cannot expect a real correction, but 1. because opium abounds in [sulphur], or resinous matter; now V is homogeneous with these, it symbolizes with them, and is the genuine menstruum of resinous substances. 2. because it makes the vaporous and airy particles of opium friendly to nature, nor does it blunt their powers. < V [sulphur] does not leave opium untouched,> Nor is that to be feared which was just touched upon above, namely that V [sulphur] would leave it untouched, nor extract it; since chemical experience shows that it not only does not reject the union of volatile salts, (such as are eminent in opium) but even partly of the so-called fixed salts as well; see our Specim. experim. de [sulphur] vol. plant. c. 5. p. 36. and exerc. de menstruis cap. 3. < nor does [sulphur] carry those parts away with it,> Nor is the other objection sufficient, that V unites more intimately with the narcotic parts, symbolical with the same sulphureous nature, and elevates them along with it in evaporation or abstraction, so that what remains at the bottom is merely a terrestrial substance, deprived of its principal qualities. For if we follow practice and experience, it is so far from being the case that the spiritus opiatus, or that abstracted from opium, is narcotic or anodyne, beyond its own proper sphere of action, that rather [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mercur]i [mer

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Transcription: ATR-1

DE MENSTRUIS OPII FEIS. 6) quàm quod cum aceto destillato factum fuit. Hoc ergò modo & opii Thebaici, puri, succosi, pulverisati q.v. partem verbi gratiâ j. & probè rectificati partes vj. Digerantur leni calore, extracta tinctura decantetur, vel filtretur, & abstracto &, si in majori copiâ præparetur extractum, vel evaporato, si in minori, pro lubitu tamen, ad consistentiam desideratam redigatur. Dictum est notanter, requiri & probè rectificatum & < Cantela> dephlegmatum, aliàs enim feces, quas secum vehit, cum opio relinquit, ventriculo & toti corpori nauseabundas, inutiles, quod ex chimicâ praxi etiam de vino Hispanico notum est. Neque incommodum est, sed longè optimum, si quis & P risatum loco communis recipiat. CAPUT V. Tertium pro extrahendo opio menstruum, aqueum. < Solventia opium æqueâ> R Estat, ut & de aqueis dicamus solventibus, ut sunt aqua simplex vel Ita, ros majalis Itus, & alia. Sic Martinus Rulandus junior in excuss. apolog. Oberndorfer. p. 89. refert, Muscagliam Cæsareæ majestatis medicum opium contusum lavâsse, & affusâ aquâ coxisse, restibili succo mellito addendo spec. diambræ. Cujus nepentheos, < simpliciora> addit, & opiati simplici filo parati usum tutum nos plerique experti sumus, admirantes simplici cocturâ opio malignitatem illam narcoticam demi, & adeò benignum fieri & innoxium. Ita & Glaserus l.c. p. 320 seq. opii extractum præparat cum < processum> vroris majalis, &, ut eum in latinum traducamus sermonem, ceu omninò meretur, processum ponit sequentem: 1. jubet opium conscindere in partes minutas, 2. hinc illud expli-

Transcription: Translated (English)

OF THE MENSTRUUM OF THE FOXGLOVE. 6) than that which was made with distilled vinegar. Therefore in this way, opium of Thebes, pure, juicy, powdered, q.v. one part, for example 1, and thoroughly rectified spirit six parts. Let them be digested with gentle heat; the extracted tincture be decanted, or filtered, and the spirit being abstracted, and, if an extract is prepared in larger quantity, or evaporated, if in smaller, reduced at pleasure to the desired consistency. It was expressly said that both thoroughly rectified and <Cantela> dephlegmated spirit are required; otherwise it leaves behind with the opium the dregs which it carries with it, nauseous and useless to the stomach and to the whole body, which from chemical practice is also known of Spanish wine. Nor is it inconvenient, but far best, if one takes <P> risatum in place of common spirit. CAPUT V. The third aqueous menstruum for extracting opium. < Solventia opium aqueâ> It remains for us to speak also of aqueous solvents, such as simple water or Ita, rose-water, and others. Thus Martinus Rulandus junior, in the examined apology of Oberndorfer, p. 89, reports that Muscaglia, physician to His Imperial Majesty, washed crushed opium and boiled it with water poured over it, adding to the remaining sweet juice spec. diambræ. Of this nepenthe, he adds, and of simple opiate prepared in a single thread, we most of us have experienced the safe use, marveling that by simple boiling that narcotic malignity is taken away from opium, and that it becomes so mild and harmless. So also Glaserus, l.c. p. 320 seq., prepares an extract of opium with <processum> of rose-water, and, to translate it into Latin speech, as it altogether deserves, sets down the following process: 1. he orders the opium to be cut into minute parts, 2. then it to be expli-

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Transcription: ATR-1

LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. V. 64 explicatum in patinâ terreâ vernificatâ, aliquo modo torrere, donec fiat friabile digitis, vitando interim effumationes nocentes, à [mercur]e narcotico provenientes. 1. superfundere huic sic præparato rorem majalem [mercur]tum, q. s. digere re per 4. [mercur] in [mercur]liquorem tinctum decantare, reassundere menstruum dictum, donec sufficienter fuerit extractum. 4. filtrare totum id, & evaporare in [mercur] ad consistentiam extracti. Ita habebis, concludit, opium benè præparatum, & liberatum à [mercur]e suo narcotico, & omni terrestreitate. < Laus menstruorum aqueorum> Menstruum hoc ob hanc rationem commendat p. 323. quod neque privet opium virtute salinâ, ut acida, nec illam secum auferat, ut [mercur] , sed cum leve & subtile sit, facilè evaporetur, sine ullâ virtutis privatione. Sunt, quæ moneri pauca circa processum possint, sed cum supra jam discussa videantur dubia, eo supersedebimus. < cujus rationes adducuntur, 1. à correllione, 2. ab opii naturâ,> Hamelius l. 2. de corpor. affectionib. c. 2. t. 9 p. 344 hanc præparationem viris doctissimis maximè probari scribit. Certum verò est, aequum hoc menstruum pro extractione opii non superficiarium, sed maximè esse tum accommodatum, tum elegans, tum utile & proficuum. Hoc pacto 1. odor nauseabundus opii perit, sine virium deperditione, nec alius eidem imprimitur, ut sit cum [sulphur] 2. opium est quasi medium quoddam, inter gummata & resinas, hinc aquæ facilè paret, & facillimè dissolvitur, quod requisitum est Dioscorideum, ex quo ipso loco probabile emergit, jam olim hanc ipsam extractionem per aqueum menstruum fuisse usitatam, cui enim bono aliàs id aqua dissolverunt, nisi ut depurarent? quod ex eo etiam probari ulterius posset, quod idem Dioscorides, dilutionis in sequentibus verbis, loco supra citato, meminit. Sed hæc obiter. < Gummosa commodè> Observatu dignum est, gummosa ejusmodi, cum aque- is

Transcription: Translated (English)

LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. V. 64 being spread out in a vernished earthen dish, to roast it in some measure, until it becomes friable under the fingers, while meanwhile avoiding harmful fumes, arising from the narcotic [mercur]. 1. pour over this thus prepared material the morning dew [mercur], q. s. digest for 4. [mercur] then decant the tinctured liquor, pour back the said menstruum, until it shall have been sufficiently extracted. 4. filter the whole, and evaporate in [mercur] to the consistency of an extract. Thus you will have, he concludes, opium well prepared, and freed from its narcotic [mercur], and from all earthly matter. < Praise of aqueous menstruums> He recommends this menstruum for this reason, p. 323. that it neither deprives opium of its saline virtue, as acids do, nor carries that virtue off with it, as [mercur] does, but, since it is light and subtle, it easily evaporates, without any deprivation of virtue. There are a few things that could be noted concerning the process, but since the doubts already discussed above seem sufficient, we shall pass them over. < whose reasons are given, 1. from corrosion, 2. from the nature of opium,> Hamelius, l. 2. de corpor. affectionib. c. 2. t. 9 p. 344 writes that this preparation is most highly approved by the most learned men. But it is certain that this aqueous menstruum for the extraction of opium is not superficial, but is most well suited, most elegant, most useful, and most profitable. In this way 1. the nauseating odor of opium disappears, without loss of strength, and no other odor is imparted to it, as is the case with [sulphur]. 2. opium is as it were a certain middle thing, between gums and resins; hence it readily yields to water, and is most easily dissolved, which is the Dioscoridean requirement; from which very passage it is probable that long ago this very extraction by an aqueous menstruum was customary, for to what other purpose would they dissolve it in water, unless to purify it? which may also be further proved from the fact that the same Dioscorides mentions dilution in the following words, in the passage cited above. But this by the way. < Gummy substances conveniently> It is worthy of note that gummy substances of this kind, when with aque- ous

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DE MENSTRUIS OPIT AQUEIS. 65 is extracta vires suas cum corpore nostro melius commu- nicare, quàm cum spirituosis. Id e.g. de aloe est quàm ve- rissimum, quàm qui cum [mercur]ij extrahit leniendi alvum sco- po, næ ille egregiè fallitur. Quin vel ex [mercur]ij apparet, statim totam quasi substantiam aloes immutari, cum [mercur]ij assunditur. Opium agit potissimum ob [sulphur] suum resolubi- le, ut supra ostendimus, quicquid igitur resolutionem e- jusdem impedit, id cum naturâ ejus non adeò convenit, quàm quod eandem promovet. Faciunt verò hoc aquea. 3. Sumptibus hoc modo multum parcitur. Facilior < 3. à sumptibus.> jactura est aqueorum, quàm vel acidorum, vel -uoso- rum, licet ad alios usus per [mercur]ij cum possint recipi. 4. Quàm elegans verò emergat opium præ reliquis ex- < 4. elegantiæ medicamenti.> tractis, hocce menstruo paratum, tum experientiæ cujus- vis relinquimus, tum pluribus in sequentibus tangemus. Ut de nostra præparandi ratione mentionem faciamus, elegantissimum opium extrahendi modum invenimus, cum phlegmate [sulphur]ti à præparatione arcani [sulphur]ri resultan- tis. Infunditur opii Thebaici pulverisati pars j. cum par- tibus vj. vel viij. [mercur]ia [mercur]ab arcano [sulphur]ri residua, mediæ, hinc vi- trum calenti imponitur arenæ, agitatione cum spatulâ fa- cita solvitur, ubi pars impurior spumosa summa lambit, pars terrestrior ima petit. Colatura per linteum facta e- vaporatur ad mellaginem, vel in extracti formam reda- ctum adservatur, laudano quovis etiam pretiosiori virtu- tibus par, si non major. Quæ verò circa menstrua hæc dici forsan latius debuis- sent, ea possunt huc peti ex Dissertatione nostrâ, de menstruis, nuper editâ. CAPUT VI. Medicamenta ex opio interna in formâ mediâ & solidâ. I In-

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DE MENSTRUIS OPIT AQUEIS. 65 It is extracted in such a way that its powers communicate better with our body than with spirituous menstrua. This is most true, for example, of aloe; for whoever extracts it with [mercur]ium for the purpose of gently loosening the bowels is certainly much deceived. Indeed, even from [mercur]ium itself it appears that, as soon as [mercur]ium is poured on, the whole substance of the aloe is, as it were, immediately changed. Opium acts chiefly on account of its soluble [sulphur], as we have shown above; whatever therefore hinders its dissolution agrees less with its nature than that which promotes it. Now aqueous substances do this. 3. In this way a great deal is saved in cost. The loss of aqueous substances is easier than that of either acid or spirituous ones, although they may be recovered by [mercur]ium for other uses. 4. How elegant an opium, superior to the rest of the extracts, is produced by this menstruum, we leave to the experience of anyone, and shall touch upon it further in what follows. As to mention our own method of preparation, we have found the most elegant way of extracting opium in the phlegm of [sulphur]ur resulting from the preparation of [sulphur]ur's secret. One part of powdered Thebaic opium is infused with six or eight parts of the [mercur]y remaining from the preparation of [sulphur]ur's secret, of medium heat; then the vessel is placed upon warm sand, and by stirring with a spatula it is dissolved, whereupon the more impure part, foamy, rises to the top, and the more earthy part sinks to the bottom. The colature, made through linen, is evaporated to the consistency of honey, or kept in the form of an extract, equal in virtues to any laudanum, even the most costly, if not greater. Whatever may perhaps have needed to be said more fully concerning these menstrua, may be sought here in our Dissertation on Menstrua, recently published. CHAPTER VI. Medicaments from opium, internal in the middle and solid form. I In-

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Opiata officinarum. 66 LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. VI. Ingreditur opium ceu basis, plures compositiones in officinis usitatas, theriacam, mithridatium, Philonium Romanum & Persicum, Requiem Nicolai, Auream Alexandrinam, trypheram magnam, pilulas de cynoglossâ & multa alia, in quibus omnibus ferè peccatum pluralitatis esse, cum Helmontio statuere nemo ambigit, qui vel tenuiter in chimicis instructus est. Quorsum, verba sunt Helmontii, in aureâ Alexandrinâ 65. ingredientium confusio facit? Quorum simplicium nulla est cognatio cum opio & mandragorâ, columnis confectionis pharm. ac disp. modern. 42. 44. Laudanio. Opiati notatio. Celeberrimum in foro Hermetico est LAUDANUM OPIATUM, ceu laudatum ex opio medicamentum, quasi laudatum, & ferè laudabile remedium dixeris, Holzem. de eff. belleb. c. 6. p. 42. Laudanum, quasi lauda non, misochimicis audit, ut Saguyerio schol. in pharmacop. Fernel. unde Libavio, licet chimico, vocabulum est barbaricum & Paracelsicæ dementiæ conveniens 1. 8. syncagm. arcan. chim. c. 44. Billichio barbarum & ineptum, 1. 2. obs. 5 parad. chim. c. 2. p. 110. sine ullâ causâ & ratione in vacuum nomen detonantibus. Laudanum, & non laudanum, est medicina Paracelsi, ex auro, coralliis, unionibus &c. composita; Est etiam materia perlata, ut tradit elucidator ejusdem in dictionar. Paracels. Gerhardus Dornaus p. m. 133. Nonnulli laudanum dictum esse putant ab articulo barbaro & anodyna, quasi dicas L'anodyna; alii quod ladanum Cyprium æmuletur. Vid. Rivin. de agrypn. 4. antepenult. Est nepenthes serum, Dicitur & Nepenthes opiatum, ita primitus à Zuvinge- ro nominatum, quod imitetur nepenthes Homericum, quo Helena omnem animi morbum, omnes animi lan- guo-

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Opiata officinarum. 66 BOOK I. SECTION II. CHAP. VI. Opium enters as the basis of many compositions commonly used in the shops: theriaca, mithridatium, Philonium Romanum and Persicum, Requiem Nicolai, Aurea Alexandrina, tryphera magna, pills of Cynoglossa, and many others, in all of which there is almost certainly an error of excess, as Helmont maintained; no one who is even moderately versed in chemistry doubts it. To what end, are Helmont’s words, in the Aurea Alexandrina, does the confusion of ingredients 65. contribute? Of these simples there is no kinship with opium and mandrake, the pillars of the modern pharmaceutical composition and dispensation, 42. 44. Laudanium. Designation of opiates. The most celebrated in the Hermetic forum is LAUDANUM OPIATUM, as if one should say a praised medicine from opium, as though you were calling it a praised, and almost praiseworthy, remedy, Holzem. de eff. belleb. c. 6. p. 42. Laudanum, as if not to praise, is so called by the misochemists, as Saguyerius in the scholia on Fernel’s Pharmacopoeia says; hence for Libavius, though a chemist, the term is barbarous and fitting for Paracelsian madness, 1. 8. syncagm. arcan. chim. c. 44. Billichius calls it barbarous and foolish, 1. 2. obs. 5 parad. chim. c. 2. p. 110, with no cause or reason, thundering out an empty name. Laudanum, and not laudanum, is a medicine of Paracelsus, composed of gold, corals, pearls, etc.; it is also a pearly substance, as the elucidator of the same states in the dictionary of Paracelsus, Gerhardus Dornaus, p. m. 133. Some think that laudanum is so called from the barbarous article and anodyna, as if you were to say L'anodyna; others say because it rivals Cyprian ladanum. See Rivin. de agrypn. 4. antepenult. It is a serous nepenthes, It is also called opiate Nepenthes, so originally named by Zuvinger, because it imitates the Homeric nepenthes, with which Helen relieved every illness of the soul, all the languors of the mind,

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OPIATA FORMA MED. ET SOLIDA. 67 guores & dolores abegit, hilaritatemque conciliavit. Est verò nihil aliud, quàm extractum opii, cum aliis confor- tantibus remixtum. Laudani hujus descriptiones tot ferè reperias, quot au- tores illius meminerunt. Aliam descriptionem habet Theophrastus, Crollius, Quercetanus. Pluresque collegit ta- les Grülingius, Schröderus, & plures alii. Aliam V[er]Würtz part. 3. de vulner. cap. 3. p. 663. imò penes ipsos pharmacopoeos modernos in officinis mirum quantum variant. Quatuor descriptiones videre licet apud I. P. Loticbium, dissert. de febb. ß. 59. p. 103. seq. Ex quibus & aliis formulis vel abundè satis clarum est, inquit, quàm providum & perspicacem esse oporteat medicum in præscriptione LAU- DANI, cum diversam descriptionem præparationemque alius pharmacopoeus ab alio exhibeat facilè, & continge- re possit, ut in eâdem civitate laudani usum in plures officinas præscribens medicus, pro diversitate operationis medicinæ hujus opiata, aut desideratâ efficaciâ frustretur, aut respectivè pharmaco expeditius operante, culpam er- roremque penes ægros incurrat, nisi ipsi uniuscujusque officinæ descriptiones apprimè cognitæ fuerint. Præsta- ret igitur, regia isthæc & exquisita remedia, uno eodemq[ue] modulo, in officinis prostare, ne error damnumque com- mittatur inde, dum unum pro alio præscribenti, neque semper adstanti medico obtruditur. Non opus est, Lectores prolixâ descriptionum conge- rie onerare, quas ausim dicere ultra trecentas hinc inde prostare, si quis omnes curiosè vellet colligere. Notari verò circa hoc laudatum medicamentum potest, primùm, saniores chimiatros ab ipsius confectione exclu- dere essentiam radicis hyoscyami, succumve, quæ admi- scet, ex descriptione tamen aliorum, Theophrastus Paracelsus,

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OPIATE IN MEDICINAL AND SOLID FORM. 67 alleviated pains and aches, and restored cheerfulness. It is in truth nothing else than extract of opium, mixed with other strengthening ingredients. You may find almost as many descriptions of this Laudanum as there are authors who have mentioned it. Theophrastus, Crollius, and Quercetanus have one description. Grülingius, Schröderus, and several others have collected still more. Another is given by V[er]Würtz, part 3, De vulner. cap. 3, p. 663; indeed, even among the modern pharmacists themselves in the shops it varies wonderfully. Four descriptions may be seen in I. P. Loticbius, dissert. de febb. §. 59, p. 103 seq. From these and other formulas it is abundantly clear enough, he says, how prudent and discerning a physician must be in prescribing LAU- DANUM, since one pharmacist can easily present a different description and preparation from another, and it may happen that a physician prescribing laudanum in several shops within the same city, because of the diversity in the operation of this opiate medicine, either is frustrated of the desired effectiveness, or, with the remedy acting relatively more quickly, incurs blame and error with the patients, unless he has very exact knowledge of the descriptions of each shop. Therefore it would be better if these royal and choice remedies were kept in the shops by one and the same standard, so that error and harm might not arise from this, when to the one prescribing one thing for another, and even the physician not always present, it is thrust upon him. It is not necessary to burden readers with a prolix heap of descriptions, which I would venture to say stand here and there in more than three hundred forms, if anyone should wish to collect them all with curiosity. With regard to this lauded medicine, it may be noted, first, that the more careful chemists exclude from its preparation the essence of the root of hyoscyamus, or its juice, which it mixes in; however, from the descriptions of others, Theophrastus Paracelsus,

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. VI. sus, Crollius, & alii. Neque enim vel vires adauget hyo- scyamus, quas intendimus, intendimus verò blandas na- turæ, non inimicas, quibus opium jam per se maximè pol- let & instructum est; neque id ipsum corrigit, sed potius non dicam deleteriam vim, sed dementationem, quam corrigere animus est, ipsi imprimit. Novimus doctissi- mum medicum, qui essentiâ hyoscycami probè correctâ & despumatâ feliciter utitur, sed cui bono huc illam trahi- mus, & multiplicamus entia præter necessitatem? Deinde, cum divina hæc iduac[um], quò simpliciora, eò perfectiora facilius finem suum adsequantur, si naturam, quæ simplicibus contenta est, multum verò compositis non rarò gra- vatur, æmulantur, & compendiosiori commeatu vires su- as exserunt, quid attinet tot magisteriis pretiosis, tot pul- veribus cordialibus, tot oleis calidioribus aliisque vel ob- tundere medicamenti vim, vel pretium & dosin augere? <Examen o- Quæ junguntur opio pro laudani confectione, diversis pio admi- de causis junguntur, 1. ut vim narcoticam adaugeant, ut xtorum. succus hyoscycami, essentia vel extractum croci, (quod alii loco corrigentis, & odoris gravitatem ac pravitatem obtundentis, addunt) &c. Iac. Zvvinger. exam. princip. chim. c.11 p.174. in consortium opii admissos flores [sulphur]is præ- clarum, scribit, condere miræ virtutis remedium, [quod] [sulphur]e, quovis Homericò præstantius. 2. ut corrigant & remorentur vim narcoticam, ut castoreum, campho- ra, 3. ut consistentiam legitimam concilient, & simul confortent, ut perlæ, corallia, eorumque magisteria, am- bra, moschus &c. quæ juxta nonnullos 4 & grati odoris conciliandi gratiâ addi scribuntur. <Non eget Horum primo jam reposuimus, non indigere opium ju- laudarium vante, sed ipsummet omnibus indicationibus, quibus de- opiatum betur, sufficere. Ad alterum dicimus, si strictè velimus jubantie, lo->

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. VI. sus, Crollius, and others. For neither does hyoscyamus increase the powers, which we intend to make mild, not hostile to nature; those with which opium already of itself is most powerful and furnished. Nor does it correct the opium itself, but rather impresses upon it—not, I say, a destructive force, but that stupefaction which it is our aim to correct. We know a most learned physician, who makes good use of the essence of hyoscyamus, properly corrected and depurated; but to what good do we drag it in here, and multiply entities beyond necessity? Then, since these divine medicines, the simpler they are, the more perfect they are, the more easily attain their end; if they imitate nature, which is content with simples, but is often burdened by compounds, and exert their powers by a more direct conveyance, what need is there of so many costly preparations, so many cordial powders, so many warming oils, and other things which either blunt the force of the medicine or increase the price and dose? <Examen o- The things joined with opium for the preparation of laudanum are joined for various pio admi- reasons: 1. that they may increase the narcotic force, such as the juice of hyoscyamus, the essence or extract of saffron (which others add in the place of a corrective and to blunt the harshness and offensiveness of the smell), etc. Jacobus Zwinger, in his Examen Princip. Chim. c. 11, p. 174, writes that flowers of sulfur admitted into the company of opium make up a remedy of wondrous virtue, more excellent than sulfur itself in any Homeric sense. 2. That they may correct and restrain the narcotic force, such as castoreum, camphor. 3. That they may give a proper consistency and at the same time strengthen it, such as pearls, coral, and their magisteries, amber, musk, etc., which according to some are said to be added 4. for the sake of imparting a pleasant odor. <Non eget For the first of these, we have already answered that opium laudarium does not need a helper, but itself is sufficient for all the indications for which it is prescribed. To the second we say, if we wish strictly to...

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OPIATA FORMA MED. ET SOLIDA. 69 loqui, &, ut in rei veritate se habet, opium considerare, < nec corrigente,> correctione nullâ indiget, nisi depuratione, quâ ipsâ solâ etiam ingratior odor infringitur. Tertium finem, seu consistentiam pro massâ pilularum, seu laudani ex solo obtinere possumus opio. Neq; odoris gratiam tantum venerantur ægri, quàm auxilii promptitudinem. Laudanum < sed præstat simplicissimum,> nostrum simplicissimum ita comparatum est, ut extemplò < ut varia indicata misceri queant.> & in pulverem redigi, & in pilulas formari, &, si id quoque experatur, facilè in liquorem solvi possit. Non deficit hoc in necessario auxilio, neque excedit ullâ < ut varia indicata misceri queant.> violentiâ, neque aliorum luxuriat accessione. Si morbus < > vel symptoma indicet adjuvans vel dirigens, promptissimè < > & statim misceri quævis possunt. Sic pro electuario < > misceri potest, si placeat, confectio alkermes, vel alia, < > extractum croci & alia. R[ecipe] confect. alt. incomplet. ℥j. extr. croc. [ounce] [dram] laudan. opiat. liquidior. g. vij. cum sir. pap. rhoad. M F. l. a. elect. Dosis magnit nucis avellanæ minoris. Sic si ad caput roborandum velimus præscribere opium: R[ecipe] pil. de ladano [ounce] j. extr. croc. g. v. laudan. op. g. iij. pulv. cepbal. [ounce] vel plus, M. F. l. a. pilulæ. S. Stärckende Hauptpillen. Et sic in reliquis. Dignum memoratu est hoc loco, quod instar omnium < Specificet anodynæ Paracelsi> potestesse, SPECIFICUM ANODYNUM Paracelsi ex l.7 archidox. p.815. quod somnum non tam homini, quàm morbo conciliat; sæpe, ait Hermes hic, in morbis nonnullis < > se desertum fuisse ab omnibus arcanis, solum specificum < > hoc anodynium miracula præstitisse, extinguens morbos, < > sicut ignem aqua. 13 Rx Opii

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OPIATES, both liquid and solid. 69 to speak, and, as the matter truly stands, to regard opium, < not with correction,> it needs no correction, except purification, by which alone even its unpleasant smell is also diminished. A third end, namely consistency for a pill mass, or for laudanum, we can obtain from opium alone. Nor do the sick value only the pleasantness of the smell, so much as the readiness of the help. Laudanum < but the simplest,> our simplest preparation is so arranged that it can at once < so that various indicated remedies may be mixed.> and be reduced to powder, and formed into pills, and, if that too is attempted, easily dissolved into a liquid. This does not fail in necessary help, nor does it exceed in any < so that various indicated remedies may be mixed.> violence, nor does it luxuriate by the addition of others. If the disease < > or symptom indicates an auxiliary or directing agent, any preparations can be mixed < > very readily and at once. Thus, for an electuary < > if one wishes, confection of alkermes, or another, can be mixed < > with extract of saffron and others. R[ecipe] confection. alt. incomplet. ℥j. extr. croc. [ounce] [dram] laudan. opiat. liquidior. g. vij. with sir. pap. rhoad. M F. l. a. elect. Dose: the size of a smaller hazelnut. Thus if we wish to prescribe opium for strengthening the head: R[ecipe] pil. de ladano [ounce] j. extr. croc. g. v. laudan. op. g. iij. pulv. cepbal. [ounce] or more, M. F. l. a. pilulæ. S. Strengthening head pills. And so in the rest. It is worthy of note here that this may be the equal of all < Paracelsus’ specific anodyne> the SPECIFICUM ANODYNUM of Paracelsus from l.7 archidox. p.815, which brings sleep not so much to the person as to the disease; often, Hermes says here, in some diseases < > he had found himself deserted by all remedies, and this specific < > anodyne had worked miracles, extinguishing diseases, < > as water extinguishes fire. 13 Rx Opii

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. VI. Descriptio. Rx Opii Thebaici ʒi. succi arantiorum, cydoniorum a. ʒvj. cinamom. caryophyll. a. ʒlb. M. Contusa, indita vi- tro, apposito coopertorio coeco, digerantur in sole, vel furno per mensem. Post Rx digestum, exprime, iterum impone, & digere cum sequentibus. Rx moschi ʒlb. ambræ ʒiv. croci ʒlb. succi corall. magist. Perlar. a. ʒib. M. Digestione per mensem denuò factà adde quint. es- sent. Ol. ʒib. M. Tollit omnes dolores internè & externè. Tueri hoc optimo jure potest nomen laudani opiati Oris, quod aliàs admixto bezoardico vel magisterio Ori, obtinetur. Laudanum cum castoreo. Ad mentem nonnullorum, sc. Galeni, Abuali, Guaine- rii aliorumque sequenti modo concinnari potest lauda- num: Rx. V. simpl. rectificatiss. vel - sambuci, citri, croci &c. q. s. partem sextuplam v. g. vel octuplam, opii Thebaici ʒij. castorei ʒi, vel ʒij. Extrahatur l. a. decantetur, inspissetur, & ad usum servetur. Si magis corrigere me sit, campho- re parum in prædicto spirituoso menstruo dissolvi potest, quod dehinc unà cum - u iterum avolat omne. Crystalli opii, Notabile est, si Tinctura opii seu essentia liquida cum V facta ad medium circiter evaporetur, & dehinc repona- tur, ut frigescat, consurgere in vitri parietibus crystallulos, oblongos, elegantes, quos aliquoties observavimus, mani- festissimo indicio, Olis volatilis. Similes cum D. D. Ha- gedorn. collegâ honoratissimo observavimus in benzoe ante aliquot annos, vid. Ephem. German. ann. II. obs. 240. p. 342. ubi sensim exspirante hujus essentiâ elegantissima cry- stallorum spicula se nobis obtulerunt, quos unà viderunt mecum

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. VI. Description. Rx Thebaic opium ʒi. juice of oranges, quinces, a. ʒvj. cinnamon, cloves, a. ʒlb. Mix, having crushed them, place in a glass vessel, with a blind cover fitted on, and let them digest in the sun, or in an oven, for a month. After the Rx has digested, express it, put it in again, and digest with the following. Rx musk ʒlb. amber ʒiv. saffron ʒlb. juice of coral, prepared pearl, a. ʒib. M. After digestion again for a month add quint. ess. oil ʒib. M. It takes away all pains internally and externally. This may with the best right bear the name of laudanum opiate of Oris, which is otherwise obtained by adding bezoardic or the magistery of Oris. Laudanum with castor. According to the opinion of some, namely Galen, Abuali, Guaine- rius and others, laudanum may be prepared in the following manner: Rx. of simple V, most rectified, or of sambucus, citron, saffron, etc., as much as suffices, the sixth part, for example, or the eighth part, Thebaic opium ʒij. castor ʒi, or ʒij. Let it be extracted with spirit, decanted, thickened, and kept for use. If I should wish to correct it further, a little camphor may be dissolved in the aforesaid spirituous menstruum, which then together with the spirit again evaporates entirely. Crystals of opium, It is noteworthy that if the tincture of opium, or liquid essence, when made with V, is evaporated to about the middle, and then set aside again so that it cools, there arise on the walls of the glass little crystals, oblong and elegant, which we have observed more than once, a most manifest indication of the volatile oil. We observed similar ones with the most honored colleague Dr. Hagedorn some years ago in benzoe, see Ephem. German. year II, obs. 240, p. 342, where, as the essence slowly exhaled, the most elegant spikes of crystals presented themselves to us, which were seen together with me

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OPIATA FORMA MED. ET SOLIDA. Mecum tunc D.D. Kisnerus & D.D. Witte. Vidimus idem ex cydoniis; quando enim paratur cinnamomi cydonia- ta cum s. q. succi cydoniorum, in fundo cucurbitæ, si rite operatus fueris, neque ad empyreuma omne humidum evoces, remanet extractum cydoniatum cinnamomisa- tum longè elegantissimum, in quo sensim & sensim con- crescunt crystalluli pulcerrimi. Fit hoc quandoque in aliis quoque extractis, v. g. cheli- donii majoris, plantaginis, & aliorum. CAPUT VII. Opiata in formâ solidâ alia. Gregii & multi usus sunt TROCHISCI vel TA- EBULÆ NARCOTICÆ Felicis Plateri tract. 2. prax. cap. 13. p. 549. descriptæ, ubi & pilulari & electuarii formâ plura habentur ex opio medicamenta. R opii ij. infund. in vino malvat. vel ij. & post- quam dissolutum sæpeque agitatum fuerit, rursusque sub- sederit, liquor clarus à secibus effundatur & filtretur, cui adde sacchari cinam. ij. moschi. infus. gummitragacanibæ in rosar. fact. q. s. M. instar pastæ, sicceturque eò usque, donec in tabulas formari queat. Potest omitti moschus, quod etiam de aliis compositio- nibus intellectum volumus. Dantur enim sæpe casus, ubi moschata & odorifera ejusmodi alia vel non æquè conveniunt, vel planè no cent, etiam in maribus ipsis, præ- sertim autem in foeminis hystericis, quæ vel maximè inde læduntur, à volatilitate eorundem agitatis levibus, vitio- sis & excrementitiis humoribus. Hinc pro re natâ me- lius

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FORMULA FOR MEDICINES IN LIQUID AND SOLID FORM. With me then were D.D. Kisnerus and D.D. Witte. We saw the same thing from quinces; for when quinced cinnamon is prepared with a certain quantity of quince juice, at the bottom of the cucurbit, if you have worked properly and do not draw off all the moisture by too great an empyreuma, there remains a most elegant cinnamon-infused quince extract, in which most beautiful little crystals gradually and little by little grow together. This also happens sometimes in other extracts as well, e.g. of greater celandine, plantain, and others. CHAPTER VII. Other opiates in solid form. Gregorius and many others use the NARCOTIC TROCHES or TABLETS described by Felix Plater, tract. 2. prax. cap. 13. p. 549, where also many medicines with opium are found in pill and electuary form. Of opium ij. infuse in malmsey wine, or ij. and after it has dissolved and been often stirred, and after it has settled again, pour off and strain the clear liquor from the dregs, to which add sugar of cinnamon ij. musk. infusion of gum tragacanth made in rose water, q. s. Mix to the consistency of a paste, and let it dry until it can be formed into tablets. The musk may be omitted, which we wish to be understood also of other compositions. For there are often cases where musky and other such aromatic substances are either not equally suitable, or are plainly harmful, even in men themselves, especially however in hysterical women, who are most harmed by them, because their volatility stirs up light, corrupt, and excrementitious humors. Hence, as the case requires, better

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAPUT VII. 72 lius est admiscere, quàm semel admixta promiscuè propinare. < Usus trochiscorum.> Locum habent trochisci opiati seu narcotici, asterisco signati, tum in aliis affectibus, ubi opium adsumendum, tum maximè in hæmoptysi, & catarrhorum acrium, & sal- sorum tenuium ad pulmones desluxu. Hos perpetuò secum gestabat B. Dn. D. Schenkius, multis annis effectum eorum salutarem in proprio corpore expertus. < Magisterium anodynum, seu> In formâ pulveris opiata confiunt nobilissima. Ita MAGISTERIUM ANODYNUM Rolfinianum splendore superbit suo, descriptum chim. in A.F.R. l.5. s.2. cap.4. p.311. R laudani opiati de tribus q.v. sacchari cantbii vel solius, vel cum magisterio matris perlarum misli, vel etiam solius magisterii q.s. In mortario æneo terantur, misceantur pistillo diligen- ter & in vitro mundo ad usum serventur. Dosis gr. v.vj. <pulvis anodynus> Geminus huic est PULVIS ANODYNUS conforta- tibus B.D.D. Michaelis. R magist. cordial. ʒvj. laudan. op. sicc. ʒj. M.F. pulvis, cavendo, ne lauda- num aduratur. Dosis adulto ℈ss. ℈j. < fieri cum Gariis pulveribus potest, concharu[m],> Magisterium hoc anodynun, seu pulvis anodynus, fieri etiam cum aliis accommodè potest. Omnibus enim pulveribus misceri potest laudanum opiatum. Ita nostrum confit ex laudani opiat. part. j. pulveris febrilis ex conchis part. x. ita ut v. g. ad ℈ss. pulveris sumatur g j. vel g. ss. opii, ut hoc modo gr. j ejusdem in 10. vel 20. partes dividi pos- sit, ipsis tenellis infantibus sine omni periculo vel metu exhibendum. < C.C. philos.> Ita quidam miscent cum C.C. philos. p[ro]p[ter]to. Cum cin- nabari nativâ mixtum laudatissimum fit medicamentum in ar-

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CHAPTER VII. 72 it is better to mix it in, than to administer it promiscuously once mixed. < Use of trochisci.> Trochisci opiated, or narcotic, marked with an asterisk, are useful both in other ailments where opium is to be taken, and especially in hæmoptysis, and in the downward flow to the lungs of sharp and saline thin catarrhs. B. Dn. D. Schenkius always carried these with him, having for many years experienced their salutary effect in his own body. < Anodyne magistery, or> In the form of a powder, the most noble opiated preparations are made. Thus the MAGISTERIUM ANODYNUM Rolfinianum boasts of its own splendor, described chim. in A.F.R. l.5. s.2. cap.4. p.311. R of opiated laudanum three parts q.v. of sugar candy either alone, or mixed with mother-of-pearl magistery, or even of the magistery alone q.s. In a bronze mortar let them be ground, mixed diligently with a pestle, and kept in a clean glass for use. Dose: 5 or 6 grains. <anodyne powder> A twin to this is PULVIS ANODYNUS fortificatus by B.D.D. Michaelis. R magist. cordial. ʒvj. laudan. op. sicc. ʒj. Make a powder, taking care that the laudanum is not burned. Dose for an adult, ℈ss. ℈j. < it can also be made with gariic powders, with shells,> This anodyne magistery, or anodyne powder, can also be suitably made with other substances. For opiated laudanum can be mixed with all powders. Thus ours is made from one part opiated laudanum and ten parts febrile shell powder, so that, for example, to ℈ss. of the powder there is taken g j. or g. ss. of opium, so that in this way 1 grain of the same may be divided into 10 or 20 parts, to be administered to very tender infants without any danger or fear. < C.C. philos.> Thus some mix it with C.C. philos. p[ro]p[ter]to. Mixed with native cinnabar it makes a most highly praised medicine in ar-

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OPIATA FORMA SOLIDA ALIA. 73 in arthritide vagâ scorbuticâ, aliisque gravibus affectibus, à sero acri acidoque dependentibus. Medicus quidam celeberrimus miscuit quoque cum succini, post [sulphur]tionem perfectam olei residuo. Toto die id miscemus pro occasione morbi & indicationum, cum pulvere cephalico, cum bezoardicis, cum adstringentibus, v.g. coralliis, hæmatite &c. adeoque cum omnibus pulveribus misceri aptum natum est, ubi id intentio vel primaria vel secundaria requirit. Notandum verò est in præparatione, ut extractum opii <modò liquidius vel siccius sit extractum, datur per se & cum aliis.> vel adhuc paulò liquidius sit, vel siccius, ut teri possit. Medio enim modo in mixtione conglobatur, & jungi reuuit. Concinnè datur, tum per se in formâ sc. pulveris, tum cum emulsionibus factis ex sem. papav. alb.4. frigid. major. &c. cum aq. endiv. lactuc. hypnot. Dorncrell. addito pulvere hoc anodyn, & saccharo perlato, vel sir. pap simpl. q. s. ad grat. Consurgit inde medicamentum suavissimum & nectar anodynnum, quod in melancholicis, maniacis, febribus quandoque ardentibus, ubi aquæ bezoardicæ temperatæ misceri queunt, ut scorzoner. cordial. Herc. Saxon. frigida &c. præsentaneum edit effectum. <Opii magisterium.> Sumitur hoc loco vox magisterii latiùs, sicut & quandoque pro ipso laudano opiato scripta legitur. Sin MAGISTERIUM OPII strictè sic dictum quis expetat, sit illud per præcipitationem tincturæ opiatæ menstruo acido, si fuerit cum aqueo vel spirituoso extracta; vel salino si cum acido parata sit. Præstat tamen ipse pulvis, vel Tinctura per se data. CAPUT VIII. Medicamenta opiata in formâ liquidâ. K Men-

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OPIATE FORMULA, SOLID, ETC. 73 in wandering arthritis, scurvy, and other serious affections, depending on a sharp, acid serum. A certain very famous physician also mixed it with succinum, after the completion of the sulfuration, with the remaining oil. All day long we mix it, as occasion and the indications of the disease require, with cephalic powder, with bezoardics, with astringents, e.g. coral, hematite, etc.; and indeed it is by nature suited to be mixed with all powders, whenever either a primary or secondary indication requires it. It must moreover be noted in the preparation, that the opium extract <whether it be somewhat more liquid or drier, it is given by itself and with others.> should be either a little more liquid or a little drier, so that it may be triturated. For in a middle state it congeals in the mixture and refuses to combine. It is suitably given, both by itself in the form, namely, of a powder, and with emulsions made from white poppy seed, fresh lettuce, larger [species], etc., with endive water, lactuca, hypnotic [water] of Dorncrell, adding this anodyn powder and pearl sugar, or simple poppy syrup, q.s. to taste. From this there arises a very pleasant medicine and an anodyne nectar, which in melancholic and maniacal patients, in fevers sometimes burning, where tempered bezoar waters can be mixed with it, as scorzonera cordial, Herc. Saxon. frigid, etc., produces a prompt effect. <The magisterium of opium.> Here the word magisterium is taken more broadly, as it is sometimes written for the opiated laudanum itself. But if one seeks the MAGISTERIUM OF OPIUM in the strict sense, let it be by precipitation of the opiate tincture with an acid menstruum, if it has been extracted with a watery or spirituous one; or saline if it has been prepared with an acid. Nevertheless, the powder itself, or the tincture given by itself, is preferable. CHAPTER VIII. Opiate medicines in liquid form. K Men-

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LIB. I SECT. II. CAP. VIII. 74 Mentionem jam supra fecimus [sulphur]tionis opii, unde con- surgit SPIRITUS & OLEUM. < Opii - , & o> Spiritus opii est volatilis, sudorificus, qui admixtis aci- dis effervescit, ob [sulphur] volatile, quo copiosè pollet & cum quo maritatus est. Si rectificetur, longè eminentior con- surgit, sicut etiam ipsum oleum rectificatum splendidum est. < Ra anodyna> Præprimis memoranda venit, ESSENTIA seu TIN- CTURA OPII, quæ sub RÆ ANODYNAE titulo nobis venire solet, vel eo nomine magni æstimanda, quòd hoc pacto singulæ doses in plures dividi guttulas, guttulæque dosibus mensurari possint. Imò cum aliis hoc modo li- quidis commodè libitâ quantitate additur & miscetur, pro variâ medici intentione. < processus> Fieri potest ea vel conjunctim, in præparatione laudani opiati, ut pars evaporetur, ad extracti consistentiam, pars liquidâ adservetur formâ, idque cum variis jam delibatis menstruis. Quæ enim apta sunt solvere opium pro extra- cto, eadem quoque in liquido posse idem exhibere, in con- fesso est. < cum pleg- mate 43> Ita v.g. cum eodem plegmate [sulphur]ti extrahitur Ra. R . opii Thebaici [uncia]j. vel ij. pulverisetur grosso modo, infunde [mercur]ia ab arc. [sulphur] resid. media, aquosæ, p. vj. vel viij. Digere in arenâ calidâ, agitando cum spatulâ, donec solvantur o- mnia. Solutum coletur per linteum, & evaporetur ad mellaginem, affunde [mercur]ia, plus minus, prout saturatior vel dilutior expetitur Ra, & in momento acquiritur essentia anodyna longè pulcerrima. < cum aqua temperatâ,> Eadem etiam conficitur commodè cum [mercur]ia temperatâ; vel R[ecipe] opii electi q.v. v.g. [uncia]j, extrahatur cum [mercur]ia vj. adden- do [sulphur]l. [uncia]b. l. [uncia]vj. stent in leni calore ad sufficientem ex- tractionem. < laudanum liquidum Schrederi,> Elegans tale laudanum liquidum describi- tur

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LIB. I SECT. II. CAP. VIII. 74 We have already mentioned the tincture of opium, from which SPIRIT and OIL arise. The spirit of opium is volatile, sudorific, and effervesces when mixed with acids, because of the volatile sulphur with which it abundantly abounds and with which it is united. If it be rectified, a far more eminent product arises, just as the rectified oil itself is bright. Especially to be noted is the ESSENCE or TINCTURE OF OPIUM, which is commonly brought to us under the title RÆ ANODYNAE, or is to be highly esteemed under that name, because in this way single doses may be divided into several drops, and the drops measured out as doses. Indeed, it is conveniently added in any quantity desired to other liquids prepared in this manner and mixed with them, according to the physician’s intention. It can be made either together, in the preparation of laudanum opiatum, so that part may evaporate to the consistency of an extract and part be preserved in liquid form, and that with various menstrua already mentioned. For whatever is suitable for dissolving opium for an extract can also, in liquid form, be shown to do the same. Thus, for example, with the same menstrum the sulphur is extracted. Recipe Thebaic opium, 1 or 2 ounces; pulverize coarsely; pour in mercury from the residue of the sulphur, of the aqueous kind, 6 or 8 parts. Digest in a warm sand-bath, stirring with a spatula, until all is dissolved. Strain the solution through linen, and evaporate to the consistency of honey; then add mercury, more or less, according as a more concentrated or more diluted Ræ is desired, and in an instant a most beautiful anodynous essence is obtained. It is also conveniently made with tempered mercury; or, Recipe selected opium as much as you wish, for example 1 ounce; extract with mercury 6 ounces, adding sulphur 1/2 ounce, and let them stand in gentle heat for sufficient extraction. An elegant liquid laudanum of this kind is described by Schreder.

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OPIATA FORMA LIQVIDA. 75 tur à Schrodero l.4. pharmacop. cl.2. c.3.14 p.207. licet ipse o- ptimè judicet ibidem, essentias aliorum, & cariora omnia, quæ vulgariter laudanis adduntur, pretium potius, quàm virtutes augere. Essentiam opii cum succo citri extractam commendat < essentia opii c. succo citri.> Angelus Sala, illamque antidoto pestilentiali specificæ jungit, descriptione ibidem quoque positâ, tr. de peste. Dosis harum Rarum vel essentiarum sunt gtt. x. xii. xv. xx. Nos felicissimè utimur iisdem in defluxionibus catar- chalibus, in tussi, raucedine, &c. præter alios usus in vari- is affectibus infrà nominandis. < Præcipitatio Tincturarum anodynarum.> Nonnulli præ concentratiori præbio diffusio amant, ade- oque extractam essentiam cum lixiviosis præcipitant, v.g. cum Θle Πri, qualis est ESSENTIA OPII LIQUI- DA ANODYNA Zuvelfferi, Pharmacop. Reg. classe 7. p. m.563 edit. Batav. quæ ad 3j. ij vel iij in vehiculo convenien- ti exhibetur. Alii cum Θartemisiæ, absinthii, aliisque eandem ta- tionem præstare satagunt. Nos simpliciorem amamus viam; si enim hanc rectè calcemus, varia exinde pro lubitu & diffusiori dosi pos- sunt fieri composita. CAPUTIX. Præbium Opii. Dosis opii est vel ORDINARIA, vel EXTRAORDINARIA. Dosis opii ORDINARIA opiatorum dosis est triplex; infima, me- dia & summa, quæ pro præparandi opium modo admo- dum variant. ordinaria triplax, Dosis ratione mi- xtura, Dosis enim opii consideranda est duplici modo vel ut mixtum est cum aliis, seu compositum, ut lau- danum opiatum horum vel illorum autorum; vel ut sim- plex est extractum. K 2 Si

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OPIATE LIQUID PREPARATION. 75 according to Schroder, l.4. pharmacop. cl.2. c.3.14 p.207. although he himself judges there most correctly that the essences of others, and all the more costly ingredients which are commonly added to laudanums, increase the price rather than the virtues. The essence of opium extracted with lemon juice is recommended < essence of opium with lemon juice.> by Angelus Sala, and he joins it with a specific pestilential antidote, the description of which is also given there, tr. de peste. The dose of these rarities or essences is gtt. x. xii. xv. xx. We use them most happily in catarrhal fluxes, in cough, hoarseness, etc., besides other uses in the various affections named below. < Precipitation of anodynous tinctures.> Some prefer a more concentrated diffusion beforehand, and therefore precipitate the extracted essence with alkaline lixivia, e.g. with Θle Πri, such as ESSENTIA OPII LIQUIDA ANODYNA Zuvelfferi, Pharmacop. Reg. class 7. p. m.563 Batavian edition, which is given in a suitable vehicle to 3j. ij or iij. Others strive to produce the same by means of Θartemisia, wormwood, and others. We prefer the simpler way; for if we follow this correctly, various compounds can thereafter be made from it at will and in a more diffuse dose. CHAPTER IX. The Preparation of Opium. The dose of opium is either ORDINARY or EXTRAORDINARY. The dose of opium ORDINARY, the dose of opiates, is threefold: the lowest, the middle, and the highest, which vary greatly according to the way in which the opium is prepared. ordinary threefold, Dose with regard to the mixture, For the dose of opium must be considered in a twofold way: either as it is mixed with other things, that is, compounded, as opiate laudanum of this or that author; or as it is a simple extract. K 2 If

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. IX. Si enim solum sibi relinquatur, nec admisceantur mul- ta extracta cordialia, corrigentia, confortantia, utique minori præbio venit adsumendum. Hinc v.g. in adultis insima dosis ordinariè est pars quarta vel dimidia grani, vel gr.j. media gr. ij. vel iij. summa gr. iv. vel v. Sin, uti com- muniter fieri adsolet, illa opio abundè maritata fuerint, dosin excrescere & adscendere utique oportet. Sæpe enim in [mercur]ij. vel gr. v. admixtorum seu toti- us compositi vix granum opii, plus minus in aliis combi- natum est. Hoc modo [Horstius] laudanum suum opiatum cum magisteriis sæpius ad viij. vel x. grana cum felici suc- cessu propinavit. vid. l.8. obs.16. p.417. Exhibetur opium ad gr. ij. vel iij. Quatuor vel quinque non facilè exhibemus, nisi præcedentes doses absque effe- ctu jam sint exhibitæ. Correctum verò esse debet, utpo- te est laudanum opiatum, ait Walus m.m. p.67. Est enim minimo pondere narcoticum. Avicenna dosin ejus dicit non extendi supra duos danich id est, [mercur]ij. l. [mercur]o tr. 2. c.526. item potionem ipsius esse jubet quantitatem lenticulæ magnæ. Idem tradit Scrapiocap. de papav., Dosis ejus est, inquiens, ab uno danich ad duos, & quantitas occidens ex opio est 3ij. < 2. ratione intentionis primaria, vel secundaria,> Notandum verò est ex praxi medicâ, opium præscribi vel INTENTIONE PRIMARIA, prout vel dolorem, vel vigilias, vel excreta, aliaque symptomata urgentia at- tendit medicus; vel SECUNDARIA; quando ob alium finem, v.g. roborandi tonum partium, sanguinem nimis fluxilem concentrandi &c. aliis aperientibus, cephalicis, hystericis, aliisque medicamentis specificis, ipsisque adeò purgantibus, additur, ut & quando prædicta symptomata, quibus primariò debetur, quasi per [Mimigow], ob vires de- biles, affectûs ipsius qualitatem, aliasque circumstantias tollere est animus. Pri-

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LIB. I. SECT. II. CAP. IX. If indeed it is left by itself, and no great number of cordial, corrective, and strengthening extracts are mixed with it, then it must certainly be taken in a smaller pre-quantity. Hence, for example, in adults the ordinary smallest dose is a quarter or half a grain, or 1 grain, or half a grain, or 2 or 3 grains; the highest, 4 or 5 grains. But if, as commonly happens, it has been abundantly compounded with opium, the dose must certainly increase and rise. For often in 2 mercurials or 5 grains of admixtures, or in the whole compound, scarcely a grain of opium, more or less, is contained in the other combinations. In this way Horstius frequently gave his opiate laudanum with magisteries up to 8 or 10 grains with happy success. See l. 8. obs. 16. p. 417. Opium is administered in 2 or 3 grains. We do not readily administer four or five, unless the preceding doses have already been given without effect. But it ought to be corrected, as it is opiate laudanum, says Walus, m.m. p. 67. For it is narcotic in the smallest weight. Avicenna says that its dose should not extend above two danics, that is, 2 mercurials, l. mercur. tr. 2. c. 526. He likewise orders its potion to be the quantity of a large lentil. The same is reported by Scrapio, cap. de papav.: “Its dose,” he says, “is from one danic to two, and the deadly quantity from opium is 3ij.” <2. by reason of the primary or secondary intention,> It is to be noted from medical practice that opium is prescribed either with PRIMARY INTENTION, insofar as the physician attends either to pain, or to sleeplessness, or to discharges, and other urgent symptoms; or with SECONDARY INTENTION, when for another end, e.g. strengthening the tone of the parts, concentrating overly fluid blood, etc., it is added to other aperients, cephalics, hysterics, and other specific medicines, and even to purgatives, so that, and when, the aforesaid symptoms, to which it is primarily due, as it were by [Mimigow], because of weak powers, the quality of the affection itself, and other circumstances, it is intended to remove. Pri-

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Præbium Opii. 77 Primo modo in majori dosi ad gr. j. ij. iij. & ultra præscribitur, in liquidâ, solidâ vel mediâ formâ. Posteriori ita illud moderari fas est, ut pro dosi unâ quarta, tertia vel dimidia pars grani adsumenda veniat, præprimis, cum frequentior ipsorum indicatur usus. Hoc modo recentiores sæpius opiata in formulas ejusmodi recipiunt, exemplo celeberrimi D. D. Sylvii, cujus in praxi talia exempla ubivis occurrunt, & eâdem medendi ratione nos feliciter in praxi hactenus totâ die utimur. Ut purgantia ipsa sæpe aliis medicamentis adduntur in solito minori quantitate, non ut purgent, sed ut aliorum medicamentorum virtus intendatur, ut tum ad aperiendum, tum ad sudorem aut urinam movendam fiant efficaciora, quo de vide locum longè elegantissimum apud Prosp. Martianum comm. in l. 2. de morb. f. 2. vers. 214. p. 176. Ita qui opiata cum aliis, pro re natâ, artificiosè miscere noverit, næ ille feliciter rem suam geret. Talia exempla hinc inde, præsertim in sequentibus videre licet. Extraordinaria, EXTRA ORDINEM dosis sæpe extenditur, tum propter consvetudinem, tum ob morbi urgentiam, tum denique ob temperamentorum diversitatem. major apud orientales, Turcas, Persas, aliosque orientalis plagæ incolas ad 3β. & 3j. assumere opium, notius est, quam ut testibus egeat, quam dosin tamen non facilè transcendere eosdem, scribit Bellon. l 3. obs. c. 15. vulgatissimum nempe esse apud Mauritanos, Africanos, & Asiaticos opii usum, autor est Christoph. à Costalibr. arom. p. m. 236. & ejus usui ita adsuetos, ut etiam abstinere eo nequeant sine manifesto vitæ discrimine, & gravissimis symptomatibus, Garc. ab Horco l. 1 bist. arom. c. 4. Idem de Ægyptiis testatur Prosper Alpinus, l. 4 de med. Ægypt. c. 1. c 2. Apud K 3

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Præbium Opii. 77 In the first way, it is prescribed in a larger dose, up to 1, 2, 3 grains and beyond, in liquid, solid, or middle form. In the latter way it is proper so to regulate it that, for a single dose, one fourth, one third, or one half of a grain may be taken, especially when a more frequent use of them is indicated. In this way more recent writers often include opiates in such formulas, following the example of the celebrated D. D. Sylvius, whose practice furnishes such examples everywhere, and by the same method of treatment we have hitherto happily used them all day long in practice. Just as purgatives themselves are often added to other medicines in the usual smaller quantity, not in order to purge, but so that the power of the other medicines may be increased, so that they may become more effective both in opening the body and in promoting perspiration or urine, concerning which see the very elegant passage in Prosp. Martianus, comm. in l. 2. de morb. f. 2. vers. 214. p. 176. Thus he who knows how to mix opiates with other medicines, as circumstances require, with skill, will indeed manage his affairs successfully. Such examples may be seen here and there, especially in what follows. Extraordinary, the dose is often extended outside the ordinary course, then because of custom, then because of the urgency of the disease, and finally because of the diversity of constitutions. Among the Orientals, Turks, Persians, and other inhabitants of the eastern regions, taking opium up to 3β. and 3j. is more familiar than needs witnesses, though Bellon. writes that they do not easily go beyond that dose, l. 3. obs. c. 15. It is also very common among Mauritanians, Africans, and Asians to use opium, as Christoph. à Costalibr. arom. p. m. 236. authorizes, and they are so accustomed to its use that they cannot even abstain from it without manifest danger to life, and gravest symptoms, Garc. ab Horco l. 1 hist. arom. c. 4. Prosper Alpinus testifies the same concerning the Egyptians, l. 4 de med. Ægypt. c. 1. c 2. Among K 3

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78 LIB. I. SECT. II. CAPUT IX. < minor apud Europæos,> Apud Europæos non quidem nisi pro medicamento in usu est & in minori, ut diximus, dosi; unde si paulò libe- ralius sumatur, damna manifesta inde consurgunt. Ita 22. grana in febri tertianâ nothâ ad dolorem capitis & vi- gilias præscripta in pilulis, ea que pro lubitu sumenda bre- vi devorata, brevi morti ægrum dedisse, annotat Wepferus Tr. de apopl. p. 156. < nisi morbi urgentia,> Medicaster parochus sæpe in doloribus capitis & denti- um propinavit opium ultra 3j. ignaris plebejis, sed cum detrimento maximo illud expertus pellio, qui eccentrici- tatem rationis inde passus ad amentiam fuit perductus, a- pud Nester. consil. ancidysent. c. 11. p. 249. < vel constudo & sempera-mentum aliud impor-ies,> Attamen non rarò legitur sine incommodo propinata & largior solito dosis. Ita Zacutus Lusitanus l. 1. M P. H ob- serv. 45. p. 103 dedit incorrectum opium ad gr. xij. in vehe- menti dolore circa umbilicum, item Dioscorides, unde nonnulli crudum imbecillioris operationis esse, quàm præparatum, volunt. < præcipue si à minori doli fiat i-nicium Exempla talia.> Dn. Charas in histor. nat. ingredient. iberiac. semetipsum asserit vel sex sumpsisse opii grana, neque tamen majorem inde somni vim sensisse, quàm consvevisset; Inò tantum abesse docet, ut inde debilitatus fuerit, ut potius mirum in modum se corroboratum censerit. Addit insuper, se no- visse delicatioris etiam naturæ hominem, qui vel triginta sex, id est 3B. gr. vj. de eo sumpserit, nihil tamen inde ma- li ipsi accidisse, sed ægrotum contrà adhibito illo medica- mento tam benè se habuisse, ut in unâ septimanâ eandem sumere dosin bis vel ter continuaverit. D. D. V Velschius, P.P. Lipsiensis celeberrimus, retulit D. D. Geygero nostro, quòd ante paucos annos noverit ægro- tum, summis doloribus in articulis è lue Gallicâ laboran- tem, cui Noribergæ præscriptæ fuêre pilulæ ex merolau- dano

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78 Book I. Sect. II. Chapter IX. Among Europeans it is used, as we said, only as a medicine, and in a smaller dose; whence, if taken somewhat more liberally, manifest harms arise from it. Thus Wepfer notes in Tr. de apopl. p. 156 that 22 grains, prescribed in a spurious tertian fever for headache and sleeplessness in pills to be taken at pleasure, being quickly swallowed, quickly brought death to the sick man. A parish quack often gave opium beyond 3j. to ignorant common people for headaches and toothaches, but a pell-monger who experienced it with very great injury found himself thrown into loss of reason and brought to madness, apud Nester. consil. ancidysent. c. 11. p. 249. Yet it is not uncommon to read of a larger-than-usual dose given without inconvenience. Thus Zacutus Lusitanus, l. 1. M P. H. observ. 45. p. 103, gave unprepared opium to the amount of 12 grains in severe pain around the navel; and Dioscorides likewise, from which some hold that crude opium is of weaker operation than prepared opium. Mr. Charas, in his Hist. nat. ingredient. iberiac., states that he himself took as much as six grains of opium, and yet felt no greater force of sleep from it than he had been accustomed to; indeed he declares that so far was he from being weakened by it, that he rather felt himself wonderfully strengthened. He adds further that he knew a man of more delicate constitution who took even thirty-six, that is 3B. gr. vj. of it, yet nothing bad happened to him from it; on the contrary, the patient, having used that medicine, felt so well that within one week he repeated the same dose twice or even three times. D. D. V. Welschius, the most celebrated professor at Leipzig, related to our D. D. Geyger that a few years ago he knew a patient suffering from the most severe pains in the joints from the French disease, for whom at Nuremberg pills were prescribed made from merolaudanum

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PRAEBIUM OPII. 79 dano opiato, quibus usus incipiendo à gr. v. usque ad 3b. cum euphoriâ, licet palliativâ, dolores enim redierunt, & quod mirum, non rarò unâ die duabus vicibus iis fuit usus, & quidem in tantâ dosi. Testantur autores, quosdam cotidiè supra 3x. comedisse opium, & doctissimè nihilominus de rebus omnibus disputâsse. Tantum potest consuetudo. Ab Rondeletio accepit Hollerius, militem in summo æstu opii 3b. sine noxâ devorasse, de morb. intern. p.54. vid. & Mæb. Fundam. med. Physiol. p.160. & inprimis Epoemer. Collegii nostri Ann. II. obs. 69. p.127. seqq. ubi B.Dn.D. Sachsius, collega etiam post fata honoratissimus, elegantissimè in rationem inquirit, cur apud orientales largiori sumatur dosi, quibus id solum addimus, quod cùm orientales populi respectu septentrionalium sint biliosiores, hi verò illorum intuitu serosiosiores, sulphur opii apud illos non tam benè resolvitur, quàm apud hosce, id quod ex suprà dictis elici pluribus potest. Quis ergò nostrum auderet eo ascendere, quo orientales populi? Mirum est, quod refert Monconnys Itiner. Angl. Tom II. p.61. Legatum Galliæ Regis ad Angliæ Regem, cùm ægrotaret, ut dormire posset, integras opii uncias assumere opus habuisse. Cum verò proportio debeat fieri inter agens & patiens, nec in indicationibus contrarium solùm, sed & gradus attendi mereantur, hinc si adsit urgens indicatio, nec dosis minor juvet, ascendi potest ad 3b. Memorandum hoc loco est, quod B D.D. Job. Theodorus Schenckius præceptor & promotor noster sæpius pro cathedrâ nobis retulit, se sanctè testari & religiosè, quod ipse sæpius ad 3j. assumpserit opiatum laudanum ad inhibendum sanguinis motum, (laborabat autem hæmoptysi & defluxionibus aliis acribus frequen-

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Opiate safeguard. 79 from the opiate given, beginning with 5 gr. up to 3b. with euphoria, though only palliative, for the pains returned, and what is remarkable, not infrequently on one day he used it twice, and indeed in such a dose. Authors testify that some have eaten more than 3x. of opium daily, and nevertheless have argued most learnedly about all subjects. Such is the power of habit. From Rondeletius Hollerius received the report that a soldier, in the height of the heat, swallowed 3b. of opium without harm, de morb. intern. p.54. vid. and Mæb. Fundam. med. Physiol. p.160. and especially Epoemer. Collegii nostri Ann. II. obs. 69. p.127. seqq. where B.Dn.D. Sachsius, our colleague, even after death most honored, in an elegant manner investigates the reason why among the Orientals it is taken in a larger dose, to which we add only this: that since the eastern peoples, in relation to the northern, are more bilious, but the latter, in relation to them, more serous, the sulphur of opium among them is not dissolved so well as among these, which may be inferred more fully from what has been said above. Who then among us would dare ascend to what the eastern peoples do? It is remarkable what Monconys reports, Itiner. Angl. Tom II. p.61. that the ambassador of the King of France to the King of England, when he was ill, in order to be able to sleep, had needed to take whole ounces of opium. But since proportion should be made between agent and patient, and since not only the contrary in the indications, but also the degrees deserve attention, therefore, if an urgent indication be present, and a smaller dose does not help, one may ascend to 3b. It should be remembered here that B D.D. Job. Theodorus Schenckius, our teacher and promoter, often told us from the chair that he solemnly and religiously testifies that he himself has often taken up to 3j. of opiate laudanum to inhibit the movement of the blood, (but he suffered from hæmoptysis and other acrid fluxions frequen-

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAP. I. frequentius) sine ullo notabili mentis stupore. Idem nos adhibuimus sæpius in diarrhoës contumacioribus, dysenteriis & urgentissimo dolore, aliisque casibus ad . Si enim dosis minor non ferat levamen, repetita licet quid obstat, quò minus, urgentibus morbi stimulis, ascendi ulteriùs possit? omnia tamen fieri debent , & prodigos nos eo casu non esse oportet, sufficit, esse liberales. LIBRI II. SECTIONIS I. CAPUT I. Usus opiatorium generalis, in sistendis doloribus. <Usus opiatorium generalis Galenicus.> Pio est opus, veterum erat parœmia, quoties morbum capitalem innuebant, & vitæ periculum imminere Nos rectius id de opio affirmamus. EST OPUS in quamplurimis morbis & symptomatibus. Generalem opiatorium usum declarat Galenus l.12. meth. med. c.8. Ait enim illa esse , 1. , utilia, ut sensui stuporem inducentia. 2 . INCRASSANTIA. 3. . Calorem REFRIGERANTIA. De ultimo usu non recepto jam suprà egimus. Narcotica vis eminet in doloribus & vigiliis corrigendis. Motus humorum inhibitio locum habet tum aliàs, tum potissimum in excretorum vitiis. Ut peramica naturæ est crassioribus humoribus & spiritibus coagulatis dissolutio. Sic non minus grata est dissolutis resolutisve coagulatio. Pro

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAP. I. (frequently) without any notable stupor of the mind. The same we have used them more than once in obstinate diarrhoeas, dysenteries, and most urgent pain, and in other cases, as to . If indeed a smaller dose does not bring relief, it may be repeated; what prevents one from ascending further, when the urgencies of the disease press on? Yet all things must be done with moderation, and in that case we ought not to be lavish; it is enough to be liberal. LIBER II. SECTION I. CHAPTER I. The general use of opiates, in the stopping of pains. <The general Galenic use of opiates.> It is a pious task, as was the old proverb, whenever they hinted at a capital disease and a danger to life was imminent. We may more rightly affirm this of opium. IT IS OF USE in very many diseases and symptoms. Galen declares the general use of opiates in book 12, meth. med. ch. 8. For he says that they are, 1. useful, as inducing stupor in the senses. 2. THICKENING. 3. REFRESHING the heat. Of the last use, not now admitted, we have already spoken above. Their narcotic power is especially evident in correcting pains and wakefulness. The checking of the movement of the humors has its place both in other respects and above all in the vitiation of excretions. As nature has a special liking for the resolution of thicker humors and congealed spirits, so no less pleasing is the coagulation of things dissolved or loosened. Pro

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OPIUM ANODYNUM. Pro dolore tria medicamentorum genera proponit Galenus l.1. de simpl. med. facult. c.19. aliisque locis. < Dolori opposica paregorica, anodyna, narcotica.> Primi ordinis communiter audiunt paregorica, qualia sunt blande calorem nativum demulcentia, emollientia, digerentia, & roborantia; secundi anodyna, Scaligeri judicio languidâ ac laxâ voce, exerc.348. Tertium narcotica constituunt, prout sc. vel causam, vel dolorem ipsum, vel partem dolentem respicimus. Inter propriè talia SISTENTIA DOLORUM primas < primæ tenet opium,> tenet OPIUM, quod facultatem habet distrahendi & stupefaciendi, intuitu tristis sensationis quoad perceptionem. Locum potissimum invenit, cum citrà materiæ affluxum dolor partem occupat, vel ubi sævitiâ suâ medicum, licet invitum, & aliis indicationibus satisfacturum, ad se trahit. Delenit & sopit dolores opium 1. somnum procurando. < quod somnum procurans> Hic domitor malorum, requies animæ, omniumque dolorum mirum sopimentum. Hinc dolor inprimis urget, illiusque faces magis accenduntur, quando ægri dormire nequeunt. Hujus blandâ effumatione demulcetur cerebrum, ut clamosi dolores conquiescant, quæ verba sunt Svvalbii querel. veneric. p.251. 2. spiritus figendo & demulcendo. < -us figens,> Si quæ pars dolet, sanguis & spiritus impetuosè adfluunt, partem distendunt, distendendo continuum solvunt, sicque dolorem majorem reddunt, quod Helmontius eleganter exemplo spinæ digitò infixæ explicat, ubi Archæus statim advocat in subsidium copias: opium verò materiam dolorificam separat, spiritus obtundit, condensat, coagulat, unde effrenis motus inhibetur. 3. humorum icborumque acrimoniam temperando, quorum < & acredi nem temperans dolores fistis,>

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OPIUM ANODYNUM. Galen proposes three kinds of medicines for pain in l. 1. de simpl. med. facult. c.19. and elsewhere: “Against pain are paregorics, anodynes, narcotics.” The first order is commonly called paregorics, such as those that gently assuage the innate heat, soften, digest, and strengthen; the second, anodynes, in Scaliger’s judgment, with a weak and languid voice, exerc. 348. The third consists of narcotics, insofar as we regard either the cause, or the pain itself, or the painful part. Among properly such PAIN-STOPPERS, opium holds the first place, having the power to draw away and stupify, with regard to the sad sensation in respect of perception. It finds its chief use when, without an influx of matter, pain occupies a part, or where by its savagery it draws the physician to itself, though unwillingly, and to satisfy other indications. Opium allays and soothes pains 1. by procuring sleep. “which, by procuring sleep,” This tamer of evils, rest of the soul, and wondrous alleviation of all pains. Hence pain presses most fiercely, and its flames are more kindled, when the sick cannot sleep. By its gentle exhalation the brain is soothed, so that clamorous pains may subside, which are the words of Svvvalbius, querel. veneric. p. 251. 2. by fixing and soothing the spirits. “the fixing one,” If any part aches, blood and spirits flow thither impetuously, distend the part, and by distending break the continuity, and thus make the pain greater, which Helmont elegantly explains by the example of a thorn stuck in the finger, where the Archeus immediately summons forces to its aid: but opium separates the painful matter, blunts the spirits, condenses, coagulates, whence the unruly motion is checked. 3. by tempering the acrimony of humors and acrid substances, whose “and by tempering acrid things, you stop pains,”

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S2 LIB. II. SECT. I. CAP. I. rum impetum retardat, mordacitatem contemperat, feri- tatem mitigat, eosdemque quasi concentrat, prohibet & ad statum naturalem reducit, hinc sensum tri- stem in his illisve partibus inde exortum obtundit, & mo- lestas tum contracturas & vellications, & fibraru[m] inæqua- les mordicationes, tensionesque, tum alia principalia vi- tia sedat. Hoc Helmontius consvetâ loquendi formulâ vocat Archæum surentem compescere, unde novo vigore armata natura fortius contra hostem insurgit, eumque feliciter depellit & subigit. A dolore sæpe virtus adeò debilitatur, ut sæpe hinc vitæ periculum ægroto immineat. Nihil tàm contrà naturam est, dictante Tullio, quàm dolor. In centro detinet causam morbificam opium. Dolo- < causamque in centro detinet,> rum lethæam infert oblivionem, meritò dictum. Ubi -- dolentem nec Phrygius lapis, nec purpurarum fidere clarior de lenit usus, nec Palerna Vitis, Achameniumque cestum; opiata expromptâ succurrunt operâ. Ridet vitalis perfusa papavere virtus. Nec mirum est, subjugari ab opio dolores, sanantur dolores contrarius, Hip- poer. l. de loc. in bom. c. 51. p. 394. Cum ergò dolores ab opio sisti sit vel ipsis sensibus & experientiâ notissimum, con- trarium id esse dolori, facilè licet concludere. Est verò eidem contrarium opium, cum & sulphure abundet, & Ole volatili non careat. Quæ enim Æ e pollent, dolores < æst anodynum,> lenire deprehenduntur; sic pyrethrum, lignum sanctum, buxi, caryophylli & horum olea, in dolore dentium, optimè se gerunt. Sic dolores Gallici decocto lignorum quiescunt; sic

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S2 LIB. II. SECT. I. CAP. I. it retards the onset of the disease, tempers its biting quality, mitigates its fierceness, and as it were concentrates them, prevents them and reduces them to their natural state; hence it dulls the sad sensation arising in this or that part, and soothes both the troublesome contractions and twitchings, and the unequal gnawings and tensions of the fibres, as well as other principal vices. This Helmont, in his customary manner of speaking, calls restraining the raging Archeus, whereby nature, armed with new vigor, more strongly rises against the enemy, and happily drives him back and subdues him. Pain so often weakens strength that from this often danger to the patient's life threatens. Nothing is so contrary to nature, says Tully, as pain. Opium keeps the morbid cause in the center. <and keeps the cause in the center,> it brings a lethæan forgetfulness of pains, justly so called. Where -- neither the Phrygian stone to the sufferer, nor the more famed use of purple garments could trustfully relieve him, nor the Palestrian vine, nor the Achaemenian belt; opiates come to the rescue with ready aid. The vital power, sprinkled with poppy, laughs. Nor is it surprising that pains are subdued by opium; pains are cured by the contrary, Hip- poer. l. de loc. in bom. c. 51. p. 394. Since therefore pains are stayed by opium, something most evident to the senses themselves and to experience, it is easy to conclude that this is contrary to pain. But opium is contrary to it, since it abounds in sulphur and is not lacking in volatile oil. For those things which are rich in Æ e are found to soothe pains; <æst anodynum,> thus pyrethrum, lignum sanctum, boxwood, cloves, and their oils, in toothache, behave very well. Thus Gallic pains are quieted by a decoction of woods; thus

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OPIUM ANODYNUM. < 8) > lic oleum caryophyllorum in cardialgia est nobilissimum, ut alia plura, circa linimenta, unguenta &c. huc non trahamus. Ut acida corrigunt & obtundunt narcotica, ita narcotica & anodyna, acido & acri sunt contraria, il- ludque temperant. < 9) > Quæ Ole volatili pollent, dolores itidem leniunt, quod vel solo exemplo spirituum volatilium, cornu cervi, *ci, lumbricorum, formicarum & plantarum patet. Vidimus à spiritu lumbricorum urinoso volatili sæpe in momento dolores arthritidis vagæ conticuisse, ubi alia prius debito modo secundum veram medendi methodum suêre appli- cata. Hinc igitur ipse hic sæpetulit lassis succus amarus opem, congregat spiritus & in morbos quosvis naturam ar- mat. < 10) > Audiunt hoc nomine quibusdam malè opiata, quòd corporem potius & hebetudinem sensibus inducant, quò minus illi sentire possint, quàm quòd dolorem leniant, vid. V. Trincavella l.12. de rat. curand. affect. partic. c.4. p.459. & l.9. c.7. p.315. hinc illam rationem ad veram & propriam curationem non pertinere, quia non dolorem, non cau- sam doloris, non læsionem tollunt; sed sensum, ne læsio percipiatur, auferunt, unde non utendum sit hâc curandi ratione, nisi maximâ cogamur necessitate, neque speremus aliâ viâ priùs sedari posse dolores, quàm vires concidant. < 11) > Modum hunc curandi membra relinquere plurimum labefactata, quantum ferè ad omnes operationes attinet. < 12) > Sed ut obiter hisce respondeamus, reliqua in caput de invectivis differentes, proscribenda est hypothesis illa, quâ assertum per aliquot secula fuit, opium esse narcoticum eo tenuu, L 2

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OPIUM ANODYNUM. < 8) > sic oleum caryophyllorum in cardialgia is most noble, so that we do not draw in here many other things, concerning liniments, ointments, etc. As acids correct and blunt narcotics, so narcotics and anodynes are opposed to acid and acrid things, and temper them. < 9) > Those things which are endowed with volatile oil likewise assuage pains, which is evident even from the single example of volatile spirits, hartshorn, *ci, earthworms, ants, and plants. We have seen from the volatile urinous spirit of earthworms that the pains of wandering arthritis often ceased in an instant, where other things had previously been applied in due order according to the true method of healing. Hence therefore this very bitter juice has often brought aid to the weary, it gathers spirits and arms nature against whatever diseases. < 10) > Some things are heard under this name in a bad sense as opiates, because they rather induce numbness in the body and dullness of the senses, so that they can feel less, than that they relieve pain; see V. Trincavella, l.12. de rat. curand. affect. partic. c.4. p.459. and l.9. c.7. p.315. hence that reason does not pertain to true and proper treatment, because they remove neither pain, nor the cause of pain, nor the injury; but they take away sensation, lest the injury be perceived, whence this method of treatment is not to be used unless we are compelled by the greatest necessity, nor should we hope that pains can first be soothed by any other way than after the powers have collapsed. < 11) > This method of treating parts is left very much weakened, as far as almost all operations are concerned. < 12) > But to reply to these matters in passing, leaving the rest for the chapter on the different invectives, that hypothesis must be proscribed by which it has been asserted for several centuries that opium is narcotic in such a tenuous L 2

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAP. II. 84 sensu, ut partibus externè applicatum illas quasi indolentes reddat, quatenus calorem nativum reprimat, extimamque corporis vestem attonitam & imperceptibilem efficiat, non secus ac frigida actu talia torporem & stuporem ejusmodi conciliant. Et hæc quidem de usu externo, ad dolores. Internè verò causis dolorificis resistere opium, per antecedentia jam asserta negari nequit. <Observatio> Occurrit verò hoc sæpiùs in praxi, ut urgentibus doloribus, (quod inprimis in dysentericis arthriticisque vel centies observavi) datum opium afferat dolorum lenimen, & secessuum levamen, sed quando jam quasi evanida redditur & desinit medicamenti operatio, denuò desæviant singula, quia quamdiu particulæ ejusdem roscidæ balsamicæ, Q ex, temperant acres, salinas, acidas, vel lixiviosas humorum, hinc præpollentibus rursum hisce & sui juris factis fieri aliter vix potest, quin denuò occipiant novas creare molestias, donec denuò tum his, tum aliis obtusæ, absorptæ, inversæ genium suum mutent. CAPUT II. Usus opii contra vigilias. <Opium vigiliae delevit> Alter generalis opii usus consistit in VIGILIARUM delenitione. Sunt quoque quæ faciunt altos medicamina somnos, victaque lethæâ lumina nocte premant. <immoderatas> Cum excessus immoderatus omnium actionum animalium urget: cum hæ diutius, ac par est, exercentur, vel invito ægro, indicatio adest, somnum provocandi. Hoc apprimè expedit opium. Quando vel vigiliæ superfluæ dolorem excitant, nimis exsiccando: vel dolor vehementes vigilias parit, sensum tri- stem

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAP. II. 84 in such a sense that, when applied externally to the parts, it renders them as it were insensible, insofar as it represses native heat and makes the outer garment of the body stupefied and imperceptible, no differently than cold in action brings about such torpor and numbness. And this indeed concerns external use, for pains. Internally, however, that opium resists painful causes cannot be denied from the foregoing assertions. <Observation> Yet this occurs more often in practice, that in urgent pains, which I have observed especially in dysenteric and arthritic cases a hundred times over, opium given brings relief of the pains and easing of the discharges; but when the operation of the medicine has, as it were, already become faded and ceases, the individual symptoms break out again, because as long as its balsamic, moist particles temper the acrid, saline, acid, or lixivial humors, and therefore when these latter prevail again and are left to their own course, it can scarcely happen otherwise than that new troubles begin again, until once more both these and the others, dulled, absorbed, and reversed, change their nature. CAPUT II. The use of opium against wakefulness. <Opium vigiliae delevit> The other general use of opium consists in the alleviation of WAKEFULNESS. There are also medicines which bring on deep sleep, and by the conquered light of Lethe press down the night. <immoderatas> When an immoderate excess of all animal actions presses hard: when these are exercised longer than is fitting, or against the patient’s will, there is an indication for inducing sleep. For this opium is especially useful. When either excessive wakefulness excites pain by drying too much, or when pain produces violent wakefulness, the sad

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OPIUM HYPNOTICUM. 85 Item efficiendo, unâ fideliâ & dolorem & vigilias aufert o- pium, ut uno ablato cedat & alterum. Vigiliæ immoderatæ vires corporis labefactant, ac per- dunt, cruditates pariunt, cerebri & sensuum functiones debilitant, naturales autem imbecilles reddunt, univer- sum denique corpus resolvunt & siccant. Vid. Fuchs. instit. med. l.2. sect. 4. c.7. Ita celebrantur tricennales Mæcena- tis vigiliæ, & Livius testatur, Hannibalem, itemque Philip- pum perpetuis vigiliis & cochlites, ut Plinius loquitur, redditos fuisse. Quin & immoderatæ vigiliæ, ex siccitate inprimis provenientes desipientiam vel con- vulsionem lethalem minantur 7. aph. 18. Testatur enim ex- perientia, sæpissimè inde deliria concitari. Prohibet hæc omnia opium. Hinc noctem papavere coronatam legimus apud Naso- nem l.4. fastor. Intereà placidam redimita papavere frontem nox venit, & secum somnia nigra trabit. Idem l.11. metamorph. somni palatinum describens addit, ante fores antri foecunda papavera florent, innumeræque berba, quarum de lacte soporem nox legit, & spargit per opacas humida terras. Et , somni suffimentum, cum papavere, Orpheus in hymnis p.m. 520. proponit, ubi inter alia somnum alloquitur. , Curas solvens, laborum svavem habens requiem, & omnis doloris sacrum solatium ferens. Non cessandum ergò in curatione, ubi urgent vigiliæ, ne ceu ex equo Trojano varia exsurgant symptomata. L 3 Pro-

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OPIUM HYPNOTICUM. 85 By one faithful dose, opium takes away both pain and wakefulness, so that when one is removed the other gives way. Excessive wakefulness weakens and wastes the strength of the body, produces crudities, impairs the functions of the brain and senses, makes the natural faculties feeble, and finally relaxes and dries up the whole body. See Fuchs, Instit. Med. l. 2. sect. 4. c. 7. Thus are celebrated the thirty-year vigils of Maecenas, and Livy testifies that Hannibal, and likewise Philip, were reduced by perpetual watchfulness and, as Pliny says, by cochlites. And indeed excessive wakefulness, arising especially from dryness, threatens folly or fatal convulsion. 7. aph. 18. For experience shows that delirium is very often thereby excited. Opium prevents all these things. Hence we read of the night crowned with poppy by Naso, l. 4. fastor. Meanwhile night comes, garlanded with poppy upon her peaceful brow, and brings with her black dreams. The same writer, l. 11. metamorph., describing the sleep of the palace, adds: before the entrance of the cave fruitful poppies bloom, and countless herbs, from whose milk sleep night gathers, and moistens the shaded earth with them. And as the fumigation of sleep, with poppy, Orpheus proposes in the Hymns, p. m. 520, where among other things he addresses sleep, unbinding cares, having a sweet rest from labors, and bringing sacred solace for every pain. Therefore there must be no delay in treatment when wakefulness is urgent, lest, as from the Trojan horse, various symptoms arise. L 3 Pro-

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAPUT II. < Ut Vigilia sopiantur,> Probè verò hîc observandum, quando & quibus in vigiliis opiata conveniant, deinde & aliæ circumstantiæ benè sunt attendendæ. Sæpe enim tantum abest, ut opium moveat somnum, ut potius sumpto eo, ægri minus solito dormiant, neque verò idcirco opium desinit esse somniferum. < reqvisica tria.> Tria requiruntur, ut quis placido somno obdormiat, 1. cerebrum temperatum, 2. vapores benigni, & 3. animus quietus, vid. Heurn. comm. in l.2. aph. i. p.29. & l. de morb. cap. c. 16. p. 132. < Sæpe ab opio somnus non succedis,> Horum alterutrum si peccet, inprimis, si v.g cerebrum si vel ob ætatem sensilem, vel aliis de causis siccius, & animus curis plurimis & profundis cogitationibus distrahatur, accedente ob stomachum debiliorem, aliaque vitia vaporum & avajouiapeau defectu, opium licet detur, tamen ex sententiâ somnus non succedit. < Inprimis scorbuticus.> Ita quosdam novit D. VVallis scorbuticâ labè tactos, qui licet dolorum aut spasmorum immunes fuerint, etiam animi affectu quovis immodico liberi, per plures tamen septimanas dies & noctes prorsus vigiles duxerunt, ac sæpe opiatis, licet validioribus adsumptis, ne tantillum somni capessere potuerunt, de scorbut. c.5. p.270. < Purgationis conditiones buc applicata.> Ut tria sunt purgationis requisita 1. dispositio humorum. 2. dispositio viarum. 3. facultas expultrix, hactenus usitatè ita dicta, seu natura, unde si purgantia ad votum non operentur, semper impedimentum in hisce tribus quærendum est: ita & suo modo se res habet in opiatis. Hinc & corrigere, quæ se offerunt vitia, debet medicus, & ægrum hortari, ut si somnum videre velit, ne ipse sibi vigilias, curis, mærore, aliisque animi affectibus procuret, & promoveat, adeoque obicem medicamenti ponat activitati. Locum

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CHAPTER II. < That Watchfulness may be allayed,> It should here be carefully observed when and in what forms of watchfulness opiates are suitable; then also other circumstances must be duly considered. For often it is so far from the case that opium induces sleep, that rather, after it has been taken, patients sleep less than usual; and yet for that reason opium does not cease to be a sleep-inducing remedy. < three requisites.> Three things are required for a person to fall asleep peacefully: 1. a temperate brain, 2. benign vapors, and 3. a quiet mind; see Heurn. comm. in l.2. aph. i. p.29. & l. de morb. cap. c. 16. p. 132. < Often from opium sleep does not follow,> If either of these fail, especially if, for example, the brain is too dry, whether from age or for other causes, and the mind is distracted by many cares and deep thoughts, and if there is in addition weakness of the stomach and other defects of the vapors and of avajouiapeau deficiency, then although opium may be given, nevertheless, according to the expected effect, sleep does not follow. < Especially in the scorbutic.> Thus Dr. Wallis knew certain persons affected by a scorbutic taint, who, although free from pains or spasms and also free from any excessive movement of the mind, nevertheless passed many weeks and days and nights entirely without sleep, and often, though stronger opiates had been taken, could not obtain even the least sleep, de scorbut. c.5. p.270. < Conditions of purgation here applied.> As there are three requisites for purgation: 1. a disposition of the humors, 2. a disposition of the passages, 3. the expulsive faculty, as it has hitherto been commonly called, or nature, so if purgatives do not work as desired, the obstacle must always be sought in these three things: so also, in its own manner, is the case with opiates. Hence the physician must correct the defects that present themselves, and must exhort the patient, if he wishes to see sleep, not to procure and promote wakefulness for himself by cares, sorrow, and other affections of the mind, and thereby place an obstacle before the activity of the medicine. Locum

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OPIUM HYPNOTICUM. 87 Locum verò hîc habent omnia superiùs recensita opia- ta, quæ recensere & repetere supersedemus. < Figilis senibus molesta.> In vigiliis senum miscuimus sæpe - [Sol]li volatilem cum R[ecipe] anodynâ, felicissimo cum successu. Vir cachecticus, asthmaticus, cum aliquot noctes insomnes molestissimè duxisset, ab eodem medicamento svavissimam sentiebat quietem. R[ecipe] - [Sol]l. volat. Parac. 3j. R[ecipe] anod. [Sol], vel 3j. Dos. gtt. xx. xxv. xxx. < Opii agendi varietas.> Memoranda hoc loco etiam est opii agendi varietas, interdum enim dolorem magis sedat, quàm somnum facit, ut extemplo ceu ad imperium quoddam & monstrato Gorgonis capite conquiescant dolores, tormina, cruciatusque, ut adeò non somno solo interprete illorum oblivio capiat ægros, sed & absq; eo, propriâ opii acrimoniam temperandi & spiritus demulcendi, ac humorum salinorum imperum coercendi virtute; interdum unà cum dolore & quidem ut plurimum vigilias aufert, & somno inducto tristi sensationi intentum animum abducit & sibi restituit. Sommiferum ergò tàm in opio, quàm alibi potestas est, donumque creatoris specificum. Helmont. de libias/. 87. p. 63. & ad omnia longè efficacissimum, Fernel. l. 6. c. 1. meth. medend. p. 377. quod spiritibus quietem conciliat, ut missis exterioribus, circa quæ abstracti per vigilias occupabantur, secum habitent, & toti incumbant in id, quod ad salutem oeconomiæ propriæ pertinet, sive in digerendo, excernendo, sive aliis modis, quibus morbo obviam iri potest. < Distinctio inter somnifera & soporifera.> Quidam distinguunt inter SOMNIFERA & SOPORIFERA, quæ differant, ut somnus & sopor, seu ut magis & minus. Illa sunt refrigerantia leniter & humectantia, ut lactuca, nymphæa, emulsiones ex sem 4. frigidis major.

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OPIUM HYPNOTICUM. 87 Indeed, all the opiates listed above have a place here, but we shall forgo enumerating and repeating them. < Most troublesome for old men.> In the sleeplessness of the aged we have often mixed volatile solution with an anodyne recipe, with the happiest success. A cachectic, asthmatic man, after having spent several nights in most troublesome insomnia, felt from the same medicine a most pleasant quiet. Recipe - Volatile solution of Paracelsus 3j. Recipe of anodyne [solution], or 3j. Dose: gtt. xx. xxv. xxx. < Variety in the action of opium.> It should also be noted here that there is variety in the action of opium: sometimes it more assuages pain than it induces sleep, so that, as though at once by some command and at the sight of the Gorgon’s head, pains, gripings, and torments are quieted; thus the oblivion of them is not received by the sick through sleep alone as interpreter, but even without it, by opium’s own virtue of tempering acrimony, soothing the spirits, and restraining the dominion of saline humors; at other times, together with the pain, and indeed for the most part, it takes away wakefulness, and by bringing on sleep draws the mind away from sorrowful sensation and restores it to itself. Therefore there is in opium, as elsewhere, a sleep-bringing power, and a specific gift of the Creator. Helmont, de libias/. 87. p. 63. and, for all things, most efficacious, Fernel, l. 6. c. 1. meth. medend. p. 377, which brings quiet to the spirits, so that, the external things with which they were occupied during wakefulness being set aside, they may dwell with themselves and be wholly devoted to that which pertains to the health of their own economy, whether in digesting, excreting, or in other ways by which the disease may be opposed. < Distinction between somnifera and soporifera.> Some distinguish between SOMNIFERA and SOPORIFERA, which differ as sleep and stupor, or as more and less. The former are mildly cooling and moistening remedies, such as lettuce, water-lily, emulsions from the four cold seeds, and the greater compound.

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAPUT III. 88 major. papav. &c. externè oxyrrhodyna, & quæ his sunt confinia; hæc stupefacientia, ut opium, neque ante ad hæc veniendum jubent, in vigiliarum excessu, quàm illa non sint satis, & res urgeat. vid. Valles. l.2. meth. medend. c.8. pag. 88. Potest & cum illis dari opium, & per se, pro medici in- tentione & variatione circumstantiarum. < Opii & somnifero. rum abusus, & eo facta stratagemata. > Cedit opium intentione somnificâ, interdum in abu- sum, uti exempla prostant, semine strammonii, opio, ali- isque similibus à furibus sopitos hospites, ut prædæ ipsis lo- co inservirent. Captivus quidam ob enormia delicta medicus petiit per literas ab amico, ut butyrum ad se mitteret, dimidiâ parte opio medicatum, alterâ impermixtum Illevit pani, & ipse comedit sincerum, reliquum largè pani illitum pro- pinavit custodibus, qui profundissimo somno sopiti an- sam dedêre evadendi. CAPUT III. Usus opii in sistendis fluxionibus. < Opium fluxiones & moderatur, > Tertius generalis opii usus est in SYMPTOMATIBUS EXCRETORUM. Sica, quæ retineri debebant, vel si contrà, non ad pios subitò & confertim, ratione magnitudinis, violentiæ, copiæ, temporis, excernenda, opium fermentum placabile inducit, verbis utimur Hel- montii, ut solâ restauratione & alteritatis Archæi restitutione, morbus conculcetur. Hîc locum habet & illud Hel- montianum: Pro remedio restaurativo Archæi non requi- ritur unciarum & drachmarum quantitas, sed pauca gra- na h.1. opii illud exequiorunt. Opium

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAPUT III. 88 major poppy, &c.; externally oxyrrhodina, and those things that are contiguous to these; these stupefying things, such as opium, and they do not order that one should come to these before, in the excess of wakefulness, unless those are not enough, and the matter presses. vid. Valles. l.2. meth. medend. c.8. pag. 88. Opium may be given both with those things, and by itself, according to the physician’s in- tention and the variation of circumstances. < The abuse of opium and sleep-producing drugs, and stratagems made with them. > Opium yields to the intention of inducing sleep, sometimes to abuse, as examples show, with the seed of stramonium, opium, and similar things, thieves having stupefied their hosts, so that they might serve them in the place of prey. A certain captive, because of enormous crimes, asked a physician by letter from a friend to send him butter, half of it medicated with opium, the other half unadulterated. He spread the pure on bread and ate it himself; the remainder, spread thickly on bread, he gave to the guards, who, stupefied with the deepest sleep, gave him the chance to escape. CAPUT III. The use of opium in stopping fluxions. < Opium moderates fluxions > The third general use of opium is in SYMPTOMS OF THE EXCRETIONS. Those things which should be retained, or, if on the contrary, should not be excreted suddenly and in a mass, on account of their size, violence, abundance, or timing, opium induces a placable ferment, to use the words of Helmont, so that by restoration alone and the restoration of the alteration of the Archeus, the disease may be crushed. Here also has place that Helmontian saying: For a restorative remedy of the Archeus, there is not required a quantity of ounces and drachms, but a few grains, here opium accomplished it better. Opium

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OPIUM SISTIT FLUXIONES. 89 < corrigit acrimoniam, & impetum refranat, > Opium enim quamvis humorum acrimoniam corrigit, Sylvius l.1. prax. c.20. p.285. quamvis eorundem effervescentiam coercet præ omnibus aliis, ib. l.1. c.19. p.271. affluxum remoratur, eccentricitatem & Ναχνω disgregationem prohibet, impetum coercet, volatilitatem & citatum gradum figit, verbo, ad naturalem statum quàm optimè perducit & ad sanguinis laudabilis productionem & motu inprimis peccantis correctionem, legitimè usurpatum valet Elegans est sententia Martiani comm. de loc. in hom. pag. 76. & fontibus genuinis Hippocraticis conveniens, opium disgregationem humorum sistere & prohibere. Cùm, ait, ad omnes destillationes concurrat humorum disgregatio, seu hæc concurrat sub ratione causæ externæ, seu internæ & proximioris, patet ratio, propter quam opium concoquere dicatur Dioscoridi, & quare medicamenta stupefacientia appellata destillationes miraculo quodam sistant, & ex toto interdum etiam curent; cùm enim per hæc humorum & spirituum motus sistatur, non modò fluxiones compescunt, quæ in motu humorum consistunt; sed etiam prohibent disgregationem, quæ est fluxionis causa. Hinc opium τῶν νοομεάτων Τας σφοδερτη- Τας αυβλύνει, morborum vehementes impetus obtundit. Hip- poer. l. de arte c.4. ß.5. < tum sanguinis, tum excrementorum. > Pertinent huc omnes fluxiones tum sanguinis, in hæmorrhagiis, & seri, in defluxionibus catarrhalibus, aliisque excretionibus, tùm excrementorum aliorum, vel sponte suâ & à naturâ institutorum, vel ab arte, de quibus paulò post plura. CAPUT IV. Opium sudores movet. AD generalem opii usum referri quoque posse videtur VIS SUDORIFERA. M Vim

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OPIUM STOPS DISCHARGES. 89 < corrects acrimony, & restrains the impulse, > Opium, indeed, although it corrects the acrimony of the humors, Sylvius l.1. prax. c.20. p.285. although it checks their effervescence more than all others, ib. l.1. c.19. p.271. delays the afflux, prevents eccentricity & the disgregation called Ναχνω, restrains the impulse, fixes volatility and too rapid motion; in a word, it brings them as well as possible back to the natural state, and, if legitimately used, serves for the production of laudable blood and especially for the correction of the motion of what is at fault. An elegant statement is that of Martianus, comm. de loc. in hom. p. 76, and one agreeing with the genuine Hippocratic sources: opium stops and prevents the disgregation of the humors. For, says he, since disgregation of the humors contributes to all catarrhs, whether this occurs under the aspect of an external cause or of an internal and more proximate one, the reason becomes clear why opium is said by Dioscorides to digest, and why stupefying remedies are called to stop catarrhs by a certain miracle and sometimes even to cure them altogether; for since by these the motion of the humors and spirits is stopped, they not only check fluxions, which consist in the motion of the humors; but also prevent disgregation, which is the cause of fluxion. Hence opium τῶν νοομεάτων Τας σφοδερτη- Τας αυβλύνει, dulls the violent impulses of diseases. Hip- poer. l. de arte c.4. ß.5. < of blood, and of excretions. > To this belong all fluxions, both of blood, in hemorrhages, and of serum, in catarrhal defluxions and other excretions, as well as of other excrements, whether produced of their own accord and instituted by nature, or by art, concerning which more will be said shortly below. CHAPTER IV. Opium causes sweat. THE SUDORIFEROUS POWER also seems able to be referred to the general use of opium. M Power

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAP. IV. Vim hanc idq[ue] dudum annotavit Nicander alexiph. 1.15. ita enim canit: eque labore illo odoratus sudor destillat, unà collectus. Confirmavit idem Gesnerus tum alibi, tum inprimis l.1. epist. p.61. & 69. Platerus, in praxi observationibus. vid. l.2. obs. p.491. & l.3. obs. p.633. & p.727. ubi docet, & theriacam & mithridatium opio dempto, sudores minimè movere. Idem hoc expertus adserit Walæus meth. med. p.65. ubi, medicamenta, inquit, pauca vera sunt, & inter hæc excellit opium. Quod enim theriaca, quod mithridatium sudorem moveant, hoc omne ab admixto faciunt opio. Et hujus ratione potius fieri, si quid singulariter præstet in peste theriaca, existimat Zuvelferus in animadvers. ad pharmac. Augustan. p.409. quàm ratione insignis virtutis alexipharmacæ. Hoc enim velut animositatem quandam, ceu tempore infectionis summè necessariam, addit, sicque nonnullos immunes reddit. Proprium esse laudano sudorem copiosum movere, annotavit quoque D. Petrus Crusius apud Horstium l.10. observ. 3. p.480. Videatur hanc in rem Hochstätterus Decad. 3. obs. 1. p.190. seqq. Idem nos sæpissimè observavimus. Tincturæ communiter bezoardicæ dictæ longè efficacius sudorem pellunt, si cum opio maritatæ sint, quàm sine eo. Quâ ratione opium sudorem moveat, & summum sudoriferum sit, iudagatione dignum. Quæ sudorem moveat, non habent vim incrassandi. Contrarium adest in opio, ideoque videntur hæc secum pugnare. Opium humorum sistit & impedit, quomodo ergò sudorem ciet? Causa

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAP. IV. This force has long ago been noted by Nicander in the Alexipharmac. 1.15. for he thus sings: and with that labor fragrant sweat drips forth, gathered together. The same was confirmed by Gesner, both elsewhere and especially in l. 1. epist. p. 61 & 69. Plater, in his Practice of Observations, see l. 2. obs. p. 491. & l. 3. obs. p. 633. & p. 727. where he teaches that theriaca and mithridatium, with the opium removed, do not at all produce sweat. The same thing, he says, he himself experienced, as Walæus attests, meth. med. p. 65, where he says, “of medicines, few are truly effective, and among these opium excels. For whatever in theriaca, whatever in mithridatium causes sweat, all this they do because of the opium mixed with them.” And that it happens rather on account of this, if theriaca should possess anything specially beneficial in the plague, Zuvelferus thinks in his annotations to Pharmac. Augustan. p. 409, rather than by reason of any remarkable alexipharmic virtue. For this adds, as it were, a certain spiritedness, which is most necessary at the time of infection, and thus renders some immune. That laudanum properly has the power of producing copious sweat was also noted by D. Petrus Crusius in Horstius l. 10. observ. 3. p. 480. See on this matter Hochstätterus, Decad. 3, obs. 1. p. 190 seqq. We too have very often observed the same thing. The tinctures commonly called bezoardic more effectively provoke sweat, if they are combined with opium, than without it. By what means opium produces sweat, and is the greatest sudorific, is worthy of inquiry. That which produces sweat does not have the power of thickening. The opposite is present in opium, and therefore these seem to conflict with one another. Opium checks and impedes the humors; how then does it excite sweat? Cause

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OPIUM SUDORIFERUM. Causa est opii compositio. [sulphur] ejus volatile, cum [sulphur]re intimè combinatum, primariò sudores efficit, quod aliàs in [sulphur]u C. C. viperar. [sulphur]lis [sulphur]ci videre est. Sulphur ejus re- solubile humores figit, quod tenuius superest, à sale vola- tili propulsum per cutim expirat, ut etiam hâc ratione fi- xationem humorum meditetur opium. Adde, quod na- tura resocillata, (confortativa enim ipsius naturæ est Lau- dani sotirella) excretionem per sudores molitur, & quod somnus ipse omnes fluxiones sistit, excepto sudore. Neq; tamen solus somno ad productionem sudoris sufficit, cum & vigilantes ex opio sudent, & in somno non semper fiat sudor, nisi corporis repletione præsente, 4. aphor. 41. Confirmat propulsionem à centro ad circumferentiam, quòd, observante Zvbingero, in pueris ab ejus exhibitione exserat se efflorescentia faciei, seu, quòd facies rubore suffundatur, apud Cratonem l.1. epist. p.334. [sulphur] 335. ubi & de vi sudoriferâ statuit, per accidens sudorem subsequi, con- gelatis spiritibus malignis, sed roboratis nativis. Quin ita interdum perspirabile redditur corpus ab opio, ut sudor inde prolectus nonnunquam odorem ejusdem referat, quod testatur Dioscorides l.6. c.17. [sulphur] inquiens, [ph]αρμάκο δι [με]λις πούματ [ph]ικδίδοται, odor opii coto corpo- re expanditur, quod iisdem verbis repetit P. Ægineta l.5. cap. 43. CAPUT V. Vis opii [ph]αδαρχτική. In opio teter & virosus odor cum amaritudine & 2 crimo. Iniâ purgaticis potentiæ signum existunt, teste Erasto Tr. de occult. pharmac. potest. p.181. Confirmat id Quercetanus l.1. de medicina priscorum phi- losophorum mat. cap. ult. p.79. ex [sulphur]le opii, scribens, à suo o- leo M 2

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OPIUM SUDORIFERUM. The cause is the composition of opium. Its volatile sulfur, intimately combined with sulfur, chiefly produces sweat, as can otherwise be seen in the sulfur of vipers. Its resoluble sulfur fixes the humors; whatever is thinner remaining, driven off by the volatile salt, escapes through the skin, so that in this way also opium meditates the fixation of the humors. Add that, nature being refreshed— for Laudanum is a comforting restorative of nature itself— seeks evacuation through sweat, and that sleep itself stops all fluxes except sweat. Yet sleep alone is not sufficient for the production of sweat, since those awake also sweat from opium, and in sleep sweating does not always occur unless there is a fullness of the body present, Aphorism 4, 41. It confirms the propulsion from center to circumference, because, as Zwinger observed, in children after its administration there appears redness of the face, or the face is suffused with blush, as in Crato, book 1, epistle, p. 334, 335, where he also states concerning the sudorific power that, incidentally, sweat follows when the malignant spirits are frozen, but the native ones strengthened. Indeed, sometimes the body is made so perspirable by opium that the sweat thereby drawn forth sometimes carries the odor of the same, as Dioscorides testifies, book 6, chapter 17, saying that the odor of opium is spread over the whole body, which P. Aegineta repeats in the same words, book 5, chapter 43. CHAPTER V. The diaphoretic power of opium. In opium a foul and virulent odor, together with bitterness and an acrid quality, are signs of purgative potency, as Erastus testifies, Tractate on the Occult Power of Medicines, p. 181. Quercetanus confirms this, book 1, On the Medicine of the Ancient Philosophers, matter, last chapter, p. 79, from the sulfur of opium, writing, from its oil M 2

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAP. V. leo seu Πe narcotico fieri purgans, haud minus sanè, quàm ex omnibus amaris, ut gentianâ, centaurio & similibus, separato nimirum, dextreque præparato corum sale. Quod verò non purget ordinariè, subinnuit eo ipso i- dem, quod partes Πeæ impediunt salinas, quas præponde- rant. Erastus l. c. duas affert causas 1. vim stupefaciendi, quæ, ut ne sentiatur mordicatio, efficit, 2. modicam ejus, quæ exhibetur, quantitatem. Accedere ait 3. quod ple- rumque aliis multis vim ejus hebetantibus miscetur. Purgantem vim in sylvestri papavere annotavit Plinius libro 20. Hist. nat. cap. 19. Album tur- bas quandoque, & vomicum ciet, Alvum turbare, & vomitum sæpe manè altero ab exhi- bitione laudani sequi, testatur experientia, & testantur Helmont. injure duum vir. t. 62. p. 192. D.D. Rolfinc. chim. in A.F.R. l. 4. s. 3. c. 6. p. 248. aliique. pilulari præsertim formâ, Observavimus sæpius à dato laudano opiato secutum vomitum, rarò diarrhoëam, & quidem, si pilulari fuerit ex- hibitum formâ; à pulvere enim anodyno, reliquisque o- piatorum formulis nil ejusmodi unquam observare licuit. Mirum hoc vidimus in Gallo quodam, qui cùm pilulas opiatas vesperi sumsisset, laborabat autem hemicraniâ, vo- mitum sequenti die expertus est, non manè, sed post me- ridiem horâ quartâ, quod cum per accidens primâ vice fa- ctum videri poterat, alterâ & tertiâ vice idem adsumenti contingebat. sum ob pro- priam na- turam, Causam alii rejiciunt in opii malignitatem, quòd na- tura id abhorrescens ceu venenum, robore si polleat, ex- turbet. Relictum Π foetidum ventriculum relaxare & ad vomitum stimulare, signo perpessi per noctem ipsius labo- ris, scribit Svvalve querel. ventric. p. 252. sùm præpa- rationis culpâ, Notandum est, in culpâ quandoque esse ipsam præpa- rationem. A laudano opiato cum V correcto solum ferè obser-

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LIB. II. SECT. I. CAP. V. Lacc or the narcotic becomes purgative, no less certainly than from all bitter medicines, such as gentian, centaury, and the like, when, namely, the saline part is separated and duly prepared. That it does not ordinarily purge, the same writer hints by that very fact, because the saline particles, which outweigh it, hinder the Pea . Erastus, l. c., gives two causes: 1. the stupefying power, which, so that the biting quality may not be felt, prevents it; 2. the small quantity of it that is administered. He adds, 3. that it is for the most part mixed with many other things that blunt its force. Its purgative power in wild poppy is noted by Pliny in book 20 of the Natural History , chapter 19. To disturb the bowels, and often to cause vomiting on the next morning after the administration of laudanum, experience attests, and so do Helmont, Injure duum vir. t. 62. p. 192; D.D. Rolfinc. chim. in A.F.R. l. 4. s. 3. c. 6. p. 248, and others. We have often observed vomiting after given laudanum opiatum, rarely diarrhea, and indeed if it had been administered in pill form; for from the anodynous powder and the other forms of opiates we have never been able to observe anything of the kind. We saw this remarkable thing in a certain Frenchman, who, having taken opiated pills in the evening, while he was suffering from hemicrania, ex- perienced vomiting on the following day, not in the morning, but after noon at four o'clock; and although this might at first have seemed to have happened by accident, the same thing occurred a second and a third time when he took it again. Others reject the cause in the malignity of the opium, because nature, abhorring it as poison, expels it if it is strong. Svvalve writes that the foul residue relaxes the stomach and stimulates vomiting, from the sign of the illness suffered through the night itself, querel. ventric. p. 252. It is to be noted that sometimes the fault lies in the preparation itself. With laudanum opiatum, when corrected with V, it was only nearly observed.

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OPIUM PURGANS. 93 observavimus ortos vomitus, à nostro verò, quod cum phlegmate [sulphur]ti fieri diximus, nunquam vomitum vel nau- seam saltem, contigisse meminimus. Deinde non parum confert cacochymicorum humo- rum in ventriculo præsentia, qui a[n]i[m]a p[ræ]p[ar]a suâ a[n]i[m]a vel n[atur]a[n]t[ur] viam affectant. Potissimum enim hæc vis emetica ab opio accidit in naturis biliosis, & quorum ventriculus scatet a- maris, acribus, vitiolis humoribus, præsertim, si rarior textura corporis accedat. In phthisicis inprimis opiata sæpe purgantis vicem obeunt. Denique in principiis chimicis seu mixtione ipsâ causa quærenda est. Certum enim est per experientiam, quod illa, quæ [sulphur]e copioso pollent, cum [sulphur]le fixo acri, purgare, modò a[n]i[m]a seu per vomitum, prout [sulphur] longè superat sal; modò [n]o[n]a[n]t[ur] per alvum, si [sulphur] suo modo excedat, modò per superiora & inferiora, modò vehementiùs, modò leniùs, prout mistio horum variat. Ita, ut affinia solùm op[er]i consulamus, tabacum, non solùm ratione infusi purgans est, satis vehemens, quod experientiâ teste, vel illinitione solum corpori applicatum in scabiosis, ex observatione nostrâ vomitus sat enormes concitare solet; sed etiam ipsi[us] fumus per os hæustus eundem edit effectum, & experimento Anglorum elysteris instar per inferiorem gutturem in- spiratus purgat. Vid. celeberrimus Bartolinus, cent.6. bist. 66. pag.311.312. Simon Paulli quadripart. botan. p.461. Sic man- dragoræ succus duorum duntaxat obolorum pondere hau- stus atram bilem ac pituitam instar veratri purgat, menses quoque partusque excludit, teste Thom. Erast. Disp. de nar- cot. Quin si paulò curatius in vires purgantium & emeti- corum inquirendi hîc locus esset, idem pluribus de- monstrare possemus. Ita antimonium totum ferè in [sulphur] converti potest, & nisi extravertatur hoc ipsum, ut cum M; [sulphur]le

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OPIUM PURGATIVES. 93 we have observed vomiting to arise; but from ours, which, as we said, occurs with phlegm [sulphur]ti, we remember that vomiting, or at least nausea, never occurred. Next, the presence in the stomach of cacochymic humors is not a little contributory, which by their own inclination seek a way out. For this emetic force especially arises from opium in bilious constitutions, and in those whose stomach abounds with bitter, sharp, corrupt humors, particularly if a rarer texture of the body be added. In phthisical patients especially, opiates often serve the place of purgatives. Finally, the cause is to be sought in the chemical principles, or in the mixture itself. For it is certain from experience that those substances which are rich in [sulphur], with fixed acrid [sulphur]le, purge, sometimes upward, by vomiting, as [sulphur] greatly exceeds salt; sometimes downward through the bowels, if [sulphur] in its own way prevails; sometimes by both upper and lower routes, sometimes more violently, sometimes more gently, according as the mixture of these varies. Thus, if we consider only things akin to opium, tobacco is purgative, not only by reason of infusion, and indeed sufficiently violent, since, as experience testifies, even when applied only by rubbing to the body in cases of scabies, it is wont, according to our observation, to excite very great vomiting; but even its smoke drawn through the mouth produces the same effect, and, by the experiment of the English, when inhaled through the lower throat like an enema, it purges. See the most celebrated Bartholin, cent. 6. hist. 66. pp. 311, 312. Simon Paulli, quadripart. botan. p. 461. In like manner, the juice of mandrake, drunk in the weight of only two oboli, purges black bile and phlegm like veratrum, and likewise excludes the menses and childbirths, according to Thom. Erast. Disp. de narcot. Indeed, if there were here a place to inquire more carefully into the forces of purgatives and emetics, we could demonstrate the same with more examples. Thus antimony can be converted almost entirely into [sulphur], and unless this very thing be driven outward, so that with M; [sulphur]le

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAPUT I. Æle sortiatur prædominium, vomitum non movet, uti constat, in substantiâ contra epilepsiam dari, vel per se, vel cum castoreo, asâ foetidâ & gummi *co mixtum, unde consurgit pulvis niger dictus, in epilepsiâ hystericâ magni usus. Par ratio est Æli, asari &c. unde concludere licet, cum abundant humores acres salini in corpore, adsumpto opio, facilè posse accessu Æis opiati, & Ælis acris talem mi- stionem oriri, ut vomitus vel alvi turbatio sequatur. <Æ acrimoniâ Ælinâ, Æriremi-xtâ.> Adscribit hanc virtutem emeticam Capucius sali Ælato, quod penitiori Vulcanico igne patescat, & enormes vomi- tus concitare aptum sit, apud Severin. viper. Pyth. in auctar. p. 516 Id verò in opio vix reperibile est, sufficit tamen denuò, vomitoria pleraque ob acrimoniam salinam volatilem sti- mulantem, vel explicitam vel implicitam, præcipuè accessu Æis, ventriculum subvertere, ceu asarum, sedum mini- mum, raphanus rusticanus, aliaque, ne transeamus ad a- lia regna ampliùs, sunt emetica. LIBRI II. SECTIO II. CAPUT I. Usus opii specialis Æυτιπυγετικὸς. <In febrium paroxysmis usurpata opiata;> AN in FEBRIBUS intermittentibus conveniant o- piata, lis est inter autores. Si veteres consulimus, opiatis & soporem inducentibus ad febrium paroxysmos tollendos, eos usos esse, certum est. Sic Hippocrates l.2. de morb. c.39. ad quartanam semen hyoscyami & mandragoram commendat. Galenus eodem nomine passim dilaudat theriacam, in- primis l. de theriac. ad Pisonem c.15. ubi propriâ id ipsum confirmat experientiâ. Non

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CHAPTER I. Whether it acquires the predominance, it does not induce vomiting, as it is known, in substance against epilepsy, given either by itself, or mixed with castoreum, asa foetida, and gum *co, whence there arises the black powder so called, of great use in hysterical epilepsy. The same reason applies to Æli, asarum, etc.; whence it may be concluded that, when acrid saline humors abound in the body, upon taking opium, there can easily be, through the access of opiated Æis and acrid Ælis, such a mixture as produces vomiting or disturbance of the bowels. <By Ælin acrimony, mixed with Æriremi.> Capucius ascribes this emetic virtue to the salt of Ælatus, because, when opened by a more intimate Vulcanic fire, it is apt to provoke enormous vomiting, as in Severinus, viper. Pyth. in the addendum, p. 516. But this is scarcely to be found in opium; nevertheless it is enough again, that most emetics, by reason of a volatile stimulating saline acrimony, whether explicit or implicit, especially with the access of Æis, upset the stomach, such as asarum, the smallest sedum, raphanus rusticanus, and others; not to pass on to other kingdoms further, these are emetics. LIB. II. SECTION II. CHAPTER I. The special use of opium, Æυτιπυγετικὸς. <Opiates used in the paroxysms of fevers;> Whether opiates are suitable in intermittent fevers is a matter of dispute among authors. If we consult the ancients, it is certain that they used opiates and sleep-inducing remedies to remove the paroxysms of fevers. Thus Hippocrates, l. 2. de morb. c. 39, recommends seeds of hyoscyamus and mandrake for a quartan fever. Galen everywhere praises theriaca under the same name, especially in l. de theriac. ad Pisonem c. 15, where he confirms the same thing by his own experience. Not

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Usus Opii In Febribus. 91 Non minus Trallianus l.12.c.8. varia ad quartanas præscri- bit antidota, quarum plurima gaudent opio & alterco, cum aliis calidis & attenuantibus. Cur opiata febrilibus mista sint, si quæratur, respondent alii, qui veterum sententiæ addicti sunt, ut refrigerando a- liorum caliditatem obtunderent; alii, ut virtutes simplicium in unum coactæ magis & diutius conserventur. Ele- ganter Prosper Martianus in l.2. de morb. s.2. p.174. statuit, ea peculiari virtute febri conducere, non solum, quia re- frigerant, quod tamen admittendum non est, sed & quia humorum motum compescunt, unde disgregatio eorum prohibetur, quam causam morborum Hippocrates l. de nat. hum. exposuit. Si convenirent autores in causâ febrium assignandâ, quo de in libro 1. praxeos clinicæ, seu de febribus, propediem edendo plura dicemus, utique etiam magis constaret, utrum opiata sint concedenda. Conveniunt hæc in illâ curandi febres methodo, quæ extraordinaria quibusdam audit, (cum ordinaria per ab- lationem causæ statuatur,) & morbificæ causæ fixationem insert, impediendo scilicet, ne materia ex fomite ad cor deferatur, sicque in centro suo detineatur. Quin causam ipsam earundem suo modo respiciunt, quatenus humores peccantes corrigunt, sudoremque movent. Notandum tamen, quod hæc primariâ intentione non promiscuè usurpanda sint, nisi quid potenter urgeat, & præmissis universalibus materia sit præparata & depleta. Tunc enim si reliquiæ quædam remaneant, rebelles ta- men, & sæviores insultus, optimè prosunt opiata. Adde, si minus cacochymici sint ægri, & cum nimia san- guinis ebullitione, maximè verò cum virium resolutione, dolore & vomitu conjungitur febris, tunc sæpe nullo alio pro-

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Use of Opium in Fevers. 91 Non moins Trallianus l.12.c.8. prescribes various antidotes for quartan fevers, most of which are made up of opium and other things, along with other hot and attenuating remedies. If one asks why opiates are mixed with fevers, some who adhere to the opinions of the ancients reply that it is in order to blunt their heat by cooling; others, that the virtues of the simples, being brought together into one, may be preserved more strongly and for a longer time. Prosper Martianus elegantly states in l.2. de morb. s.2. p.174. that they are beneficial to fever by a special virtue, not only because they cool, which, however, must not be admitted, but also because they check the movement of the humors, whereby their separation is prevented, which Hippocrates in l. de nat. hum. set forth as the cause of diseases. If authors agreed in assigning the cause of fevers, about which we shall say more in book 1 of clinical practice, or on fevers, to be published shortly, it would certainly also be more evident whether opiates ought to be allowed. These things agree with that method of treating fevers which is called extraordinary by some, (since the ordinary method is established by removing the cause,) and which inserts a fixation of the morbific cause, namely by impeding the matter from being carried from the fomite to the heart, and thus being held in its center. Indeed, they also in their own way regard the cause itself, inasmuch as they correct the corrupt humors and promote sweating. Yet it must be noted that these things are not to be used indiscriminately as a primary intention, unless something strongly compels it, and unless, after universal remedies have been applied beforehand, the matter has been prepared and depleted. For then, if certain remnants remain, though rebellious and of more violent attacks, opiates are very useful. Add to this, if the patients are not greatly cacochymic, and if the fever is joined with excessive ebullition of the blood, but especially with prostration of strength, pain, and vomiting, then often with no other pro-

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LIB. II SECT. II. CAP. I. 96 proficiente heroicum hoc medicamentum hostem superat indomitum. Metuunt quidam, paroxysmorum initio exhibita opiata, cum materia ad cor jam ruit, facilè illud prorsus suffocari posse, si per narcotica motus ille inhiberetur. Sed metus est inanis, observatis modò dictis circumstantiis. Eleganter hanc in rem Horstius problemat. therapeut. decad. 1. quæst. 7. plurimas, ait, febres intermittentes, præsertim quartanas, post præparationes & purgationes debitas cum [sulphur] [antimony] [antimony], extr. belleb. migr. [antimony] diaph. [antimony] auxilio laudani opiati sublatas fuisse, duabus vel tribus horis ante paroxysmum exhibiti. < præsertim in quartana,> Si experientiam nostram consuluerimus, non rarò hoc modo curatæ febres. Novimus studiosum ex recidivâ tertianarium, & quidem simplici tertianâ in duplicem commutatâ, qui nullo specifico antifebrili curari poterat, donec tandem tres pilulas ex laudano opiato propinaret illustris etiam post fata Rolfincius, quibus sumptis indormiit patiens; forte expergefactus leviculè bis inhorruit, calor emansit penitus, neque ulla amplius sequentibus diebus M moruacia febrilis sese prodebat, quæ à prandio ut plurimum se manifestabat anteà. < tum mixta cum aliis.> In usu nobis est, pulveres antifebriles, ante paroxysmum justo tempore adhibendos, ex [antimony] [antimony], [antimony] diaph. conchis vel nostratibus, vel marinis, matre perlarum, lap. [antimony] præparatis, C.C. usto, [antimony] abs. cen. min. & similibus miscere cum anodynis intentione secundariâ, addito olei antifebrilis nostri, quod ex oleo caryophyllorum, piperis & camphoræ componitur, unâ vel alterâ guttulâ, quâ ratione, interpositis pro ratione circumstantiarum correctioribus emeticis, vel purgantibus, absque V.S. felicissimè & brevissimo tempore febres plerasque curavimus, absq; ullo recidivæ metu. Hæc < [antimony] febrile.>

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LIB. II SECT. II. CAP. I. 96 as it improves, this heroic medicine overcomes the stubborn enemy. Some fear that, when opiates are given at the beginning of paroxysms, since the matter is now rushing to the heart, it may easily be wholly suffocated if that motion be inhibited by narcotics. But this fear is groundless, provided only the aforesaid circumstances are observed. On this matter Horstius elegantly says, in Problemat. Therapeut. Decad. 1, quest. 7, that very many intermittent fevers, especially quartans, after the due preparations and purgations, were removed by [sulphur] [antimony] [antimony], extr. belleb. migr. [antimony] diaph. [antimony] with the aid of laudanum opiatum, given two or three hours before the paroxysm. < especially in quartan fever > If we consult our own experience, fevers treated in this way are not rare. We know of a student suffering from a relapsing tertian, indeed with a simple tertian changed into a double one, who could not be cured by any specific antifebrile remedy, until at last he took three pills of opiate laudanum, also prescribed after his death by the illustrious Rolfincius; when these were taken, the patient fell asleep, then perhaps awoke a little and shivered twice, the heat disappeared entirely, and no febrile attack showed itself in the following days, whereas before it usually appeared after dinner. < then mixed with others > It is our practice to mix antifebrile powders, to be administered at the proper time before the paroxysm, from [antimony] [antimony], [antimony] diaph. with shells, either native or marine, mother-of-pearl, prepared lap. [antimony], burnt egg-shells, [antimony] abs. cen. min., and the like, with anodynes as a secondary intention, adding one or two drops of our antifebrile oil, which is compounded from oil of cloves, pepper, and camphor. By this method, with more suitable emetics or purgatives introduced according to the circumstances, and without venesection, we have most successfully and very quickly cured most fevers, without any fear of relapse. These < [antimony] febrile. >

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Usus Opii in Febribus. 97 Hæc enim si observentur, non metuendum est fulmen < Noxa turundem in tempestivè hoc modo usurpatorum> Billichii observ. & paradox. l.2. cap.2. p.113. ubi flagris dignam censet Paracelsistarum audaciam, qui febre periodicâ detento, horâ ante suspectam accessionem, pilulam exhibent opiatam, sic jugulaturi febrim, quando resistunt paroxysmo. Cùm symptomatis fallace atque intempestivo fomento adulantur ægrotis, sæviunt in naturam, hujus motum pervertunt, materiam peccantem visceribus altiùs impingunt, infarciuntque tenacius; ad mala ipsa febre deteriora, cachexiam, arquatum, aquam inter cutem, abscessus, stabilem faciunt gradum. Vis horum ex dictis jam abundè patet. Confer Plater. l.3. Prax. Tr.2. c.2. p.148. < In febribus continuie malignis> De FEBRIBUS verò CONTINUIS, inprimis malignioribus, major est controversia. Agnovêre in opio vim alexipharmacam veteres, cum præter jam supra dicta contra morsus animalium venenatorum illud commendârint. Ita ex Erasistrato morsis à basilisco præter castoreum etiam tov tis o pov commendat Dioscorides l. de venenat. animal. c.35. Confirmat idem Avicenna, qui, licet morsum illius immedicabilem asserat, conferre tamen maximè, si quid aliud, castoreum & succum papaveris, eo enim loco semen pro succo papaveris perpetam legi non abs re credit. 7. Ant. Saracen. schol. in l. c. Diosc. p.140. Antidoti eorundem omnes ferè gaudent opio. Opium movet sudorem, ebullitionem & fermentationem p. n. sistit, poros cordis & r uum contra malignitatis atomos & a p p p p p e a s munit. < causè cum opio mercandum, nec dandum facilè> Sed si in ullo affectu, certè in hisce cautè cum opio mercandum. Latet anguis in herbâ, unde infaustæ exhibitionis opiatorum in causò, & malignis exempla non rarò ab imperitis harum rerum exhibitorum occurrunt, qualia in specie adnotavit præter alios Ballon. libr.1. consil.65. N Quan-

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Use of Opium in Fevers. 97 Hæc enim si observentur, non metuendum est fulmen <Noxa turundem in tempestivè hoc modo usurpatorum> If these things are observed, the thunderbolt need not be feared. <The harm of those thus employed in due season> Billichii observ. & paradox. l.2. cap.2. p.113. where he judges worthy of the lash the boldness of the Paracelsians, who, in a fever of periodic recurrence, an hour before the suspected accession, present an opiate pill, thus intending to strangle the fever when they resist the paroxysm. By flattering the sick with a deceitful and untimely remedy of symptoms, they rage against nature, pervert her motion, thrust the offending matter deeper into the viscera, and pack it in more tenaciously; and they make a fixed advance to evils worse than the fever itself—cachexy, jaundice, dropsy, abscesses. The force of these things is now abundantly clear from what has been said. Compare Plater. l.3. Prax. Tr.2. c.2. p.148. <In continuous malignant fevers> But with respect to CONTINUOUS FEVERS, especially the more malignant, the controversy is greater. The ancients acknowledged in opium an alexipharmic virtue, since, besides what has already been said above against the bites of venomous animals, they recommended it for such cases. Thus, from Erasistratus, Dioscorides in l. de venenat. animal. c.35 recommends, for those bitten by the basilisk, castoreum and also tov tis o pov . The same is confirmed by Avicenna, who, although he asserts that the bite of that creature is incurable, nevertheless says that castoreum and the juice of poppy are of the greatest use, if anything else is; for in that place he believes that seed has been read in error instead of juice of poppy. 7. Ant. Saracen. schol. in l. c. Diosc. p.140. Almost all antidotes for these illnesses make use of opium. Opium promotes sweat, and stops ebullition and fermentation in the natural body; it fortifies the pores of the heart and r uum against the atoms of malignity and a p p p p p e a s. <It must be handled cautiously with opium, and not readily given> But if in any affection, certainly in these one must deal cautiously with opium. A snake lies hidden in the grass; whence examples of the unhappy administration of opiates in causous and malignant cases not infrequently occur, as noted in particular, among others, by Ballon. libr.1. consil.65. N Quan-

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98 E[ss]es. II. SECT. II. CAP. I. Quando ægri de immodicis vigiliis conquesti soporiferum à medico solicitant, non facilè parendum est, ne malignitatis vis cor penitus petat, sicque subitò hominem jugulet. Si tamen necessitas hujusmodi remedia suadeat, tutius alexipharmacac, bezoardica & cor munientia alia adjunguntur, ita ut minor semper ratio habeatur vigiliarum, quàm malignitatis. Hinc in pauciori opiata danda sunt quantitate, v.g. si laudanum opiatum cum diascordio Fracastor. ad gr. j. præbeatur, ut h.m. sudor, crebrâ corporis jectigatione prohibitus, commodè excitetur, naturaque vigiliis debilitata & morbo, robur acquirat valentius, ut taceamus delirium ita præcaveri. Alii distinguunt inter tempora febrium. In principio & statu non convenire ajunt opiata, quippe illic turbare magis humores, crudiores reddendo & retardando; hic impedire crisin, & naturâ institutam interturbare, utrobiqve verò malignitatem magis cum corde communicari. In declinatione verò tantum abest, ut noceant, ut potius prudenter adhibita magnum afferant emolumentum, pacata reddendo omnia, vires roborando, & sanguinis tonum restaurando. Opportunè etiam dari posse in morborum incremento l.c. Ballonius observat. Hanc in rem egregiè prodest electuarium mitigativum in febribus ardentibus, à Zobelffero descriptum pharm. reg. class. 14: p. 885. Eleganter de hoc ipso differit Riverius l. 17. Prax. med. cap. 1. pag. 544. ubi in febribus malignis, si magna sit vehementia symptomatum, non solùm recentem theriacam commendat, adeoq[ue] opium in eâ adhuc vigens, sed etiam, præcipuè morbi principio vel augmento, laudanum opiatum ad gr. ij. cum alexipharmacis permixtum, cujus ra- tiones

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98 E[ss]es. II. SECT. II. CAP. I. When patients, complaining of excessive wakefulness, request a soporific from the physician, one should not readily comply, lest the force of the malignity should strike at the heart itself, and thus suddenly kill the man. If, however, necessity suggests such remedies, it is safer to add alexipharmics, bezoardics, and other heart-strengthening remedies, so that less regard may always be had to the wakefulness than to the malignity. Hence opiates should be given in a smaller quantity, e.g. if laudanum opiated with diascordium of Fracastor be administered to 1 grain, so that sweat, hindered by frequent tossing of the body, may be suitably excited, and nature, weakened by wakefulness and by the disease, may acquire stronger vigor, not to mention that delirium is thus prevented. Others distinguish between the periods of fevers. In the beginning and in the state they say opiates are not suitable, since there they disturb the humors more, by making them cruder and delaying them; here they hinder the crisis and interrupt what nature has instituted, while in both cases they communicate the malignity more with the heart. But in the decline they are so far from being harmful that, when prudently used, they bring great benefit, making all things tranquil, strengthening the powers, and restoring the tone of the blood. Ballonius likewise observes that they may also be given appropriately in the increase of diseases, loc. cit. For this purpose a mitigating electuary in burning fevers, described by Zobelfer in Pharm. Reg. class. 14: p. 885, is especially useful. Riverius elegantly discusses this same matter in l. 17. Prax. med. cap. 1. pag. 544, where in malignant fevers, if there is great violence of symptoms, he recommends not only fresh theriaca, and therefore opium still active in it, but also, especially at the beginning or increase of the disease, opiated laudanum up to 2 grains mixed with alexipharmics, the reasons of which

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Usus Opii In Febribus. 99 tiones ponderosæ ibidem videri queunt. Confer D.D. Ioh. Dan. Horstium judic. de chir. infus. p.47. ubi inter alia, crede mihi, inquit, in febribus malignis petechialibus, va- riolis &c. opiata utramque paginam absolvunt. Exempla etiam alia faustè adhibitorum opiatorum videri possunt ap. D D. Herm. Grubium l. de medic. simpl. cognosc. p.148. Nos quotidiano usu observavimus, longè feliciùs ope- rari v.g. Ram bezoardicam cum Râ nostrâ anodynâ com- binatam, quàm solitariam, refractâ tamen semper opiato- rum dosi, ne nimis figendo sanguinem ad receptionem veneni cor magis disponant, quatenus ligant ferè tunc i- psiùs actionem, & contra id insurgendi promptitudinem. Hâc verò ratione salubrem opiatorum opem plus vice simplici experti sumus, & hoc ipso præcavimus alia timen- da symptomata. Deinde, ubi nihilominus vigiliæ con- tumaciores ad se auxilium vocaverunt, cum temperatio- ribus bezoardicis & fixioribus non rarò miscuimus opium, v.g. cum pulvere bezoardico, qualis est Sennerti vel no- ster, illudque interpositis præcipuè humectantibus & pau- citatem acrimoniamque seri corrigentibus, non sine suc- cessu adhibuimus, idque tum aliàs sæpius, tum hoc ipso anno ante paucos menses in laborante continuâ malignâ febri studioso experti sumus proficuum, qui, aliàs tamen serosior, per aliquot dies delirabat, & jam floccos legere videbatur, cum signis instantium motuum convulsivo- rum, nihilominus tamen feliciter evasit. Nec temerè in his se gerere oportet medicum, nec timi- dè. Nos semper loco regulæ in his observavimus & re- speximus serum, ut defectu ejusdem restituto humorum sub confæderationis jugum restituatur exorbitantia. Sin solitaria opiata & in majori dosi indicent & cogant quasi crciumstantiæ, per se tamen ex speciali medendi me- thodo N 2

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Use of Opium in Fevers. 99 considerable considerations may be seen there. Compare D.D. Johann Dan. Horstius, judic. de chir. infus. p. 47, where among other things he says: “Believe me, in malignant petechial fevers, smallpox, etc., opiates bring both pages to a close.” Other examples of the successful use of opiates may also be seen in D.D. Herm. Grubius, l. de medic. simpl. cognosc. p. 148. We have observed in daily practice that, for example, Ram bezoardicum combined with our Râ anodynâ acts far more successfully than when given alone, though always with the dose of opiates reduced, lest by too strongly fixing the blood for the reception of the poison they render the heart more disposed to it, insofar as they then almost bind its action itself and its readiness to rise up against it. By this method, however, we have experienced the salutary help of opiates more than once, and by this very means have prevented other feared symptoms. Then, where nevertheless more obstinate sleeplessness has called for aid, we have not uncommonly mixed opium with milder bezoardics and more fixed remedies, for example with bezoardic powder, such as that of Sennert or our own, and we have administered it successfully, especially with intervening humectants and remedies that correct the scantiness and acridity of the serum; and this we have experienced as beneficial not only on other occasions more often, but also this very year a few months ago in a student suffering from a continual malignant fever, who, though otherwise later in the course of the illness, had for some days been delirious and already seemed to be picking at the bedclothes, with signs of impending convulsive movements; nevertheless he happily recovered. Nor should the physician act rashly in these matters, nor timidly. We have always, as a rule in such cases, observed and regarded the serum, so that, when its deficiency has been restored, the disproportion may be brought back under the rule of the confederation of humors. But if solitary opiates, and in a larger dose, indicate and as it were compel the circumstances, yet of themselves, by a special method of treatment N 2

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. I. thodo liquet, & ante & post illa bezoardicis vel fixis vel volatilelibus, & inter illa v.g. Osis, esse insistendum, opium verò ut colophonem quendam accersendum, qui urgen- tiora debellet symptomata, motus furibundos compescat, orgasmum humorum sistat, & quæ alia indicantia attendi merentur. < præsertim in doloribus & fluxionibus,> Quando verò cum febribus junguntur dolores intensi, vel excretiones humorum quæcunque impetuosiores, in specie catarrhi, tusses, vomitus, diarrhoæ, &c. tutius lon- gè & præsentius ex crebriori nostrâ experientiâ opiata offi- cium præstant, quod infra exemplo pleuritidis & dysente- riæ reddemus clarius. < exceptis criticis> Instante crisi vel die critico non temerè dandum opium, ne natura à conatu suo impediatur. < in peste prosunt opiata,> Idem ferè dicendum venit de PESTE: ubi methodus non ordinaria; sed extraordinaria & coacta quasi locum habet, pariter non tàm solitaria, quàm cum alexipharmacis sociata in usum vocanda opiata. < methodo se ad à> Pulcre hanc in rem D.D. Gieselerus de peste Brunswicense obs. 36. opiata, ait, cum sudorem soleant movere, etiam i- nitio turgente materiâ quandoque cum fructu admini- strantur, tunc scilicet, ubi rectâ medendi methodo pro- gredi non licet, ut in deliriis & vigiliis efferis, verùm pau- câ quantitate, & admixtis alexipharmacis, uti ipse non se- mel in peste illâ fuit expertus. < & cum alexipharmacis> Huic genuinum est testimonium Job. Hennemanni Rei- singit, qui in ideâ loimode p. 38. se expertum scire, scribit, quid opium possit, si alexipharmacis misceatur, in fervore hoc spiritali extinguendo. Addit, quando expulsivis mi- scetur in rectâ dosi, tunc spiritûs illius contagiosi motum sistere, ubi expulsivum medicamentum potest illum unà cum corrupto humore facilius à corde arcere & ad cutem propellere. Hinc,

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. I. it is evident, and both before and after that bezoardics, whether fixed or volatile, and among them, for example, Osis , are to be persisted in; but opium is to be summoned as a kind of finishing touch, which may allay the more urgent symptoms, restrain furious movements, stop the orgasm of the humors, and whatever other indications deserve attention. < especially in pains and fluxes > But when intense pains are joined with fevers, or any more violent evacuations of humors, especially catarrhs, coughs, vomiting, diarrheas, etc., opiates provide a much safer and more immediate service, as our more frequent experience shows; this we shall make clearer below by the example of pleurisy and dysentery. < except in critical cases > When a crisis is impending, or on the critical day, opium should not be given rashly, lest nature be hindered in its effort. < opiates are useful in the plague > The same may almost be said of the PLAGUE: where not the ordinary method, but an extraordinary and almost compelled one has place, opiates are to be called into use, likewise not so much alone as associated with alexipharmacs. < as the method permits > Very well on this point D.D. Gieseler, in his work on the plague of Brunswick, obs. 36, says that opiates, since they are wont to promote sweating, may also sometimes be usefully administered at the beginning when the matter is swelling, namely where one cannot proceed by the right method of treatment, as in furious deliriums and sleeplessness, though only in small quantity and mixed with alexipharmacs, as he himself had more than once experienced in that plague. < and with alexipharmacs > To this there is genuine testimony from Job. Hennemann Reisingit, who in the Idea loimode , p. 38, writes that he knew by experience what opium can do, if it be mixed with alexipharmacs, in extinguishing this spiritual fever. He adds that when mixed with expulsives in the proper dose, it then checks the motion of that contagious spirit, where the expulsive medicine can more easily drive it away together with the corrupted humor from the heart and propel it to the skin. Hence,

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Usus Opii In Febribus. 101 Hinc, uti jam sæpius diximus, opium antidotis & aliis < quibus rectè miscentur, exemplo itheria, ca.> medicamentis contra venena, & maximos quosque morbos rectè miscetur, ut conjunctim cum iisdem pluribus satisfaciat indicationibus. Hinc, quæ verba sunt Gesneril.1. epist. p. 45. ipsa theriaca plurimum habet opii, non quidem, ut fervorem aut acrimoniam aliorum mitiget, corrigatve, (frigidum enim non est) sed propter vim suam peculiarem, quâ tollit dolores, & subtiles ac penetrantes humores vaporesque venenosos coercet ac sistit, ut aliâ prius viâ evacuentur, quàm ad cor pertingant, tum quia sudorem movet. Addit idem vir doctissimus his loco epiphonematis: His antidotis opium aut similia aufer, animam abstuleris, hoc est, basin & vim præcipuam earundem. Confer. Bont. anim. id vers. in Garc. c.4. p. 42. < licet non sola æque conducant.> Confirmant opiatorum in peste usum Rondeletius, Platerus, Angelus Sala, Mindererus, aliiq[ue]. Videtur huic asserto contrarius Rhases l. de pestil. c.6. & Diemerbrock l.3. de pest. c.8. p.233. & lethalis eventus ab adhibitâ potione narcoticâ meminit l 4. bist. 49. p.302. Sed mitiganda est sententia. Verum est, non principaliter & solùm somnum provocandum, omissâ malignitate, sed non efficitur eo ipso, nullum planè locum habere in peste opiata. < Usus opii in Bariolis & morbillis,> Par ratio est in VARIOLIS & MORBILLIS. Licet enim in his pro negativâ contra opiatorum usum adduci possit, quòd spiritus quasi sigat, & torpidos reddat, stuporemque inducat opium, ideoque eo abstinere satius ducatur, ubi expellere animus sit; Nihilominus si convulsionum advertantur indicia, si vigiliæ vel dolores graviores adsint, optimo consilio pulverem bezoardicum cum ZZ. nativâ selectissimâ, vel [sulphur] ii, & [sulphur] diaph. & paucis grani[m] magisterii anodynii feliciter eo in casu miscuimus. Accedit, quòd hoc pacto materia subtilis aliquo modo reddatur ad N; expel-

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Use of Opium in Fevers. 101 Hence, as we have often already said, opium is properly mixed with antidotes and with other medicines against poisons and the greatest diseases, so that together with them it may satisfy several indications. Hence, as are the words of Gesner, l. 1. epist. p. 45, theriaca itself contains a great deal of opium, not indeed in order to lessen or correct the heat or acrimony of the others, (for it is not cold), but on account of its peculiar power, by which it removes pains and checks and restrains subtle and penetrating humors and poisonous vapors, so that they may be evacuated by another route before they reach the heart, and then because it promotes sweating. The same most learned man adds, as an epiphonema to this passage: Take opium or its like from these antidotes, and you will have taken away the soul, that is, their basis and chief virtue. Compare Bont. anim. id vers. in Garc. c. 4. p. 42. <although not these alone are equally useful.> Rondeletius, Platerus, Angelus Sala, Mindererus, and others confirm the use of opiates in the plague. Rhases, l. de pestil. c. 6, and Diemerbrock, l. 3. de pest. c. 8. p. 233, seem contrary to this assertion, and a fatal outcome from a narcotic drink administered is mentioned by l. 4. hist. 49. p. 302. But the opinion must be moderated. It is true that sleep is not to be primarily and solely induced, neglecting the malignity; but it does not follow from this that opiates have no place at all in the plague. < Use of opium in smallpox & measles,> The same reasoning applies in SMALLPOX and MEASLES. For although against the use of opiates in these diseases it may be argued that opium, as it were, binds the spirits and makes them sluggish and induces stupor, and therefore it is thought better to abstain from it where the intention is to drive out the disease; nevertheless, if signs of convulsions are observed, if sleeplessness or more severe pains are present, it is by the best counsel that we happily mix the powdered bezoar with the choicest native ZZ., or [sulphur] ii, and [sulphur] diaph., and a few grains of the magistery of anodynes in such a case. Moreover, in this way the subtle matter is somehow made ready for expel-

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. I. expellendum aptior, & alvi fluxus, uti aliàs à naturâ bene agente tunc studiosè solet adstringi, præcavetur. < In phrenitide> In PHRENITIDE spiritus effervescentes indomitos demulcet & coagulat laudanum opiatum ad iij. iv. vel plura grana datum. Sic Principi cuidam Germano phrenitide cum febre acutissimà laboranti laudani gr. v. propinavit Paracelsus, quorum usu sex integras horas dormivit, & statim febris abiit, ceu videre est in ejusdem observatione 106. & apud Finck. encbir. dogmat. bermet. c. 3. p. 13. Exempla alia videri possunt apud Horstium libr. 2. obs. 25. pag. 92. & alios. < licet magis opportund in declinatione,> Quamvis febre vigente in phrenitide narcotica non omninò prosint, neque destinatum à medico scopum feriant, tamen opportunè & in declinatione morbi adhibita præclaros effectus edunt. Rationes curiosas adducit Thom. Sydenham. meth. curand. febr. sect. 2. p 51. Certissimum idem ibidem pronunciat, laudanum vel alia narcotica quævis in principio, augmento vel statu morbi ad symptoma hoc (phrenitidem) levandum vel non prodesse omninò, vel, quod sæpe accidit, etiam obesse. Verum in ejusmodi morbi declinatione eadem mediocri dosi exhibita, v.g. die 12. vel, quod melius, 14. non sine successu usurpari. Si per vires ægri liceat, decem vel duodecim horis ante narcotici usum purgans præmittit. Sed < & didis jam modis.> quis nescit, post 14. diem ut plurimum morbos tales acutos extra periculi aleam positos? Asseri omninò potest, etiam h. l. cum bezoardicis & aliis morbo debitis suam manere opiatis laudem, etiam in initio, si inquietudines magnæ molestæ sint, & vigilia laboriosæ vires infestent, & febrim augeant, vid. Hartm. prax. cbim. c. 8. p. 60. ne quid tamen nimis. CAPUT II. Usus opii in affectibus capitis. Su-

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. I. best suited to expel it, and diarrhea, which otherwise, when nature is acting well, is usually carefully checked, is prevented. < In phrenitis> In PHRENITIS, opium given in doses of three, four, or more grains soothes and calms the effervescent, unruly spirits. Thus Paracelsus gave five grains of laudanum to a certain German prince suffering from phrenitis with a most acute fever; by its use he slept a full six hours, and immediately the fever went away, as may be seen in his own observation 106, and in Finck, Enchir. dogmat. hermet. c. 3. p. 13. Other examples may be seen in Horstius, lib. 2, obs. 25, p. 92, and others. < although more suitable in the decline,> Although narcotics in phrenitis, while the fever is raging, are not altogether beneficial, nor do they achieve the aim intended by the physician, yet when used appropriately in the decline of the disease they produce excellent effects. Curious reasons are given by Thomas Sydenham, Meth. curand. febr. sect. 2, p. 51. The same writer there states most certainly that laudanum, or any other narcotic, in the beginning, height, or state of the disease, to relieve this symptom (phrenitis), either does not help at all, or, as often happens, even harms. But in the decline of such a disease, the same given in a moderate dose, e.g. on the 12th day or, better, the 14th, may be used not without success. If the patient’s strength allows, a purge should be given ten or twelve hours before the narcotic is used. But < and the ways already mentioned.> who does not know that after the 14th day such acute diseases are for the most part placed outside the danger line? It can certainly be asserted that even here, together with bezoardics and other remedies appropriate to the disease, opiates retain their praise, even at the beginning, if great and troublesome restlessness is present, and laborious wakefulness wears down the strength and increases the fever; see Hartm. prax. chim. c. 8. p. 60. yet nothing too much. CAPUT II. The use of opium in affections of the head. Su-

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Usus Opii Cephalicus. 103 <Cephalalgia & hemicrania debetur opium,> Supervacaneum est adducere testimonia, adhibitorum feliciter opiatorum in DOLORE CAPITIS & ejusdem speciebus, maximè hemicraniâ. In hâc aliquoties post præmissa quæ addecet, sudorifera; inprimis verò non omisso vesicatorio, omne tulit punctum laudanum opiatum suasu nostro adhibitum, vel in liquidâ formâ, cum Oli cephalico, vel in solidâ cum mineralibus anodynem habentibus & cephalicam vim, v.g. cum specifico cephalico remixtum. In cephalalgia urgente Eustach. Rudius dat gr. ij vel iij. opii correcti cum croco l.1. de hum. corp. affect. c. xp.9. maximè à causâ calidâ, à quâ dolores pertinaces fiunt. < nec Vertiginosis in easum datur.> Usus opiatorum non minimus est in VERTIGINE, autore Tralliano lib.5. cap.4. ubi diacodium commendat illis, quibus vertigines ob calidos vapores ex ventre, aut corde, aut jecore ascendentes oboriuntur. Laudanum opiatum sacra sæpe est anchora, sigendo humores & subtiles spiritus, sive in capite ipso proprio vitio extra ordinem in circulum motos, sive, quod frequentius contingere vidi- mus, ab hypochondriis illuc derivatâ labe. Hypochondriacus vir magnificus, cum inter alia symptomata pateretur vertiginem adeò, ut in sublime trahi & hinc rotari videretur, non sine metu lapsus subitanci in terram, feliciter curabatur olibus liquidis, Tinctura v.g. cum arcano per infusionem paratâ, essentiâ ota antiscorbuticâ, combinatione oli. *ci & terræ Japponicæ ex- tractâ elegantissimâ, & pilulis confortantibus cephalicis ex ladani extracto, specifico cephalico & laudano opiato confectis, quarum usum plus vice simplici experti sumus & in aliis salutarem. Profuisse in vertigine opiatum hoc laudanum, experientiâ suâ confirmat B. Rolfincius noster Dissert. VI. de affect. capit. p.34. An

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Cephalic Use of Opium. 103 <For cephalalgia & hemicrania, opium is due,> It is superfluous to adduce testimonies of the successful use of opiates in HEADACHE and its kinds, especially hemicrania. In this condition, after first administering what is suitable, namely sudorifics; but above all, not omitting the vesicatory, opiate laudanum, used at our suggestion, carried off everything, whether in liquid form, with cephalic oil, or in solid form, mixed with minerals having an anodyne and cephalic effect, e.g. combined with the specific cephalic remedy. In urgent cephalalgia, Eustach. Rudius gives 2 or 3 grains of corrected opium with saffron, l. 1. de hum. corp. affect. c. xp.9. especially when the cause is heat, from which stubborn pains arise. < nor is it given to vertiginous persons as a remedy.> The use of opiates is no less important in VERTIGO, according to Trallianus, lib. 5, cap. 4, where he recommends diacodium for those whose vertigo arises from hot vapors ascending from the stomach, or from the heart, or from the liver. Opiate laudanum is often a sacred anchor, binding humors and subtle spirits, whether in the head itself, moved out of order into a circular motion by its own fault, or, as we have more often seen happen, derived thither from the hypochondria by a transferred affection. A noble hypochondriac gentleman, who among other symptoms suffered such vertigo that he seemed to be drawn upward and then whirled around, not without fear of a sudden fall to the ground, was happily cured by liquid oils, for example a tincture prepared by infusion with arcana, an antiscorbutic essence, a combination of oil *ci and the most elegant extract of Japanese earth, and strengthening cephalic pills made from laudanum extract, specific cephalic remedy, and opiate laudanum, the use of which we have experienced more than once and found beneficial in others. That this opiate laudanum has been helpful in vertigo is confirmed by our own experience by B. Rolfincius, Dissert. VI. de affect. capit. p. 34. An

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAPUT II. < Nec mania- stis,> An in MANIA, aliisque deliriis, opiata conveniant, lis est inter scriptores medicos. Taxavit eo nomine suo jam tempore sectæ suæ contra- rios, Cælius Aurelianus l.1. tard. pass. c.5. quod cupiant cer- tis medicaminibus maniacis somnos altos efficere, papave- re foventes, & pressuram potius atque gravationem capi- tis, non somnum ingerentes. < Ucet id ne- gare videa- tur inser allos Hel- montius,> Advertant, Helmontius insurgit, qui amentes per sopo- rativa sanare intendunt. Nam narcotica vix somnum conciliant amentibus quadrupla dosi, sed amentiam insu- per augent l. retenta p 382. Confirmat idem jus duum vir. ß. 56. p. 191. ubi ait, sæpe per immania soporifera maniæ succur- rere frustra est tentatum. In quadruplo sui nempe vix somnum conciliant: ideoque terrore plena est eorundem exhibitio. At non minuitur furor per sopores aut vin- cula. Narcotica namque dant somnum somniaque mo- lesta. < ab Garia rationes recensitas,> Et libro de litbias. cap. 9. text. 84. qui maniam opiatis compescere satagunt, insigniter errare docet. 1. cùm o- mne opiatum in se sit amens, quia amentia nil præter so- mnium vigilans. 2. vix decupla opii dosis somnum amen- ti conciliet, minori autem dosi efficiatur nihil. Ergò, in- nuere vult, vel frustrà adhiberi, vel cum summo periculo. 3. differre, ait, somnum sponte propriâ amenti ob venien- tem, illum enim, ut ex causâ bonâ provenit, ita & sanita- tis præcursorem indicem, amentiam solutum iri, sponde- re, somnum verò ab opiatis excitatum laborem adferre, & consequenter malum esse. 4. addit, quòd in opio sit con- nexum aliquod virus, unde lethalia papavera somno de- cantata. < quod præferendum sit> Ipse verò extollit in De Oli delitescens somniferum sac- charinum, quod suavem apportet somnum, cum faculta- tum principum instauratione. Omnia

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CHAPTER II. < Whether in MANIA, and in other deliriums, opiates are suitable, is disputed among medical writers. Cælius Aurelianus, in his own time, censured by that name the opponents of his sect, l.1. tard. pass. c.5., because they desired by certain medicines to produce deep sleep in maniacs, nourishing them with poppy, and rather bringing on pressure and heaviness of the head than sleep. < Although Helmontius seems to deny this, Let them observe, Helmontius rises against those who intend to cure the insane by soporifics. For narcotics scarcely induce sleep in the insane even at a quadruple dose, but besides increase the madness, l. retenta p. 382. The same is confirmed in Jus duum vir. §. 56. p. 191, where he says that it has often been attempted in vain to relieve mania by enormous soporifics. At a quadruple dose they scarcely induce sleep: and therefore their administration is full of terror. But fury is not diminished by sleep or bonds. For narcotics give sleep and troublesome dreams. < from Garia the reasons listed, And in the book de lithias. ch. 9, text 84, he teaches that those who strive to suppress mania with opiates are notably mistaken. 1. because every opiate in itself is mad, since madness is nothing other than waking sleep. 2. a tenfold dose of opium scarcely induces sleep in the insane, and with a smaller dose nothing is effected. Therefore, he wishes to indicate, it is applied either in vain or with the greatest danger. 3. he says that the sleep which comes to the insane of its own accord differs from that induced by opiates; for the former, as it proceeds from a good cause, is also an indication and forerunner of health, and promises that the madness will pass away, whereas sleep excited by opiates brings distress and is consequently bad. 4. he adds that there is in opium some connected virus, whence the lethal poppies are celebrated for sleep. < which is to be preferred> He himself, however, praises in De Oli the hidden soporific sugar, which brings pleasant sleep together with the restoration of the principal faculties. All

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Usus Opii Cephalicus. for Omnia hæc hypothesi innituntur illi, dari verum [sulphur] [antimony] [antimony] anodynem, cujus præparandi ratio legitima vulgò in Pa- racelso, aliisque desideratur. Neque enim processus à Quercetano, Penoto, Hartmanno &c. < cujus successus dubius aliis.> propositi expecta- tioni æquè satisfaciunt. Alii in [antimony]lo vim talem soporife- ram & anodynem planè negant. De processu verò Hel- montiano [sulphur]is hujus pluribus agemus in Diatr. nostrâ de [antimony] *co. Concedimus utique Helmontio, medicamentum à se sub [sulphur]is hujus [antimony]li nomine commendatum prodesse posse maniacis, edocti experientiâ, in [antimony]lo & [antimony]le *co vim cepha- licam insignem, in melancholicis & maniacis sæpissimè nobis comprobatam delitescere. Verùm eo ipso non tol- litur opiatorum in deliriis usus. Si Helmontium rectius attendimus, videtur seipsum < Conciliatur & ad bonum sensum trahitur Helmontium.> explicare l.c. jus duum vir. §.57. innuens, mentem suam fuis- se, non, quòd omninò opiata non danda sint maniacis & melancholicis, sed solùm, non ut medicamentum prima- rium, non solum; sed causam esse attendendam, quæ in hypochondrio sedeat plerumque. Quin ipse paulò ante < neque enim sola opiata rem absolunt,> dixerat §.40. opiata suspendere lienem ab operosâ phanta- smatum seriorum exercitatione. Jam verò delirantes di- versimodis phantasmatibus continuò quasi urgentur, ope- rosè & seriò in absurda labuntur, emotâ ex orbitâ suâ, ut sic loquamur, ratione. Observarunt alii, dato opiato laudano ægros maniacos < neque enim sola opiata rem absolunt,> & melancholicos evigilantes majores insaniæ persensisse stimulos, quibus urgentibus in proximos furunt. Sed non sola opiata adhibenda sunt. Præmittenda sunt < neque enim sola opiata rem absolunt,> universalia, V.S. purgatio, alterantia, humectantia, & re- frigerantia. Seri enim defectus præcipuè in causâ est, quòd opiata non possint vires suas exerere, quod [sulphur]e < bal->

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Cephalic Use of Opium. for All these things are based on the hypothesis that there exists a true [sulphur] [antimony] [antimony] anodynum, the legitimate method of preparing which is commonly lacking in Paracelsus and others. For the processes proposed by Quercetan, Penot, Hartmann, etc. < whose success is doubtful to others.> do not satisfy expectation equally well. Others altogether deny in [antimony] the possession of such a soporific and anodyne power. We shall speak more fully of Helmont’s process for this [sulphur] in our Diatribe on [antimony] *co. We do indeed grant to Helmont that the remedy recommended by him under the name of this [sulphur] [antimony] may be useful to maniacs, taught by experience that in [antimony] and [antimony] *co there lies hidden a notable cephalic power, which we have very often verified in melancholics and maniacs. Yet by this very fact the use of opiates in deliriums is not abolished. If we attend more correctly to Helmont, he seems to explain himself < Conciliatur & ad bonum sensum trahitur Helmontium.> in l.c. jus duum vir. §.57, indicating that his meaning was not that opiates should not be given at all to maniacs and melancholics, but only that they are not to be given as the primary remedy, nor as the only one; rather, the cause must be considered, which usually lies in the hypochondrium. Indeed, shortly before he had said < neque enim sola opiata rem absolunt,> in §.40 that opiates suspend the spleen from the laborious exercise of later phantasms. But those who are delirious are continuously, as it were, pressed by phantasms of various kinds, and laboriously and seriously lapse into absurdities, reason having been, so to speak, driven out of its orbit. Others have observed that, when laudanum, an opiate, was given, manic and melancholic patients, upon awakening, felt greater impulses of madness, under which pressure they rage against those nearby. But opiates are not to be employed alone. Universal remedies must be used beforehand: V.S., purgation, alteratives, humectants, and refrigerants. For the principal cause of the deficiency is that opiates cannot exert their power, because [sulphur]e < bal->

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAPUT II. 106 balsamico opii gravidum eo ipso irrigare poros cerebri, & spiritus demulcere supra evicimus. His non juvanti- bus, quid obstat, quò minus opiatis sanguinem fervidio- rem atque inordinatè motum sistamus, somnum, cujus de- fectus præ reliquis urget, provocemus, cum à vigiliis non interpolatis delirium augeatur, sicque spirituum effrenem & inordinatum impetum ligantes ægrum liberemus? Vo- latilitas ergò bilis obtundenda v.g. acidis & figenda opia- tis, quibus solummodo sæpe maniacos curatos novimus, non neglectâ seri restitutione proportionatâ. < sed præmis- sis pramic tendis ad- hibita,> Non agere opiata in his, nisi auctiori dosi, non obstat. Si enim mediocri dosi datum non prosit, ascendendum ul- terius, ut indicatum indicanti respondeat. Delirare quosdam magis à dato opio, concedi potest, & verissimum est in iis, quibus serum parcius est, & sanguinis prædominatur, idem tamen non valet in omnibus. Reliqua ulteriori discussione non opus habent. Somnus itaque, elogio P. Æginetæ l. 1. cap. 97. divinam illam auræ particulam, mentem scilicet furentem, emendare consve- vit. < cum feras ipsas mul- ceas,> Scribit Petr. Victor l.4. var. lect. p.46. tigrim, quæ cate- nis etiam vincta, tutò tractari non potuisset, opio in stu- porem conjici necessum fuisse, (quod tamen cum succo mandragoræ omninò videtur confundere,) ne per urbem ad spectaculum deducta læderet. Ferinum furorem ma- niacorum ligat opium, ne irruant, & lædant obvios. < & materi- am figas,> Eleganter Paracelsus l. de morb. ament. Tr. 2. c.2. p.501. re- media maniæ dividit in alterantia, & figentia materiam peccantem. Utrorumque exempla proponit plura, fi- gentia verò constituit opiata, eademque de meliori com- mendat. < telle exper- iensia.> Exempla feliciter adhibitorum opiatorum in maniâ, cum

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CHAPTER II. 106 ...by irrigating the pores of the brain with balsamic opium, and soothing the spirits, as we have shown above. If these do not help, what prevents us from checking with opiates the blood that is too hot and irregularly moved, and from inducing sleep, the lack of which especially presses, since through uninterrupted wakefulness delirium is increased, and thus, by binding the unruly and disorderly rush of the spirits, freeing the patient? Therefore the volatility of the bile must be allayed, for example by acids, and fixed by opiates, by which alone we have often known maniacs to be cured, not neglecting, however, a proportionate restoration of the serum. < but after the preparatory remedies have been applied,> That opiates do not act in these cases unless in a larger dose is no objection. For if what is given in a moderate dose does not help, one must go farther, so that the remedy may correspond to the indication. It may be granted that some delirious persons are made worse by opium given to them, and it is most true in those in whom serum is scantier and blood predominates; yet the same does not hold for all. The rest need no further discussion. Sleep, therefore, according to the praise of Paul of Aegina, book 1, chapter 97, is accustomed to correct that divine particle of the air, namely the raging mind. < when you can soothe even wild beasts,> Petrus Victorius writes, book 4, Var. Lect. p. 46, that a tiger, which even when bound with chains could not safely be handled, had to be plunged into stupor with opium, so that it would not injure anyone when led through the city for display, though in this he seems altogether to confuse it with the juice of mandrake. Opium binds the savage fury of maniacs, lest they rush upon and harm those they meet. < and fix the material,> Paracelsus elegantly, in book de morb. ament. Tr. 2, c. 2, p. 501, divides remedies for mania into those that alter, and those that fix the offending matter. He proposes many examples of both; the fixing remedies, however, he identifies as opiates, and recommends them as the better class. < tell the experience.> Examples of opiates happily employed in mania, when

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Usus Opii Cephalicus. cum cordialibus & humectantibus, videri possunt apud Hildan. cent.4. obs.9. p.293. in melancholiâ ad maniam vergente Horst. l.10. obs.3. aliosque. Nos in iisdem casibus aliquoties utiliter in usum vocavimus opiata, præmittentes vel emetica, vel purgantia, & præter alia appropriata interponentes modò acida, modò urinosa, in furore uterino bezoardicum 4le, ZZrin nativam, alia. In Epilepsia, sedativa seu narcotica & in specie opium, ritè tamen præparata Paracelsus l.c.cap.1. p.499. commendat. Hæc, doctissimè ait, mirabilem contra caducum habere efficaciam, si cum volatilibus misceantur. Repetit idem præconium & dicit, si v.g. cum arcano Oli misceantur opiata, prodesse in epilepsiâ, ultra quàm credi possit. Neque id immeritò, sive id fieri credatur, quia acrimoniam humorum vellicantium sistant, sive eorundem visciditatem incidant, sive ligent in centro, & partem roborent, adeoque vapores & spiritus morbificos congelent, dissipent & confortatis visceribus propellant, & epilepticum spasmum inhibeant. Hinc eadem antepilepticis, Oli volatili, elixirio cephalico cum urinoso, in forma liquidâ, essentia v.g. anodyna, pulveribusque cephalicis in forma sicca cum fructu miscentur, præcipuè, si v.g. in infantibus ipsisque adultis tormina & partium membranosarum vellicationes adsint, quod internam epilepsiam vulgò vocant, quod multis probare possemus experimentis. Hinc, monitore Sennerto l.1. prax. part. II. cap.3. p.594. ubi paroxysmi epileptici instantis signa præsentit æger, pilula una laudani opiati, cujus partibus quatuor una olei camphoræ admixta fuerit, assumi potest. Hinc Quercetanus tetr. aff. cap. c.16. p.214. nepenthes suum epilepsiæ promptissimum ac singulare afterre subsidium,

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Cephalic Use of Opium. with cordials and humectants, may be seen in Hildan. cent. 4. obs. 9. p. 293. in melancholy turning toward mania Horst. l. 10. obs. 3. and others. We in the same cases have at times profitably brought into use opiates, having first administered either emetics or purgatives, and, besides other appropriate remedies, sometimes interposing acids, sometimes urinous remedies; in uterine fury, bezoardic 4le, ZZrin nativam, and others. In epilepsy, sedatives or narcotics, and especially opium, if properly prepared, Paracelsus l.c. cap. 1. p. 499. recommends. These, he says most learnedly, have a marvelous efficacy against falling sickness, if they are mixed with volatiles. He repeats the same commendation and says that if, for example, opiates are mixed with the arcana of oil, they are useful in epilepsy beyond what can be believed. Nor is this unjustified, whether it is believed to occur because they stop the acrimony of humors that irritate, or cut through their viscidity, or bind in the center and strengthen the part, and thus freeze, disperse, and, by strengthening the viscera, drive away morbid vapors and spirits, and inhibit the epileptic spasm. Hence the same things are mixed with antiepileptics, volatile oil, cephalic elixir with urinous remedy, in liquid form, for example anodynes, and cephalic powders in dry form, with benefit, especially if, for example, in infants and even adults there are colics and irritations of membranous parts, which they commonly call internal epilepsy, which we could prove by many experiments. Hence, with Sennert's warning l. 1. prax. part II. cap. 3. p. 594., when the patient perceives signs of an impending epileptic paroxysm, one pill of opiate laudanum, to whose four parts one part of camphor oil has been added, may be taken. Hence Quercetanus tetr. aff. cap. c. 16. p. 214. says that his nepenthes brings the promptest and most singular aid to epilepsy,

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. III. dium, scribit. Exemplum hujus rei observatum in puellâ bimulâ trium horarum convulsione laborante, nepenthe opiato curatâ, extat apud Cratonem l.1. epist. p.330. Videndum tamen hic, ne, si natura ad exteriora contendit materiam morbificam depellere, motu hoc inhibito restitans circa cor materia suffocationem excitet, quale exemplum contigisse ante aliquot annos novimus. < Vid cautè. > Si CATARRHI deplui à capite, ex sententiâ veterum, seu solutum quasi in cloacam sanguinis excrementum negotium facessat, & tenuitate suâ acre dineque molestet, opium opem fert, tum causæ radicalis respectu, tum producti posterioris intuitu. Si ad unum vel alterum granum detur laudanum opiatum, ad miraculum usque catarrhos sistit, eosque ita ad deducit, ut sine noxâ & periculo excerni facilè possint. Celebris medicus, cùm catarrhis tenuibus serosis affligeretur frequenter, trochiscos narcoticos Plateri semper pro comitibus secum habebat. Nos in iisdem casibus feliciter sæpenero suasimus opiata, quæ ob hanc suam merentur, ut nominentur anticatarrhiala medicamenta, & hoc ipso nomine lubentius ab adsumuntur. CAPUT III. In affectibus thoracis opium commendat. < In tuffi bene se gerit opium, > IN TUSSI optimè se gerunt opiata, præcipue, < > CAPUT III. In affectibus thoracis opium commendat.

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. III. he writes. An example of this matter is recorded in a girl suffering from convulsions for three hours, cured by nepenthe and an opiate; it is found in Crato, l. 1. epist. p. 330. Yet it must be observed here, lest, if nature strives outwardly to drive off the morbid matter, this movement being checked, the matter, lingering about the heart, should excite suffocation, as an example of this kind we know to have happened some years ago. < See cautiously. > If catarrhs flowing down from the head, according to the opinion of the ancients, or, as it were, loose excrement being carried into the sewer of the blood, should cause trouble, and by its thinness and acridity be troublesome, opium brings help, both with regard to the radical cause and with regard to the later product. If laudanum opiated is given in one or two grains, it checks catarrhs almost to a miracle, and restrains them so that they may be expelled easily and without harm or danger. A celebrated physician, when frequently afflicted with thin serous catarrhs, always had narcotic trochisci of Plater with him as companions. In the same cases we have often successfully recommended opiates, which for this reason deserve to be called anticatarrhial medicines, and by this very name are more willingly taken. CAPUT III. Opium recommended in affections of the chest. < In cough opium behaves well, > In cough opiates behave very well, especially, < > CAPUT III. Opium recommended in affections of the chest.

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tes tusses dormire non permittit. ἐπιγραφη ομιλητης διδομηλα κάπλισα, καὶ ωφελιμώτατα, καὶ παλαιας βήχας ἰκοῦ λεπτῶν ἐνομένας ἰωμενα. Nam cùm moderatè offe- runtur, præstantissima sunt utilissimaque, & veteres tusses à tenui fluxione concitatas persanant. Hoc ipso modo in suffocationem molientibus catarrhis < incrassando & coquendo humores tenues,> insigniter prosunt, tussim tollunt, materiam peccantem coquunt, & ad naturalem statum deducunt, ut & excerni possit, & sine molestiâ id fiat. Sunt verè ὑγελα καὶ μυστηριον. Quin nulla tussis sine o- piatis feliciter tàm citò, tàm jucundè & tutò tollitur. < moderando crassos,> Licet enim, ubi viscosi, crassi & glutinosi humores in bronchiis pulmonum continentur, & abundant, minus convenient, & suffocationem intentare queant, est tamen illis & in hoc casu suus locus, refractà secundariâ dosi, si δεόντως decenter cum incidentibus vel maritentur vel in- terponantur, cum & ipsa incisionem & attenuationem hoc modo juvent, & impetum sistendo, naturam roborent, ut feliciùs excerni possint. Meritò igitur in tussi hæc commendat præter veteres, inprimis Trallianum l.5. c.4. Helmonti[us] libro jus duumviratus inscripto ß.62. faciunt enim non solùm, ut melius longius- que aut quietius dormiant, sed, observante eodem, etsi in- somnes nihilominus urgent noctes, tussim tamen pacant, & copiosa flava compactaque sputa compescunt, ut mate- ria vitiosa imminuatur, & πεπασμῶ præcedente in melius mutetur. Commendat in specie laudanum opiatum Pa- racelsi, ut secundum ejusdem principia, indignatio archæi < archaum sopit.> sopiatur. In priori casu etiam sola dari possunt, ut acredo humo- rum salsorum & serosorum corrigatur, illorumque Πιππυ- νς in pulmones cohibeatur, in altero remixta, ut cum e- lixirio O 3

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that does not permit sleeping. inscription, speaker very useful, and most beneficial, and healing old coughs arising from thin fluxions. For when they are administered moderately, they are of the highest value and most useful, and they thoroughly cure old coughs stirred up by a thin discharge. In this very way, in catarrhs tending toward suffocation, <by thickening and cooking the thin humors,> they help notably, relieve the cough, cook the offending matter, and bring it down to its natural state, so that it may both be expelled and done so without distress. They are truly wholesome and a mystery. Indeed no cough is so successfully, so quickly, so pleasantly, and so safely relieved without opiates. <by moderating the thick humors,> For although, where viscous, thick, and glutinous humors are contained in the bronchi of the lungs and abound, they may be less suitable and can threaten suffocation, yet they also have their place in this case, with a second dose held back, if properly and fittingly they are joined or interposed with incidentals; for by this means they both aid incision and attenuation, and by checking the attack strengthen nature, so that they may be more successfully expelled. Therefore, rightly, in cough this is recommended in addition to the older authorities, especially Trallianus, book 5, chapter 4, and Helmont, in the book entitled Jus duumviratus, section 62; for they do not merely cause one to sleep better, longer, or more quietly, but, as the same author observes, even if sleepless nights still trouble one, they nevertheless calm the cough, and restrain copious yellow and compact sputum, so that the harmful matter is diminished and, by προηγούμενη πεπασμῷ, is changed for the better. He especially recommends the opiate laudanum of Paracelsus, so that, according to his principles, the indignation of the archeus <the archeus is soothed.> may be soothed. In the former case they may also be given alone, so that the acridity of the salty and serous humors is corrected, and their Πιππυς is restrained in the lungs; in the latter, mixed, as with the elixir O 3

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. III. lixirio pectorali, &c. Hæc, verbis Octavii Horatiani, l. 1. part. 2. c. 7. (ubi pro apium, rectiùs videtur legi opium) & coagulare valent phlegmata, & somnos invitant; hæc sui naturâ & soluta constringunt, & beneficio præstanti, tussire minus faciunt dormientes. An verò in ASTHMATE opiata convenire possint, non immeritò disquiritur. Vulgò quidem parum de usu contra hunc affectum constat, quin prohiberi potius so- lent, ut quæ respirationem potius difficiliorem reddant, quàm facilitent. Nos in asthmate præcordiali præmisso emetico, utiliter dedimus tuni fomitem in hypochondriis respicientia, [mercur]lia, præsertim [mercur]lata, tum eundem sedantia, opiata, quæ & resolvunt in grumos aptum sanguinem, & prohibent va- pores, ne vel ad diaphragma vel ad pulmones ferantur, & hoc modo feliciter invenere auxilium suspiriosi, quibus etiam elixir pectorale nostrum cum [mercur]ci volatili, vel gummi etiam [mercur]ci commodè interposuimus, cum aliis re- solventibus ex spermate ceti, minerâ [mercur]i, lacte [mercur]i, [mercur]io dia- phor. cum præcipitantibus aliis. Laborabat asthmate sæpissimè & per intervalla pri- mum, ultimis annis verò prope continuò vir primarius, cum sputo purulento, aliàs arthriticis quoque passionibus frequenter afflictus, hic verò à nullo medicamento majorem sentiebat opem, quàm ab opiatis, quibus circa noctem datis, manè altero coctam aliquantò materiam ex- cernebat & liberius spirabat. Post mortem à nobis aper- tum corpus exhibebat pulmones undique & undique fir- missimè adnatos, & aquâ purulentâ plenos. Cum itaque certum sit, sæpe asthma fieri etiam à fluxili materiâ, quæ apta nata est pulmonum bronchia obstrue- re, quod hoc loco latius probare instituti nostri non est, cur

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. III. elixir pectorale, etc. These, in the words of Octavius Horatianus, l. 1. part. 2. c. 7. (where in place of apium, it seems more correctly to be read opium) and they are able to coagulate phlegms, and invite sleep; these, by their nature, both bind what is loose, and by their excellent benefit make those who sleep cough less. But whether opiates can rightly be used in ASTHMA is not without reason inquired. In common usage, indeed, little is known of their use against this affection; rather they are usually forbidden, as things which make respiration more difficult rather than easier. We, in præcordial asthma, after first giving an emetic, then usefully gave fomentations in the hypochondria, looking toward the [mercur]ial remedies, especially [mercur]lates, then the same sedatives, opiates, which both resolve the blood apt to form into clots, and prevent vapors, lest they be carried either to the diaphragm or to the lungs, and in this way they happily found help for the short-winded, to whom we also conveniently administered our elixir pectorale with volatile [mercur]y, or even [mercur]ial gum, together with other resolvents from sperma ceti, mineral [mercur]y, milk of [mercur]y, [mercur]y diaphor. with other precipitants. A certain leading man suffered from asthma very often and at intervals at first, but in the last years almost continually, with purulent sputum, and was also frequently afflicted with arthritic passions; here however he felt greater help from no medicine than from opiates, which, being given around night, in the morning he would expectorate somewhat cooked matter and breathe more freely. After death, when we opened the body, the lungs were found everywhere and everywhere most firmly attached, and full of purulent water. Since therefore it is certain that asthma often also comes from a fluid material, which is naturally fit to obstruct the bronchia of the lungs, a matter which it is not our purpose here to prove more at length, why

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cur non utilissimè illi opponantur opiata? Cùm ex hypo- chondriis tantum nô semper eleventur hi vapores ac hali- tus ad thoracem, & motum diaphragmatis juxta ac pulmo- nis interturbent, quidni ligatâ per eadem & fixatâ primi- geniâ labe, opiata debeantur asthmati? Taceo virtutem, quam habet resolvendi & disjiciendi humores, quo no- mine theriaca etiam non rarò commendata fuit etiam a- pud veteres suspiriosis & anhelosis, modò omnia fiant, & benè consideratis circumstantiis, sicuti ineptum foret, in asthmate hydropicorum, sicubi restagnans ichor, spiritalibus jam intentat periculum, aliisque ejus generis speciebus, opiatis uti. In PLEURITIDE narcotica opiata fugienda esse, se- dulò inculcat Trallianus l.6. c.1. Φλεγε δὲ inquit, τὴν Πανδει- νην καὶ τὸ Φιλώνειον, καὶ αλλολιτῶν παρησικῶν Φαρμάκων. πινδύ- νης ἐγκινητομεγερει, δυσκανδρομεγα πιντα τὰ νηρὰ ἐγκαθαμεῖνα, μετὰ τὸ μεταβάλειν καὶ νεκρῶν καὶ τὴν δυραμων. < Pleuritidis specificum opium,> Fugito autem diacodium, & Philonium, aut aliud quoddam leniens medica- mentum, maxima namque pericula inducunt, dum omnes bu- mores eductioni contumaces reddunt, præterquam, quod e- tiam vires prosternant, reddantque emortuas. Idem tamen ibidem ipse hoc limitat, eademque conce- dit, εἰ δὲν ὑδύνης Φοδρὰ καὶ ακαρπίεντος, ἐν καὶ αγνηπικὴ πολλὴ τὴς δυνάμεως ἐπρωμήνης, si dolor vehemens, & intolerabilis urge- at, vel etiam vigilia multa viribus robustis torqueant. Nos non dubitamus specificis antipleuriticis accensere opiata. < observata speciali medendi methodo, maximè circa declinationem,> Si enim in principio morbi opponantur bezoar- dica volatilia, v.g. Ἐρα bezoardica, cum essentiâ anodynâ nostrâ remixta, parciùs sc. sub dictum initium, succedente verò tempore, præsertim circa declinationem magis ea- dem maritentur specificis fixioribus, ut cum dent. apr. philos. p[ro]p[ter] lapid. Φ. mandib. luc. pisc. ὑ diaph. ZZ. nat. ana ἐj.

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Why should opiates not be very useful against these? Since from the hypochondria alone these vapors and halitus are not always carried up to the thorax, and disturb the motion of the diaphragm as well as the lungs, why should not opiates be prescribed for asthma, if by the same means the original fault is bound and fixed? I say nothing of the virtue they have of resolving and dispersing humors, for which reason theriaca was also not rarely recommended by the ancients for those with shortness of breath and panting; provided that all things are done, and the circumstances well considered. Just as it would be unsuitable in the asthma of dropsical patients, where stagnant ichor already threatens the vital organs, so also in other species of that kind to use opiates. In PLEURISY, narcotic opiates are to be avoided, as Trallianus strongly insists, l. 6. c. 1. He says: "Let flee the Pandeina and the Philoneion, and all injurious drugs of the kind." But flee diacodium and Philonium, or some other soothing medicine; for they bring the greatest dangers, since they make all humors stubborn against evacuation, besides prostrating the strength and rendering it languid. Yet the same author there limits this himself and allows the same, "if the pain be violent and intolerable, or if much wakefulness should weary robust strength." We do not hesitate to reckon opiates among the specific antipleuritic remedies. For if at the beginning of the disease volatile bezoardics are applied, e.g. the bezoardic Ἐρα, mixed with our anodyne essence, then, sparingly, at the said beginning; but as time goes on, especially around the decline, let these same remedies be joined more to fixed specifics, such as with dent. apr. philos. p[ro]p[ter] lapid. Φ. mandib. luc. pisc. ὑ diaph. ZZ. nat. ana ἐj.

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LIB. II. SECT. II CAP. III. ej. laudani opiatig. j. vel ij. dicinon potest, quàm promtè morbus auscultet medico. Expectoratio hinc melior succedit, vires confortantur, & ipse morbus felicius longè ad finem decurrit, & hoc pacto sæpissimè, etiam absque ullâ V. S. restituimus pleuriticos. Omittimus alias rationes; quæ ex præcedentibus colligi possunt, ne eadem toties repetamus. Adeoque effatum Apollineum Gabrie- lis Fontani medic. antibermet. p. 418. minus tale est, narcoticorum & soporiferorum remediorum usum in pleuritidis dolore etiam urgentissimo esse nocentissimum. < & in epidemic.> In pleuritide epidemiâ & pestilentiali ex sero scorbutico, laudanum opiatum commendat Drabbvius Tr. de scorbut. sect. 7. p. 242. etiam in vulgari seu simplici ibid. pag. 252. <Pulveris antipleuriticis autoris encomium.> Hoc ipso nostro pulvere dato mirandos sæpius effectus vidimus non solùm in verâ pleuritide, verùm etiam in aliis pectoris apostematibus, adeò, ut & aliquoties præsentaneo cum levamine per alvum purulentam materiam inde evacuatam viderimus. Ethic ipse longè excellentior est, quàm alii etiam secretissimorum nomine hinc inde commendati. Notavi etiam Osa & Prata talibus casibus antipleuriticis remixta paulò gravius ægros affecisse, unde hactenus majori cum fructu eadem his exclusimus, non ignari nihilominus, quantoperè & prosint aliàs & commendentur. <Quibus phthisicis & quomodo propinandum opium> In PHTHISI optimum est opium, si proveniat morbus à humorum acrium, salsorum ad pectus, vel à sputo sanguinis; sublatis enim hisce, ceu causis, tollitur consequens, seu producendum. In phthisicis verò ab ulcere pulmonis, annotante B. Rolfincio cbim. I. A. F. R. l. 4. f. 3. c. 6. inhibet & sistit sputum. Inde periculosa ejus exhibitio. Suffocantur inde ægri non rarò, qui unum aut alterum diem supervivere potuissent. Re-

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LIB. II. SECT. II CAP. III. e.g. of laudanum opiatum j. or ij., it can scarcely be said how readily the disease listens to the physician. Expectoration is thereby more successfully promoted, the strength is restored, and the disease itself runs much more happily to its end; and in this way, very often, even without any bloodletting, we restore pleuritic patients. We omit other reasons, which may be gathered from what precedes, so that we may not repeat the same things so often. Thus the Apollonian saying of Gabriel Fontanus, medic. antibermet. p. 418, is not quite such, namely, that the use of narcotic and soporific remedies in the pain of pleurisy, even when most urgent, is most harmful. < & in epidemic.> In epidemic and pestilential pleurisy from scorbutic serum, Drabbvius recommends laudanum opiatum, Tr. de scorbut. sect. 7. p. 242; also in common or simple cases, ibid. p. 252. <Encomium of the author’s antipleuritic powder.> By the very use of our powder we have often seen remarkable effects, not only in true pleurisy, but also in other abscesses of the chest, so that sometimes we have seen, with immediate relief, purulent matter evacuated from there by the bowels. This same remedy is far superior to others also recommended here and there under the name of secret specifics. I have also noted that Osa and Prata, mixed with such antipleuritic cases, have somewhat more severely affected the patients; whence so far we have excluded them with greater benefit, not unaware nonetheless how greatly they help and are recommended in other cases. <How and to which phthisical patients opium should be given> In PHTHISIS, opium is best if the disease arises from acrid, salty humors directed to the chest, or from spitting of blood; for once these causes are removed, the consequence, or that which is produced, is removed also. But in phthisical patients from ulcer of the lung, as noted by B. Rolfincius cbim. I. A. F. R. l. 4. f. 3. c. 6., it inhibits and stops the sputum. Hence its administration is dangerous. Patients are not rarely suffocated by it, who might otherwise have survived one or two days longer. Re-

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Usus Opii Thoracicus. 113 Respiciendum est semper ad expectorationem facilem, quamdiu illa benè procedit, prorogatur vita phthisicorum. Sin supprimatur, opiatis dosi ordinariâ adhibitis, noxa præstò est. Dosi verò minori refractâ, quæ distinctio quàm maximè attendi meretur, commodè in usum vocari & cum aliis misceri potest. In CORDIS affectibus quidem non primariò & solitariè prodest opium, unde inter cardiaca propriè & strictè dicta locum non obtinet, nihilominus, ubi virium exolutione spiritus deficiunt, aliquoties profuit opii grani unius tertiam partem cordialibus reficientibus admiscere, & maximam præstitit utilitatem. Hoc enim modo non solùm spiritibus materia suppeditatur, sed & eorum dissolutio prohibetur, unde maximus virium lapsus dependet, ceu optimè alicubi observat Kyperus, adeoque suo modo confortat quoque opium spiritus. Debetur opium grumescentiæ sanguinis, quam lipothymiæ, syncopes & palpitationis cordis causam adduximus Ephemer. German. ann. II observ. 197. p. 298. crassiores partes ejusdem resolvit, tenuiores alterat & dissipat, acriores verò temperat & corrigit. Hinc in ejusmodi ægris lipothymiâ sc. syncope & cordis palpitatione laborantibus, quæ symptomata sanè in hypochondriacis sæpissimè observavimus, cessantibus etiam in prioribus omnibus operationibus animalibus & vitalibus ad sensum, nil præsentius invenimus & consultius, quàm resolventia & præcipitantia opiata per vices adhibita. Abegimus affectum & illum præcavimus his solis. In usu nobis est eum in finem pulvis absorbens dictus ex Blo [sulphur], cum [sulphur] diaph. vel in mulierib. bez. 4, conchis, lap. [mercur]c. coralliis & cinnabari compositus, ita, ut singula dosis constet grano uno solùm vel altero [mercur]li [sulphur], & tota compositio recipiat simul opium. v.g. P R [mercur]l. in affectibus cordis à resoluzione suum, sanguinis grumescendæ, in syncope & palpatione cordis, pulberis absorbentis V Vedeliani descriptio;

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Thoracic Use of Opium. 113 Attention must always be paid to easy expectoration; as long as that goes on well, the life of phthisical patients is prolonged. But if it is suppressed, when the ordinary dose of opiates has been administered, harm is immediately present. With a smaller, divided dose, however—a distinction that deserves to be especially noted—it can conveniently be brought into use and mixed with other remedies. In affections of the HEART, indeed, opium is not of primary and sole benefit; hence it does not have a place among cordials properly and strictly so called. Nevertheless, where the spirits fail through exhaustion of strength, it has at times proved useful to mix one third of a grain of opium with restorative cordials, and it has conferred the greatest utility. For in this way not only is material supplied to the spirits, but also their dissipation is prevented, on which the greatest decline of strength depends, as Kyperus has somewhere very well observed; and thus, in its own way, opium also strengthens the spirits. Opium is due to the thickening of the blood, which we have adduced as the cause of lipothymia, syncope, and palpitation of the heart in Ephemer. German. year II, observ. 197, p. 298. It dissolves the coarser parts of the same, alters and disperses the finer parts, but tempers and corrects the more acrid. Hence in such patients suffering from lipothymia, i.e. syncope and palpitation of the heart, symptoms which certainly we have very often observed in hypochondriacs, even when all the prior animal and vital operations have ceased, so far as perception goes, we have found nothing more immediate or more advisable than opiates given alternately, with resolving and precipitating qualities. We have driven away the affection and prevented it by these alone. For this purpose we use the so-called absorbent powder composed of Blo [sulphur], with [sulphur] diaph. or, in women, bez. 4, with shells, lap. [mercur]c., coral and cinnabar, so that each dose consists of only one or two grains of [mercur]l. [sulphur], and the whole composition receives opium at the same time. For example: P R [mercur]l. in affections of the heart from resolution of blood, in syncope and palpitation of the heart, description of the absorbent powder of V Vedeliani;

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. IV. R[ecipe] Oli [sulphur] g. vj. concb. ppt. lap. [sulphur] ppt. corallior. [sulphur] diaph. ZZ. nat. a. [antimony] laud. op. g. j. M. F. pulvis. D. in chartâ S. uff 6. mahl. Potest dari pro circumstantiarum urgen- tiâ singulis horis, cum aquis cinamomi, meliss. aliisque spirituosis, vel solum cum vehiculis domesticis cerevisiâ vel vino. Addere etiam licet pro ditioribus, si cui id li- beat, perlas, lap. bezoar, ol. cinam. & alia. < ejusque usus in dictis & uerinis malis.> Non possum satis deprædicare effectus, quos ab hoc u- no pulvere vidi, quàm citò omnia conquieverint inde symptomata, quàm feliciter tono suo restitutus sanguis, quàm optimè etiam symptomata hysterica huic ipsi more gesserint, subsecuto sæpius vomitu cum maximo juvami- ne, ceu ab ejusmodi resolventibus novum non est in pra- xi, & alvum & vomitum quandoque cieri. Præferendus eo nomine hic meritò tot sirupis, speciebus & compositio- nibus cordialibus. CAPUT IV. In morbis infimi ventris, & quidem Ventriculi & hypochondriorum, quid opium possit, explanat. < In cholerâ opii usus,> CHOLERA humida, à phlogosi ventriculi, sedanda est laudano & adstringentibus refrigerantibus, non pulveribus stomachicis calidis, ait Riolan. encbir. anal p. 123. < cum causelæ> Cavendum tamen est, ne intempestivâ operâ vomitum in illo morbo opiatis cohibere satagentes, eo cohibito, non minus periculosam malorum catervam invehamus. Permittenda acribus humoribus corruptisque tantisper e- vacuatio, donec sufficienter depletis iis, viribus succurri possit roborantibus & sustentibus. Sin

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. IV. Recipe: Oil of sulphur 6 drachms; prepared chalk; precipitated sulphur; coral; sulphur diaphoretic; nat. a. antimony; laudanum opiate 1 grain. Mix. Make a powder. Divide in paper. Use 6 times. It may be given, according to urgent circumstances, every hour, with cinnamon water, balm water, and other spirituous waters, or simply with domestic vehicles, beer or wine. It is also permissible for the richer sort, if anyone so wishes, to add pearls, bezoar stone, cinnamon oil, and other things. < and its use in the said and true ailments.> I cannot praise enough the effects which I have seen from this one powder: how quickly all the symptoms from it were quieted, how happily the blood was restored to its proper tone, and how well even hysterical symptoms yielded to it, often followed by vomiting with the greatest benefit; for it is no new thing in practice, with remedies of this kind, to provoke both stool and vomiting at times. On that account this is deservedly to be preferred before so many cordial syrups, powders, and compositions. CAPUT IV. Explains what opium can do in diseases of the lower belly, and indeed of the stomach and hypochondria. < On the use of opium in cholera,> WET cholera, arising from inflammation of the stomach, is to be allayed with laudanum and cooling astringents, not with warm stomachic powders, says Riolan, encbir. anal p. 123. < with the cause > However, care must be taken, lest by untimely effort, while trying to suppress vomiting in that disease with opiates, we bring in no less dangerous a crowd of evils by suppressing it. The evacuation of acrid and corrupted humors must be allowed for a time, until, after they have been sufficiently emptied, strength can be supported by strengthening and sustaining remedies. If

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Usus Opii Stomachico - Hrpochondriacus. 115 Sin autem urgeat symptoma, absque omni meru corda- si urgeat Symptomæ. tè iis util licet statim. Ita Riverius cent. 3. obs. 85. tertianâ malignâ mediâ æstate laboranti, cum tertiâ accessione tan- ta conjungeretur humoris biliosi malignitas & ferocia, ut concitaretur vomitus, ac alvi fluxus frequens cum summo ægri periculo & maximâ virium jacturâ, cum felici succes- su propinavit laudani opiati gr. iv. Nos essentiam theriacalem cum anodynâ conjunctam feliciter eo casu adhibuimus sæpissimè, dando eandem vel miscendo cum V cinam. c.v. aq. menthæ, aliisque, unde statim simul & semel sæpenero omnia conquiererunt. Solatur opium cardialgiam, CARDIALGIAM solantur opiata. Urgente dolore inflammatorio, cum lenientibus ea admisceri possunt in paucâ quantitate: sic enim neque actionem ventriculi im- pedient, dolori succurrent, & intemperiem imminuent, verba sunt Ludov. Septal. l. 7. animadvers. § 3 p. 221. Hinc Al- bucasis non revelandum remedium in dolore ventriculi vocat destillatum opii cum capitibus allii apud Holler. l. 1. de morb. intern. c. 32. p. 532. juxta alios cum decocto fl. chamæ- meli datum laudanum statim juvat. Miscuimus eo casu lubenter opium 1. cum carminativis. Vietor cardialgia laborans, cum summâ anxietate, adsumptâ dosi essentiæ carminativæ cum anodynæ paucis guttis, extemplò leva- batur, magno cum nominis incremento, initio quippe praxeos id contingebat nostræ. 2. cum præcipitantibus & o- leosis. Foemina, coriarii conjux, 46. ann. dysenteriâ gra- vissimè decumbebat anno 1669. accedebat singultus, & cardialgia cum tanto ardore oris ventriculi, ut prunam se ibi sentire quereretur, spe vitæ ferè omni abjectâ; dedimus pulverem tem ex conchis & lap. c. pulv. Bezoard. ol. caryophyll. & opio parum. Dictum factum omnis con- quievit ardor, omnis dolor, omneque periculum evanuit. P 2 In

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Use of Opium in Stomachic-Hypochondriac [Ailments]. 115 If, however, the symptom presses, without any delay it may be useful to give it at once. Thus Riverius, cent. 3, obs. 85, to a man suffering from a malignant tertian fever in mid-summer, when with the third accession there was joined such malignity and violence of bilious humor that vomiting and frequent flux of the bowels were provoked, with the greatest danger to the patient and a very great loss of strength, successfully administered 4 grains of opiate laudanum. We very often used the theriacal essence combined with the anodyne in such cases, giving it as it was, or mixing it with a little cinnamon-water, five or six drops, and mint-water and the like, whereby at once and all together, very often, all symptoms were quieted. Opium soothes cardialgia. Opioids soothe cardialgia. When inflammatory pain is urgent, they may be mixed with lenitives in small quantity; for thus they will neither hinder the action of the stomach, nor relieve the pain, nor lessen the feverish disturbance, are the words of Ludov. Septal. l. 7, animadvers. § 3, p. 221. Hence Albucasis calls the “unveiling remedy” in pain of the stomach the distillation of opium with heads of garlic, according to Holler. l. 1, de morb. intern. c. 32, p. 532; and according to others, when given with a decoction of chamomile flowers, laudanum helps at once. In such cases we gladly mixed opium: 1. with carminatives. Victor, suffering from cardialgia with the greatest anxiety, after taking a dose of carminative essence with a few drops of the anodyne, was immediately relieved, to the great enhancement of its reputation, for this happened at the beginning of our practice. 2. With precipitants and oily remedies. A woman, the wife of a tanner, 46 years old, was lying very gravely ill with dysentery in the year 1669. There also came hiccup and cardialgia with such burning in the mouth of the stomach that she complained of feeling a coal there, almost every hope of life having been abandoned. We gave a powder made from shells and lapis c., with powdered bezoar, clove oil, and a little opium. No sooner said than done: all the burning ceased, all pain disappeared, and all danger vanished. P 2 In

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. IV. In SINGULTU quovis curando præ aliis omnibus conducere opiata, verissimè scribit Sylvius l. 1. prax. c. 23. p. 325. ß. 19. Usi sumus egregio cum successu opiatis in singultu tum alio, tum inprimis convulsivo, aliquoties. Commiscui- mus ex castoreo parata in liquidâ vel solidâ formâ, neque unquam nos frustratus est eventus. VOMITUS sistunt opiata, sive ab hypercatharsi eveni- ant, ubi vel sola essentia theriacalis cum aq[ui] cinamomi suf- ficit, vel præbium opiati alius medicamenti, sive ab aliis causis irritetur ad hanc & supinitatem ventri- culi natura. Hic illud observavimus singulare, quòd sæ- pe à propinatâ laudani opiati unâ vel alterâ pilulâ unicus rediit vomitus; quasi confortata natura reliquum omne ejicere molestum satagat, dehinc verò quievit prorsus. Notabile & illud est, solidam pilularem formam aliis o- mnibus esse in hoc affectu præferendam, nisi quid impe- diat. Soliti sumus dosin pilularem quandoque theriacæ miscere & confectioni alkermes, sicque formâ boli felicem eundem obtinuimus effectum. Addi etiam possunt ol. menthæ vel cinamomi gt. j. vel altera. Rationes horum ex supra dictis de usu generali patent. In APPETITUNIMIO aliquot vicibus suppetias nobis tulit opium. Vir nobilis hypochondriacus, dela- tis ad ventriculum humoribus acidis & acribus, eumque alias solicitantibus, laborabat fame immodicâ, quæ nullis sedari poterat cibis. Dedimus ol. tri per de- liquium & sub noctem paucas doses opiati pulveris absorbentis, & sublatus fuit molestus ille affectus penitus. Hinc in aucto appetitu, si malum sit contumax, ad opiata con- fugere licet, quod præcipuè in propriè dicto lo- cum habet. Huc

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. IV. In curing any hiccup, opiates are, above all others, of use, as Sylvius writes most truly, l. 1. prax. c. 23. p. 325. § 19. We have used opiates with excellent success in hiccup, both of the ordinary kind and especially in the convulsive kind, several times. We mixed them, prepared from castoreum, in liquid or solid form, and the outcome has never deceived us. VOMITING is checked by opiates, whether it arise from hypercatharsis, where either the theriacal essence alone with cinnamon water is sufficient, or some other opiate preparation, or whether it is stirred up by other causes to this and the inverted nature of the stomach. Here we observed this singular thing, that often after a dose of opiate laudanum, one or two pills caused a single return of vomiting; as if nature, having been strengthened, tried to cast out all the rest that was troublesome, and then afterward subsided completely. It is also noteworthy that the solid pill form should be preferred to all others in this affection, unless something prevents it. We were accustomed sometimes to mix a pill dose with theriaca and with confection of alkermes, and thus in the form of a bolus we obtained the same fortunate effect. One or two drops of oil of mint or cinnamon may also be added. The reasons for these things are evident from what has been said above concerning general use. In too great appetite, on several occasions, opium has come to our aid. A noble hypochondriac, when sour and acrid humors had been carried to the stomach and were otherwise troubling it, suffered from excessive hunger, which could not be allayed by any food. We gave oil of tri per deliquium, and toward night a few doses of opiate absorbing powder, and that troublesome affection was entirely removed. Hence, in increased appetite, if the disorder be obstinate, recourse may be had to opiates, which has place especially in the properly so called.

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Usus Opii STOMACHICO - HYPOCHONDRIACUS. 117 Huc adeste HYPOCHONDRIACI, SCORBUTICI, < hypochondriacum affectum & scorbusum,> qui indies novis affligimini symptomatibus, doloribus, vigiliis, aliisque, promtum habete remedium, opium. Lubet hæc illustrare non tàm nostrâ frequenti experientiâ, quàm celeberrimi viri, & non solùm de Principum & Electorum aulis, urbibusque primariis, sed potissimum de medicinâ nostrâ longè meritissimi Dn. D. Iohannis Danielis Horstii. Ita verò laudatissimus vir in literis ante aliquot menses ad me datis: Singularem casum hisce diebus notavi hypochondriaci cujusdam, opiatis restituti. Is à cachexiâ scorbuticâ varia passus symptomata: stupiditatem, vigilias, anorexiam, tremorem & tetras convulsiones epilepticas, præmissis præmittendis, opiatis feliciter restitutus est, præter omnium spem & expectationem. Tàm sæva, multiplicia & gravia symptomata & mihi & adstantibus animum ita turbarunt, ad actum putaverimus. Tandem post reiteratas & sæpius exhibitas opiatas medicinas incidit in somnum x. horarum, ex quo expergefactus totus mutatus erat, & ab enumeratis symptomatibus planè liber, non sine adstantium summâ admiratione. Affinis ejus illustr. V Wilhelmus Curtius, Regis Angliæ Consiliarius & Eques Baronettus, nobis jam præsens, licet de mærore, vigiliis & servitiis lassus, nescio quâ hilaritate compulsus ad carmen est, idque paucis horis condidit, tradiditque filio adhuc scilicet prætextato, qui id mihi primo mane tanquam suos labores porrigeret: Hippocrates quæ sparsa dedit prognostica faci in Fago erant tremulo conspicienda simul: Sex soles Lunæque exsomnes, trux epilepsis Et pulsus nullus, nulla salutis avis. Prafica jam planctu diras placaverat umbras, Et dederant anceps murmura nostra VALE. P 3 Fortior

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Use of Opium in STOMACHIC and HYPOCHONDRIAC cases. 117 Come hither, HYPOCHONDRIACS, SCORBUTICS, <with hypochondriac and scorbutic affliction,> who are daily tormented by new symptoms, pains, sleeplessness, and the like; have at hand a ready remedy: opium. I should like to illustrate this not so much by our frequent experience as by that of the most celebrated man, and one who has deserved well not only of the courts of Princes and Electors, and of the chief cities, but above all of our medicine, namely Mr. Dr. Johann Daniel Horstius. Thus the most praiseworthy man wrote in letters sent to me some months ago: “A singular case I noted these past days of a certain hypochondriac restored by opiates. He had suffered from scorbutic cachexia with various symptoms: stupidity, sleeplessness, anorexia, trembling, and dreadful convulsive epileptic fits; after the necessary preliminaries had been observed, he was happily restored by opiates, beyond the hope and expectation of all.” Such fierce, manifold, and grave symptoms so disturbed both me and those standing by that we thought him to be in extremity. At length, after repeated and often administered opiate medicines, he fell into a sleep of ten hours, from which, when he awoke, he was completely changed, and entirely freed from the symptoms enumerated above, to the great astonishment of all present. A relative of his, the illustrious Sir Wilhelm Curtius, Counsellor to the King of England and Baronet Knight, now present with us, though worn by sorrow, sleeplessness, and service, was, I know not how, impelled into cheerfulness and took to verse, and completed it within a few hours, then handed it to his son, still of course not yet of age, who presented it to me the next morning as though it were his own work: Hippocrates, what prognostics he gave scattered here and there, were to be seen all at once in the trembling beech tree; six suns and moons without sleep, fierce epilepsy, and no pulse, no sign of safety. The mourners had now placated the dire shades with lamentation, and our uncertain murmurs had given a farewell of VALE. P 3 Stronger

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. V. Fortior at Parcis certamen ut Horstius intrat, jam lassâ Lachesis projicit arma manu, Cardiacis, opio nequiens obsistere Clotho, nec purga-cerebro Cerberus belleboro. Rem gratam liceat saltem laudare modestè: Gratior est nobis Horstius Hippocrate! < Præcipue si contulsiva irritatio accedat,> Rectè hinc in scorbuticorum quibusdam affectionibus, inquit VWillisius Tr. de scorbut. c.10. p.323. se malle quovis prætereà medicamentorum genere, quàm opiatorum usu destitui, nec enim solummodò contrà dolores & vigilias pertinaces, verùm in paroxysmis asthmaticis in vomitu, diarrhœâ, quin etiam in vertigine & pathematis convulsivis, quoties natura suprà modum irritata inordinationes immaniores concipit, nullum præstantius remedium sæpius expertus est, quàm ut narcotico tuto adhibito somnus concilietur. < ad minimum mitigat.> Et licet in doloribus v. g. scorbuticorum non intermisso totalis, infallibiliter tamen insignis mitigatio sequitur, teste Dravvitio de scorb. s.8. p.330. CAPUT V. Opii usus in intestinorum symptomatibus. < An in colica opium profite> IN COLICA quibusdam malè audiunt opiata, tùm, quod solum errore relevationis fallant, ob præsentis temporis perditum sensum, hebetudine partium suffectâ, quæ verba sunt Cæl. Aurel. card. pass. l.4. c.7. tum, etsi mox omnem dolorem tollant, plerumque tamen eorundem usum contractura membrorum sequatur, & hinc vitanda esse præcipit Muffaz in prax. Mss. < Obj.> Quin ipse Pergamenus antidota ex opio, mandragorâ, alterco

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. V. Stronger than the Fates is the contest as Horstius enters it, now weary Lachesis casts down her arms with a slack hand, Clotho unable to withstand the cardiac remedies, with opium, nor Cerberus with hellebore to cleanse the brain. At least let it be granted to praise a welcome remedy modestly: Horstius is dearer to us than Hippocrates! <Especially if convulsive irritation be added,> Rightly therefore in certain affections of scorbutics, says WWillisius, Tr. de scorbut. c.10. p.323., that he would prefer to be deprived of any other kind of medicines rather than of the use of opiates; for not only against stubborn pains and wakefulness, but also in asthmatic paroxysms, in vomiting, diarrhea, and even in vertigo and convulsive disorders, whenever nature, irritated beyond measure, engenders more violent disturbances, he has often found no more effective remedy than that, a narcotic being safely administered, sleep be induced. <It at least mitigates.> And although in pains, e.g. of scorbutics, it does not completely remove them, nevertheless an unmistakable considerable mitigation follows, as Dravvitius testifies, de scorb. s.8. p.330. CAPUT V. The use of opium in intestinal symptoms. <Whether in colic opium is beneficial> IN COLIC opiates are ill thought of by some, both because they deceive only by the error of relief, through the loss of present sensation, a dullness of the parts taking its place, which are the words of Cæl. Aurel. card. pass. l.4. c.7., and also because, although they soon remove all pain, yet usually the use of them is followed by a contraction of the limbs, and therefore Muffaz in prax. Mss. orders that they be avoided. <Obj.> Indeed even the Pergamene one antidotes from opium, mandrake, alterco

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Usus Opii In Affect. Intestinorum. terco & styrace, cautè usurpanda ait in intestini laxioris doloribus comm. in 6. epid. & 5. apb. comment. 13 ista enim membra circumrefrigerantia, ut iterum ab iisdem causis offendantur, paratiora efficere. Neutrum tamen argumentum tanti est, ut usum opia- torum in colicis excludere omninò possit, modò non foecum in intestinis adsit infarctus, cui prius medendum est. Opium binis rationibus colicis auxiliatricem præbet ope- ram, 1. per se, quando efferato dolores persistunt freno, a- liisque cedere renuunt medicamentis, quo passu potest dari laudanum opiatum, vel magisterium anodynum, cum oleis carminativis. Nos utiliter solemus uti essentiâ no- strâ carminativâ cum anodynâ in aq. aneth. cort. aurant. &c. Est verò hæc: Rx rad. zedo. ar. ʒj. carlin. galang. a. ʒss. cort. aurant. sem. anif. carv. fl. chamam. Rom. a. ʒij. caryophyll. aromat. bacc. laur. acor. ver. a. ʒib. macis ʒj. M Extrahantur contusa & concisa g. m. cum - cort. citr. acidulato satis - u , qui extractione per aliquod tempus factâ addi debet. Dosis gtt. xx. xxx. Inde observavimus sæpius præsentaneo cum effectu sublatum omnem dolorem. Præcipuè verò convenit opium in colicâ biliosâ, cali- diore temperie præditis, & ob tenuem acremque dolorem dolentibus. His enim non solùm non nocent talia ano- dyna, sed magis opitulantur, dum tenuem, acrem & biliosum humorem crassum reddunt, ad concoctionem perdu- cunt, ad bonamque temperiem convertunt, non refrige- rando, sed acrimoniam corrigendo, & status discutiendo. Vid. Trallian. l. 10. c. 1. 2. Opiata colicis conferunt cum purgantibus mixta. Hæc enim purgantia ægrè sæpius retinent colici, humo-

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Use of Opium in Affections of the Intestines. terco & styrace, he says it should be used with caution in pains of the looser bowel, comm. in 6. epid. & 5. apb. comment. 13; for these cooling substances make those same parts more liable to be offended again by the same causes. Yet neither argument is so strong as utterly to exclude the use of opiates in colic, provided there is not a fecal obstruction in the intestines, which must first be treated. Opium renders assistance in colic in two ways: 1. by itself, when the violent pains continue without restraint and refuse to yield to other medicines, in which case laudanum opiatum, or magisterium anodynum, may be given with carminative oils. We commonly make useful use of our carminative and anodyne essence in aq. aneth. cort. aurant. &c. It is as follows: Rx rad. zedo. ar. ʒj. carlin. galang. a. ʒss. cort. aurant. sem. anif. carv. fl. chamam. Rom. a. ʒij. caryophyll. aromat. bacc. laur. acor. ver. a. ʒib. macis ʒj. M Let the bruised and cut ingredients be extracted with a moderate quantity of acidulated lemon peel, which should be added after the extraction has been made for some time. Dose: gtt. xx. xxx. From this we have often observed that every pain has been removed with immediate effect. But opium is especially suitable in bilious colic, where there is a warmer temperament, and in those suffering from a thin and sharp pain. For in such cases these anodynes not only do no harm, but rather help, since they thicken the thin, sharp, and bilious humor, bring it to digestion, and turn it to a good temperament, not by cooling, but by correcting the acrimony and dispersing the morbid state. Vid. Trallian. l. 10. c. 1. 2. Opiates are useful in colic when mixed with purgatives. For such purgatives colicky patients often retain with difficulty, humo-

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAPUT V. humorum ad ventriculum factâ, ideoque vel acida addenda, - Θ, Θli &c. vel laudanum opiatum refractâ dosi miscendum. Non enim sufflaminat tunc operatione purgantis medicamenti, sed juvat, & simul dolores sedat. Cum enim natura hoc modo roboretur, fortius exsurgit, ut medicamentum in actum deducat, hosticamque exturbet materiam. Vid. River. passim in obs. Thoncr. l.3. obs.5. & alios, inprimis Erastum depp. contra Paracels. part.4.p.248. ubi in colicâ 3j. spec. hieræ vel aloes adjicit opii & calorei a.g.j. vel sesquigranum, interdum etiam duo, quod facere se addit, ne diutius quam par est intra corpus maneant, pag.249. < dosi refractâ etiam cum emeticis.> Quidam tunc purgantia in majori dosi danda esse volunt, si opiata misceantur. Imò etiam cum emeticis, sed quantitate parvâ jungi possunt opiata. Vid. Sylv. prax. l.1. cap.15. ß 29. p.187. < Ileo convenit opium,> In ILEO, ubi implacabilis dolorum sævitia torquet, anchora sacra & extremum sunt solatium opiata; laudani e.g. granum unum vel alterum per se dari potest, vel, ut in colicâ annotatum, unâ cum purgantibus, ut unâ tollatur fideliâ & dolor & materia morbifica, vel quod nos facere consvevimus, primò opiato nepenthe doloribus succurramur, hinc purgante exstimulentur alvinæ feces & vitiosi humores. < anie purgansia quoque.> Utut verò ratio utiq; consulenda sit, ne fortè agonisanti & desperato jam iliaco propinetur, indeque sinister eventus consequens vel medicamento, quod multos juvit, vel medico imputetur. In his binis tamen, purgantibus scilicet & opiatis, unica versatur iliacorum salus. Exemplum hujus rei dedimus & consignavimus ann. II. Ephemer. German. obs. 238. p.340. quod ibi videri potest, neque enim huc transcribere animus fuit. In

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CHAPTER V. when the humors have been carried to the stomach, and therefore either acids are to be added, - Θ, Θli &c., or laudanum opiate is to be mixed in reduced dose. For it does not then hinder the operation of the purgative medicine, but helps it, and at the same time allays the pains. For when nature is thus strengthened, she rises more vigorously, so as to bring the medicine into action and expel the hostile matter. See Riverius passim in obs. Thoner. l. 3. obs. 5. & others, especially Erastus de opp. contra Paracels. part. 4. p. 248, where in colic he adds to 3j. of spe. hiera or aloes opium and calorei a.g.j. or a grain and a half, sometimes even two, which he says he does in order that they may not remain within the body longer than is fitting, p. 249. < in reduced dose also with emetics.> Some then wish purgatives to be given in a larger dose, if opiates are mixed with them. Indeed, opiates may also be joined with emetics, but in a small quantity. See Sylv. prax. l. 1. cap. 15. § 29. p. 187. < in ileus opium is also suitable,> In ILEUS, where the unrelenting savagery of the pains tortures, the sacred anchor and last comfort are opiates; for example, one or two grains of laudanum may be given by itself, or, as noted in colic, together with purgatives, so that by one means both the pain and the morbific matter may be removed; or, as we are accustomed to do, first by an opiate nepenthe may the pains be relieved, and then by a purgative the bowel contents and vicious humors may be stimulated and brought forth. < also before the purgative.> Yet reason must certainly be consulted, lest perhaps in a patient already in extremity and desperate with ileus something be administered, and the ensuing unfavorable outcome be attributed either to the medicine, which has helped many, or to the physician. In these two remedies, however, namely purgatives and opiates, lies the only salvation of those with ileus. We gave and recorded an example of this matter in the second year of the German Ephemerides, obs. 238, p. 340, where it may be seen; for it was not our intention to transcribe it here. In

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USUS OPII IN AFFECTIBUS INTESTINORUM. III <Diarrhœis salutare est.> In DIARRHOEIS [n]o[n] Σπο πῶν Φαρμάκων, [n]o[n] Σπο πῶν Χυμῶν ελαηνίων πριμοχημεων sive à purgantibus fortioribus, sive pravis vitiosis humoribus inductis statim sæpe sedant fluxum opiata, magnâ cum ipsius ægri & adstantium admiratione. <In dysenteria an conseniat, qui dam negant;> In DYSENTERIA malè quibusdam audiunt narcotica. Speciosus hanc in rem extat locus apud Trallianum l. 8. c. 6. ubi imperitos medicos mox inter initia narcotica dare asserit, eò quod somno dolorem levare videantur, falli autem ipsos, dum ægros acceptâ potione totâ nocte dormire & ventrem retineri conspiciunt. Cum enim, addit dies illuxerit, inutilis labor deprehenditur: quia humores in unum collecti sine intermissione dejiciuntur, & capite gravato, viribusque labefactatis ventrem reddunt deteriorem, & majus cibi fastidium inducunt, & ideò nunquam ea medicamenta dari debent, nisi fortè necessitas urgeat. <Relimus serò affirmatur.> Minadous Doctor Patavinus observavit, omnes illos dysentericos, qui de consilio medicorum opiatis usi sunt, mortuos esse. Additurque ratio, quod ulcera intestinorum ab opio putridiora & sordidiora reddantur, citante Hoffmanno de usu & abusu med. chim. p. 30. <Relimus serò affirmatur.> Ut verum fateamur, pace plerorumque Practicorum scriptorum, negativam statuentium, & opium in dysenteriâ vel damnantium, vel timidè admodum exhibentium, dicere aliter non possumus, quàm sine opio nullam veram dysenteriam curari commodè posse, oleumque & operam cum aliis adstringentibus sæpenerò perdi. <Dysentericum cruciatus salutem ab opio expectans,> Bone Deus! vidimus in dysenteriâ, statim in principio 40.50.60. intra 60, (incredibile dictu) ægros fuisse maceratos, dejectosque sedibus. Dato conven enter opio, statim pacatiuri rivo mali sentina effluxit. Nec fluxum tàm sistit opium, quàm moderatur, quàm corrigit, dolores

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USE OF OPIUM IN INTESTINAL AFFECTIONS. III <In diarrheas it is salutary.> In DIARRHEAS, not [in] the spoiling of medicines, not [in] the spoiling of juices, not in the primitive chemical changes, whether brought on by stronger purgatives or by evil and corrupt humors, opiates often at once check the flux, to the great wonder of the patient himself and of those present. <In dysentery, whether it agrees, which some deny;> In DYSENTERY narcotics are regarded unfavorably by some. A noteworthy passage on this matter is found in Trallian, l. 8, c. 6, where he states that inexperienced physicians, at the very beginning, give narcotics because they seem to relieve pain by sleep, but that they are mistaken when they see the sick, after taking the potion, sleep the whole night and have the belly restrained. For when, he adds day has dawned, the uselessness of the labor is discovered, because the humors, collected together, are discharged without interruption, and with the head burdened and the strength weakened they make the belly worse, and induce greater loathing of food; and therefore those medicines should never be given, unless perhaps necessity presses. <It is affirmed too late.> Minadous, the Doctor of Padua, observed that all those dysenteric patients who, on the advice of physicians, used opiates died. And the reason is added, that the ulcers of the intestines are made more putrid and foul by opium, as cited by Hoffmann, De usu et abusu med. chim. p. 30. <It is affirmed too late.> To speak truthfully, with due respect to most practical writers who maintain the negative view and either condemn opium in dysentery or administer it very timidly, we can say nothing otherwise than that without opium no true dysentery can be conveniently cured, and that with other astringents much labor and effort are often wasted. <The dysenteric sufferer, enduring torment, expects health from opium,> Good God! We have seen in dysentery, right from the beginning, patients of 40, 50, 60, within 60 hours, (incredible to say) worn down and cast from their seats. When suitable opium was given, at once the stream of evil was calmed and the sink of the disease flowed out. Nor does opium so much stop the flux as moderate it, as correct it, [and] the pains

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. V. res minuendo, morbumque, quod sæpius repetimus, in centro detinendo, ut affluxus & effluxus sit moderatior. Sanctè testor, me omnibus dysentericis, quorum ultra quadringentos curandos habui, cum felicissimo successu propinasse opium, & plerosque illos evasisse feliciter no- tavi, qui non vel morbi vel malignitatis vi, vel aliarum circumstantiarum ratione abrepti, in tempore, quod re- rum omnium est primum, auxilium petierunt. Dantur in dysentericis optimè opiata cum bezoardicis, tum volatilibus in principio, seu mediis potius, tum fixio- ribus, in fine. Hâc methodo felicissimè permultas dysen- terias expugnavimus Utut enim non negemus, posse quan- doque in dysenteriis benignis, quæ à vavoiwod valorum po- tius oriuntur, quàm irritatione & erosione, quæ item ab ingestis, turgentibusve vitiosis humoribus negotium fa- cessunt, posse, inquam, initium curationis fieri à rha- barbaro seu tosto, seu sibi relictio, junctis abstergentibus, & delinc adstringentibus curationem perfici. Sed ubi mali moris est morbus, seu aeris vitio epidemio, ut plures decumbant, seu domestico pravorum humorum, acrium puta, salsorum, aut in gravior statu arsenicalium, in cor- pore putredinosâ fermentatione ortus, uti quidem ple- rumque observavimus, tutissima & nobis hactenus fre- quentata est supra laudata methodus. Dedimus initio Dysenteriam curandi methodus. Rum nostram bezoardicam cum anodynâ remixtam, ita e- nim miasmata maligna discutiuntur, corrigunturque, fe- bris incrementum prohibetur, (quæ tantum non semper adest, ut sæpissimè petechias ipsas conjunctas viderimus,) putredo arcetur, adeoque acrimonia humorum sopitur. Hoc solo medicamento decenter dato & repetito, morbo huic ferali sæpe in principio frenum injecimus, ut præsen- taneum ægri senserint auxilium. Si

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by diminishing the matter, and, as we have often repeated, by keeping the disease fixed in the center, so that the influx and outflow may be more moderate. I solemnly testify that to all dysenteric patients, of whom I had more than four hundred under treatment, I administered opium with the happiest success, and I observed that most of those recovered safely who, not being carried off either by the force of the disease or its malignity, or by the circumstances of other things, sought help in time, which is the first of all things. In dysenteric cases, opiates are given best with bezoardics, then with volatile medicines at the beginning, or rather in the middle, and then with more fixed medicines at the end. By this method we have most happily overcome very many dysenteries. For although we do not deny that sometimes in mild dysenteries, which arise rather from some disorder than from irritation and erosion, and which likewise are caused by ingested or swollen corrupted humors, treatment may begin with rhubarb, either roasted or left as it is, joined with detergents, and the cure be completed by finally astringent remedies, yet where the disease is of evil character, whether through a fault of the air, epidemic in that many fall sick, or through a domestic corruption of humors, namely sharp, salty, or, in a more severe state, arsenical humors, arising in the body by a putrid fermentation, as we have indeed usually observed, the safest and hitherto most frequently used by us is the above-praised method. At the beginning we gave our bezoardic remedy mixed with anodyne medicine; for in this way malignant miasmas are dispersed and corrected, the increase of the fever is prevented, for fever is almost always present, as we have very often seen petechiae themselves joined with it, putrefaction is checked, and thus the acrimony of the humors is soothed. By this medicine alone, properly administered and repeated, we have often restrained this deadly disease at the outset, so that the patient has felt immediate relief. If

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Usus Opii In Affectibus Intestinorum. 123 Si dolor & fluxus urgeat, majori dosi opus est, ut pro- portio sit inter morbum & medicamentum. Consentit Hæferus l.3. Here. med. c.5. asserens, per lau- danum opiatum, præmissis præmittendis, se olim salina- rii cujusdam secretarii liberos omnes, & inter hos seme- strem puellam, à dysenteriâ feliciter sanâsse. Eleganter idcircò Jacob. Bontius in not. ad esp. 4. Garc. ab Horso pag. m. 41. scribit: Certè laudes hujus succi ex pa- pavere expressi, si vellem referre, viderer chimicis velle suum honorem præripere; hoc saltem dico, si nobis hîc de opio ac opiatis non esset prospectum, frustrà in calidis- simis Indiæ orientalis regionibus medicinam faceremus dysenteriæ, cholerae, febribus ardentibus, ac reliquis bilio- sis affectibus orgasmo turgentibus. Idem suâ experientiâ probat & laudat Horst. consil. dysenter. c.3. p.226. illustris Boy- leus rhabarbarum cum grano uno laudani consulit; tum enemata ex lacte bubulo. Exemplum lethiferi successus habet Thoner. l.3. obs. 8. p. 167. sed à medicastro dato laudano. Illud tamen notandu[m], quod in dysenteriis indolentibus cautius sit adhibendum sacrum hoc medicamentum, ibi enim bezoardicorum vis debet esse fortior, licet omnes hoc modo affectos mortuos esse, nec ullis vel generosis- simis remediis servari potuisse anno II. Ephem. German. obs. 43. p.82. adnotaverimus. Et hîc valet illud Tullianum: carere omni sensu doloris, miserius est, quàm dolere. In Hæmorrhoidibus immodicis, valdeque dolentibus, præsertim si mali vehementia nimis urget, & vis expultrix irritata est, laudantur opiata. Maxima tamen in horum adhibitione requiritur cir- cumspectio, ne Horatianum illud incurrat medicus: Stulti dum vitant vitia, in contraria currunt. h.e.

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The Use of Opium in Diseases of the Intestines. 123 If pain and diarrhea be urgent, a larger dose is needed, so that there may be a proportion between the disease and the medicine. Hæferus agrees, l. 3. Here. med. c. 5., asserting that by laudanum opiatum, the necessary preliminaries having first been observed, he once happily cured all the children of a certain salt-merchant’s secretary of dysentery, including among them a girl of six months. Likewise elegantly Jacob. Bontius writes in the note to esp. 4. Garc. ab Horso, p. m. 41: “Surely, if I were to recount the praises of this juice expressed from the poppy, I should seem to be trying to snatch away the chemists’ own honor; this much at least I say, that if we were not provided here with opium and opiates, we would labor in vain to practice medicine in the hottest regions of the East Indies against dysentery, cholera, burning fevers, and the other bilious affections swelling with spasm.” The same is proved and praised from his own experience by Horst. consil. dysenter. c. 3. p. 226. The illustrious Boyle recommends rhubarb with one grain of laudanum; then clysters made of cow’s milk. An example of a fatal outcome is given by Thoner. l. 3. obs. 8. p. 167, but from laudanum given by a quack. Nevertheless, it must be noted that in painless dysenteries this sacred medicine should be used more cautiously; for there the power of the bezoardics ought to be stronger, although we have observed that all those affected in this way died and could not be saved even by the noblest remedies, in the year II of the German Ephemerides, obs. 43. p. 82. And here that Ciceronian saying applies: to be without any sense of pain is more miserable than to feel pain. In excessive and very painful hemorrhoids, especially if the violence of the illness presses too hard and the expulsive force is irritated, opiates are praised. Great circumspection, however, is required in administering these, lest the physician fall into that Horatian saying: “Fools, while they avoid faults, run into the opposite.” i.e.

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. V. h[om]e ne alvus constringatur, & vasis occlusis, sicque caloris Ag. πνον ventilatione prohibitâ, accendatur febris, qui me- tus est Sennerti l.4. prax. part. 2. f.2. c.6. < non omisis οlibus,> Consultum verò est, cum hæmorrhoides maximam co- gnationem habeant cum affectu hypochondriaco, unde & cacochymiæ & imperfectæ sanitatis indicium præbere so- lent, præter opiata [antimon]ia & aperientia alia generosa adhi- bere. Observavimus aliquot ægros, qui fluxum hæmorr- hoidalem aliquoties experti, cum per aliquod tempus uterentur Râ [sulphur] aperitivâ temperatiori, illas non sensere am- plius. Vidimus etiam binos immorigeros, qui dolore coeca- rum hæmorrhoidum vexati ab opio & amuleto nostro, sa- bariâ, opem tulêre, (cujus sanè effectum præter nostra ex- perimenta continuata plurima, præter alios D.D. Barbo- lini l. de transplant. morbor. pag.18. & D.D. Schruckiorum, Haffniæ & Augustæ Vindelicorum testimonia, exceptione majora comprobant,) cum verò non curarent ea, & inter- nis visceribus illuc ceu ad sentinam humorum confluxum amendantibus non prospicerent, redeunte malo putredi- nem ibi passos, & degenerasse morbum in cancrum quasi occultum, unde vengwod interaneorum subseqvente miser- rimè perire. < & purgantibus lenioribus.> Neque inconveniens est sæpenumero, interponere pur- gantia, eo potissimum casu, quando bilis copiosius in inte- stina lata fluentiu[m] hæmorrhoidum cursum continuat. Vir primarius per aliquot menses fluentibus hæmorrhoidibus molestatus, assumpto leni purgante aliàs ipsi familiari, plurimis evacuatus est sedibus per biduum, nec post feces aliud subsecutum est, quàm liquor planè biliosus, unde il- licò hæmorrhoides substitere, nec per plures septimanas post vel minimum de illis sensit amplius. CA-

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. V. so that the belly be not bound, and with the vessels closed, and thus, by the ventilation of the heat being prevented, a fever be kindled, which fear is in Sennert, l. 4. prax. part. 2. f. 2. c. 6. < not omitting the oils,> It is indeed advisable, since the hemorrhoids have the closest affinity with the hypochondriac affection, whence they are wont to give indication both of cacochymy and of imperfect health, to employ, besides opiates [antimony] and aperient remedies, other more generous medicines. We have observed several patients who, having several times experienced a hemorrhoidal flux, when for some time they used a more temperate aperitive Rhubarb [sulphur], felt those symptoms no more. We also saw two obstinate patients, who, being troubled with pain of blind hemorrhoids, received relief from opium and our amulet, sabaria, (whose effect indeed, besides our many continued experiments, is confirmed beyond exception by the testimonies of others, especially D.D. Barbolini, in his book De transplant. morbor. p. 18, and D.D. Schrucki of Haffniæ and Augusta Vindelicorum,) but when they took no care of these things, and did not provide against the inward viscera drawing thither, as to a sink, a flow of humors, the disease returning, they suffered putrefaction there, and the malady degenerated into a hidden cancer, whence, with a gangrene of the internal parts following, they most miserably perished. < and with milder purgatives.> Nor is it at all unsuitable to interpose purgatives very often, especially in that case when bile flows more copiously into the large intestines and continues the course of the hemorrhoids. A man of distinction, who for several months was troubled with flowing hemorrhoids, having taken a mild purgative otherwise familiar to him, was relieved of many evacuations for two days; and after the stools there followed nothing else except a plainly bilious liquor, whereby the hemorrhoids at once ceased, and for several weeks afterward he felt not even the least of them any more. CA-

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Usus Opii Nephriticus, Arthriticus. 125 Caput VI. Effectus opii in affectibus renum, & articulorum. An in CALCULO conveniant opiata, dubium occur- rit. < Dextræ adhibentur opiata in calculo,> Sunt qui omnes eos, quicunque opiata nephriticis exhibent, sinistrè exhibere credunt, siquidem illis fa cultas expultrix sopiatur & ligetur. quasi, cum tamen ea- dem potius roboranda sit, & ad expellendum instiganda. Sed si v.g. dolor urgeat, calculus sit magnus, vigiliæque inde & denique forsan lipothymiæ oriantur, propina, quæ- so, expellentia, stimulantia, facultatem expultricem robo- rantia, ipsamque vitam cum gemitu expelle. Non pos- sunt expelli calculi, ut lumbrici. Quin sæpe, cum calcu- lus jam intravit ureteres, insignesque ciet cruciatus, neq[ue] tamen expelli potest, adhibitis aliis externis, quæ eundem retrahunt, cessant dolores. Contra ea, observatum est à nobis sæpius, datis ejusmo di demulcentibus facultatem longè magis roborari. Neq[ue] sopitur eadem hoc modo in totum, ut nil amplius agat, sed dolores sopiuntur, ut facultas expultrix eò valentius insur- gere possit. < cum temporatioribus lichontripticus, & nervinis,> Ita pulvis ex lapidibus cinnabari mi- nerali, & opio, constans ab Excell[entia] D[omi]n[i] Ludovici, fautore & compatre nostro colendo, Differt. 1. Pharmac. modern. pag. 448. commendatus, crebriori nostrâ experientiâ longè o- ptimus est, cui resolventia alia ex spermate ceti, aliisque quandoque non inutiliter miscuimus. Ita Unzerus laudanum opiatum, reliquis medicamentis in cassum adhibitis, felicissimo cum successu ad placandos nephriticos dolores non semel in usum duxit, quando scil. Q3 cal-

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Nephritic, Arthritic Use of Opium. 125 Chapter VI. The effects of opium in affections of the kidneys, and of the joints. Whether opiates are suitable in CALCULUS, a doubt arises. < The opposite are used in calculus,> There are those who believe that all who administer opiates to sufferers from nephritic complaints are doing so improperly, since by them the expulsive faculty is soothed and bound, whereas it should rather be strengthened and stimulated to expel. But if, for example, pain should press, the stone be large, and from this wakefulness and perhaps even fainting arise, then, I beg, give expulsives, stimulants, remedies that strengthen the expulsive faculty, and drive out life itself with a groan. Stones cannot be expelled like worms. Nay, often, when the stone has already entered the ureters and causes severe torments, yet cannot be expelled, if other external means are applied which draw it back, the pains cease. On the contrary, we have more than once observed that, with such soothing remedies given, the faculty is much more strengthened. Nor is it soothed in this way altogether, so that it no longer acts at all, but the pains are soothed, so that the expulsive faculty may be able to rise up all the more vigorously. < with the more temperate lithontriptic, and nervines,> Thus the powder composed of cinnabar, mineral stones, and opium, recommended by His Excellency Lord Ludovici, our esteemed patron and compadre, Dissertation I, Pharmac. modern., page 448, is by our more frequent experience by far the best; to which we have sometimes not unsuccessfully mixed other resolving remedies from sperma ceti and others. Thus Unzer, when the other medicines had been tried in vain, more than once made use of laudanum opiatum with most happy success to allay nephritic pains, when, namely, Q3 cal-

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAPUT VI. 126 calculus nondum renibus fuerit egressus, aut saltem leviter inde emotus. Eo autem egresso, alteque ipsis ureteribus impacto, tum inefficax hoc remedium deprehendit. l.1. de nephrit. c.7. p.986. & quamvis exhibitum tunc nonnihil levaminis initio visum fuerit attulisse, tamen momentaneum tantùm illud fuisse observavit, recrudescente nimirum paulô post eodem dolore, sæviusq[ue] quàm anteà affligente. Exemplum feliciter in nephriticis cruciatibus usurpati opii, vid. apud Horst. l. 10. obs.3. quæ tota de viribus laudani opiati agit. Confer Bartholin. cent.3. epist. 46. p. 192. ubi in senesmo & calculo proficuus opii usus deprædicatur. Hæchstetterum decad.6. cas.1. p.675. ubi plura ex Veteribus adducuntur loca, huc non transcribenda. < Asylum podagra opium,> In PODAGRA, præcipuè si dolor causæ vestem induat, & urgendo ad se curationem trahat, ad opiata confugiendum, ceu ad asylum. < & arthritidis vagæ scorbutica> Arthritidem vagam scorbuticam unicè ferè debellare possunt eadem. Consveta nobis hanc curandi methodus, in quamplurimis felicissimo successu probata, maximè in mulieribus, quas in Thuringiâ nostrâ frequentius viris eâ affici videas, est 1. antiscorbuticis & òlibus. 2. universalibus, tum purgantibus, tum saluberrimâ in his affectibus venæ sectione. 3. specificis opiatis in pilulari vel aliâ formâ administratis. Qui enim præmissis hisce noverit metallicum solare cum opio maritare, & prudenter adhibere, næ felicissimèhunc perdomare noverit & alios morbos. < & externæ> Exterius in articulari hoc morbo quandoque etiam opium adhiberi solet, cum aliis mixtum. Nos eâ intentione adhibere solemus linimentum nostrum nervinum ex formicarum, lumbricorum volatili & òlis & ci vel C. C. vel utrisque, addito interdum liquore opiato, vel ipso opii. Notan-

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CHAPTER VI. 126 if the stone has not yet left the kidneys, or at least has only been slightly moved from them. But once it has passed out, and has become deeply lodged in the ureters themselves, then this remedy is found to be ineffective. l. 1. de nephrit. c. 7. p. 986. & although when given then it seemed at first to have brought some relief, nevertheless it was observed to have been only momentary, the same pain breaking out again a little later, and afflicting the patient more fiercely than before. An example of opium successfully used in nephritic torments, see in Horst. l. 10. obs. 3. which treats entirely of the powers of opiate laudanum. Compare Bartholin. cent. 3. epist. 46. p. 192. where the beneficial use of opium in senesmus and stone is praised. Hæchstetter, decad. 6. cas. 1. p. 675. where many passages from the Ancients are brought forward, not to be transcribed here. < Asylum podagra opium,> In GOUT, especially if the pain wears the appearance of a cause, and by pressing on draws treatment to itself, recourse must be had to opiates, as to an asylum. < & arthritidis vagæ scorbutica> A wandering scorbutic arthritis can scarcely be conquered except by these same means. Our accustomed method of treating this, proved by very many cases with the happiest success, especially in women, whom in our Thuringia you may see more frequently affected than men, is: 1. antiscorbutics and oils. 2. universals, both purgatives and, in these affections, most salutary venesection. 3. specific opiates administered in pill form or some other form. For whoever knows how, with these preliminaries, to marry the solar metallic with opium, and prudently apply it, may indeed know how to subdue this and other diseases most happily. < & externa> Externally also in this articular disease opium is sometimes used, mixed with other things. For that purpose we are accustomed to use our nervine liniment, made of ants, earthworms, volatile salt and oil, and C.C. or both, with the addition at times of an opiate liquor, or of opium itself. Notan-

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Usus Opii Nephriticus, Arthriticus. Notandum tamen, ne opiatis ipsis liberaliore usu hoc pacto insistentes, quàm ut doloris sævitiam aliquo modo leniant, magis noceamus, quàm proficiamus, viam pa- rantes humori peccanti ad tophaceam duritiem. Opiata enim articulis adhibita incautè, nocent. Obiter hoc loco illorum culpandus venit mos, qui in arthritide externis oleosis, unctuosis, & pinguibus, modò his, modò illis, prout dolor jubet, utuntur, vel solis vel cum opiatis remixtis. Vidimus hæc ut plurimum plus nocumenti quàm commodi post se reliquisse, & id ipsum inter causas tophorum & nodorum omninò referendum judicamus. CAPUT VII. De usu opii hysterico, & aphrodifiaco. IN AFFECTIBUS HYSTERICIS, suffocatione, hy- steralgia, mensibus immodicis, fluore albo, aliisque, opium divinum est auxilium, sive additis castorinis aliis q; laudanum hystericum inde confiat, seu pro re natâ cum ap- propriatis misceatur, qualia exempla plura apud autores, inprimis Hartmannum, Paracelsum, Platerum, aliosque pro- stant. Et nos ipsi frequenti experti sumus experientiâ, quantum utilitatis ad uterum redundet ab opiatis. Ita pulverem absorbentem supra citatum invenimus in hyste- ricis accidentibus utilissimum; elixir uterinum cum ano- dynâ tincturâ mixtum facit officium; si cum ebore ppt. succino, castorco & magist. lap. G. misceatur opium, in fluore albo consurgit egregium medicamentum, modò re- ctè quis eo utatur. Extant hujus rei vestigia apud Coum ipsum, qui lib. 2. de morb. mulierum c. 87. p. 610. in affectibus hyste-

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Nephritic Use of Opium, Arthritic. Notwithstanding, caution must be taken lest, by insisting on the freer use of opiates themselves for no other purpose than in some measure to assuage the violence of pain, we do more harm than good, preparing a path for the offending humor to a stony hardness. For opiates, when incautiously applied to the joints, are harmful. By the way, at this point the practice of those must be blamed who, in arthritis, make use of external oily, unctuous, and greasy remedies, now of these, now of those, as pain dictates, either alone or mixed with opiates. We have seen that these have for the most part left behind more harm than benefit, and we judge that this very thing is altogether to be reckoned among the causes of tophi and nodes. CHAPTER VII. On the use of opium in hysterical and aphrodisiac conditions. IN HYSTERICAL AFFECTIONS, suffocation, hysteralgia, excessive menses, white flux, and the like, opium is a divine aid, whether, with the addition of castor and other ingredients, hysteric laudanum is prepared from it, or whether, as the occasion requires, it is mixed with suitable remedies, examples of which are found in many authors, especially Hartmann, Paracelsus, Plater, and others. And we ourselves have often found by experience how much benefit opiates bring to the womb. Thus we found the absorbent powder cited above to be most useful in hysterical attacks; the uterine elixir mixed with the anodyn tincture performs its office; if opium is mixed with precipitated ivory, succinum, castor, and magisterium lapidis G., it becomes an excellent remedy for white flux, provided one uses it correctly. Traces of this matter are found in Hippocrates himself, who, in book 2, On the Diseases of Women, chapter 87, page 610, in hysterical affections...

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAPUT VII. 128 hystericis ποῦμύχνον ὅπον papaveris succum cum aliis præ- scribit. Hinc rectè à Paracelso l. de morb. ament. tr.2. cap.4.p.503. inter confortantia matricis refertur quinta essentia opii. Exemplum laudano opiato feliciter curati furoris uterini in nobili foeminâ sangvineâ refert illustris Bartholinus cen- tur 5. bist.85.p.165. Alia exempla ad symptomata hystericæ videre est apud Decker. meth. med:nd. p 118. & alios. < An opium fem cieat? Affirmances id recensentur,> An aphrodisiacum sit opium, & fem excitet, autorum non una mens est. Cardanus, Scaliger, & Nicol. Monardes Amphionem il- lum, quo ad venerem ciendam utuntur Indi & Turcæ, nil aliud esse, quàm opium testantur. Confirmat id ipsum relatio Ioh. Fac. Saar itiner. Ind. o- rient. p.11. qui expressis verbis scribit, parare Indos in Ban- tam electuarium ex opio, quod Affion vocant, coloris ci- neritii, saporis dulco-amari, cujus usu feroces fiant; Chi- nenses verò in Bataviâ eo uti ad excitandam venerem, cu- jus usu adeò veneris æstro incitantur, ut per totam noctem veneri litent, sæpe aufugientibus, nec ulteriorem vim su- stinentibus scortis. Vid. de hoc latius B. D. D. Sachs, etiam post fata celebratissimus Tom. II. Ephem. Germ. obs. 69. p.126. ubi & alii citantur. < & negantes aliis.> Garzias è contrario l. c. non solum aphrodisiacum esse negat opium, sed & usu ipsius steriles factos se observasse memorat. Sic & Renodæus l. 1. de mat. med. f.10. c.2. p.279. experientia constare scribit, opium libidinis æstrum po- tius coercere, atque ignavos carnis reddere morus. < Diversos opium edit effectus,> Utut verò variet tum al orum medicamentorum, tum opii nostri effectus, pro diversitate regionum, tempera- mentorum, individuorum, & utendi modorum, adeoque opium in aliis venerem excitet, in aliis frænare eandem queat,

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BOOK II. SECTION II. CHAPTER VII. 128 In hysterical cases he prescribes poppy juice with other things. Hence, rightly, in Paracelsus, l. de morb. ament. tr. 2. cap. 4. p. 503, the quinta essentia of opium is reckoned among the remedies strengthening the womb. An example of uterine madness happily cured with opiated laudanum in a noble, sanguine woman is reported by the illustrious Bartholinus, cent. 5. hist. 85. p. 165. Other examples relating to hysterical symptoms are to be seen in Decker, meth. med. p. 118, and others. <Whether opium excites women? Affirmatives are here listed,> Whether opium is an aphrodisiac, and excites women, is a matter on which authors are not of one mind. Cardanus, Scaliger, and Nicol. Monardes testify that that Amphion, which the Indians and Turks use to arouse venery, is nothing else than opium. The same is confirmed by the account of Joh. Fac. Saar, itiner. Ind. orient. p. 11, who writes in express words that the Indians in Bantam prepare from opium an electuary, which they call Affion, of ash-gray color and sweet-bitter taste, by the use of which they become fierce; and that the Chinese in Batavia use it to stimulate venery, by whose use they are so excited with lust that they devote the whole night to venery, often with the prostitutes fleeing away, nor can they endure further force. See more on this in B. D. D. Sachs, likewise most celebrated after his death, vol. II. Ephem. Germ. obs. 69. p. 126, where others are also cited. <And the negatives by others.> Garzias, on the contrary, in the cited place not only denies that opium is an aphrodisiac, but also notes that he observed those who used it became sterile. So too Renodæus, l. 1. de mat. med. f. 10. c. 2. p. 279, writes that experience shows that opium rather restrains the frenzy of lust and makes men sluggish in carnal matters. <Opium produces different effects,> But however much the effects both of other medicines and of our opium vary according to differences of regions, constitutions, individuals, and modes of use, and thus opium can excite venery in some and restrain it in others,

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Usus Opii Hystericus Et Aphrodisiacus. queat, probabilior tamen videtur prior sententia, non ob- stante, quod immodico & quotidiano usu sterilitas exinde subsequi possit. Qui verò venereum opium esse negant, videntur falsâ niti hypothesi, stimulos nempe [sulphur]is infringi ab opii frigi- ditate, & valorum spermaticorum constrictione. Universale assertum est Macrobi, omnia calida [sulphur]em pro- vocare, & semen excitare, & generationi favere. l.7. Sa- turn. c.6 p 525 quod quidem generaliter huc non applica- bimus, neque probabimus in totum, experientiâ tamen sæpius deprehendimus, ab assumpto opio in calidioribus, præcipuè verò dispositis, ortas fuisse Pollutiones nocturnas cum tentigine, cujus rei plura exempla possemus in medium afferre, nisi nomina ægrorum propalare religioni nobis duceremus. Hinc si cum ambratis maritetur, sive in substantiâ, sive in essentiâ, aphrodisiacum consur- git non contemnendum. CAPUT VIII. Usus opii in gangrænâ & Sphacelo. AN in amputatione crurum φαχελοδέων narcotica sint adhibenda? quæri solet. Hæc enim recisio & extir- patio putridæ & corruptæ partis, ubi ἀνομπεπεπληνωμένιν νέ- κεωσοις τὴς ὄλης ὑδιας, consummata mortificatio totius substan- tia adest, ut loquitur Galenus, 7. aph. com. 50. omninò requi- ritur. Hoc cum sine dolore vehementi ut plurimum peragi nequeat, quidam pro remotione hujus narcotica in usum trahunt, stupeficientia sensus & spiritus animales, adeò ut multum dormiant, nec dolorum faces accendi ad- eò sentiant. R Negat < Æn prim- quam ab- scissio spha- ceata par- tu institu- atur, dan- di opiata? >

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Uses of Opium in Hysteria and as an Aphrodisiac. which may be possible, yet the former opinion seems more probable, notwithstanding that from immoderate and daily use sterility may thereafter follow. Those who deny that opium is venereal seem to rely on a false hypothesis, namely that the stimuli of [sulphur] are weakened by the coldness of opium, and by the constriction of the spermatic vessels. Macrobius has made the general assertion that all warm things provoke [sulphur], excite semen, and favor generation. l. 7. Saturn. c. 6 p. 525, which indeed we shall not apply here in general, nor shall we prove it altogether; nevertheless, by experience we have often found that from opium taken by those who are warmer, especially indeed those predisposed, nocturnal pollutions with erection have arisen, of which matter we could present many examples, were it not that we considered it a matter of conscience not to disclose the names of the sick. Hence, if it be joined with amber, whether in substance or in essence, there arises a not-to-be-despised aphrodisiac. CHAPTER VIII. The use of opium in gangrene and sphacelus. Whether narcotics ought to be employed in the amputation of gangrenous limbs is commonly asked. For this cutting away and removal of the putrid and corrupted part, where there is complete mortification of the whole substance, as Galen says, 7. Aph. com. 50, is absolutely required. Since this can for the most part not be carried out without severe pain, some, for the removal of this, bring narcotics into use, stupefying sense and the animal spirits, so that they sleep much and do not so much feel the kindling of pains. R Negat < Whether, in primary gangrenous amputation, opiates should be given? >

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. VIII. Negat quæsitum Fallopius Tr. de tumor. c. 26. quoniam, cum dolor sit adeò intensus, oporteret ut esset somnus mortis. Si soporifera sint levia, inquit, non juvabunt; si valida, sunt valdè periculosa. Guilhelm. Fabritius Hildanus l. de gangran. [sulphacel. c. 19. itidem negat, quod perquam periculosa sint ista nar- cotica, propter gravissima, quæ inducunt, symptomata, imò & mortem. Citat pro negativâ etiam Guid. de Cau- lliac. tr. 6. doctr. 1. c. 8. Job. de Vigo l. 4. 1r. 7. cap. ult. Petr. Pi- gray. l. 1. c. 9. postponuntur affirmantium, Gregor. Horstius l. 10. obs. 3. meminit quorundam chirur- gorum, arte suâ celebrium, qui in magnis operationibus v.g. quando membrum aliquod ense rescindendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur, ægris per biduum nullum somnum concedant, donec ex summâ virium debilitate somno cor- ripiantur, ne convulsiones graves per somnum orirenitur. Ipse verò consultius suadet, mox primâ nocte laudano so- mnum provocare, quâ ratione non tantùm vires colligun- tur, sed simul etiam sanguinis motus & fervor inhibitur. Idem ibidem quoque meminit, chirurgum doctum & peritum graviter vulneratis mox exhibuisse dosin laudani, tam quietis conciliandæ causâ, quàm etiam eam ob cau- sam, ut inflammatio partium læsarum minor expectanda sit. Alibi sc. l 8. obs. 8. p. 409. addit & illam rationem, fieri id posse ad hæmorrhagias præcavendas, & affluxum ad læ- sas partes inhibendum. Semper ad circumstantias alias accuratè [sulphæopius] me- dicus dirigendus. Nil obstat, quò minus præcedente o- perationem nocte ægro opiatum propinetur moderatâ dosi, ita enim & animo alacriori patietururi & secari mem- brum, & varia præcavebuntur symptomata. Par ratio est in sectione calculi, de quo vid. Horst. l. 9. obs. 31. consil. 2. p. 457. CA-

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LIB. II. SECT. II. CAP. VIII. Fallopius denies the proposed remedy in Tr. de tumor. c. 26, because, since the pain is so intense, it would be necessary that it be the sleep of death. If the soporifics are mild, he says, they will not help; if strong, they are very dangerous. Guilhelm. Fabritius Hildanus, l. de gangran. [ sulphacel. ] c. 19, likewise denies this, because those narcotics are exceedingly dangerous, on account of the gravest symptoms they induce, indeed even death. For the negative view he also cites Guid. de Cauliac. tr. 6. doctr. 1. c. 8, Job. de Vigo l. 4. tr. 7. cap. ult., Petr. Pigray. l. 1. c. 9. Against those who affirm it: Gregor. Horstius, l. 10. obs. 3, mentions certain surgeons, celebrated in their art, who in major operations, e.g. when some limb must be cut off with the sword so that the sound part may not be dragged along, allow the patients no sleep for two days, until they are overtaken by sleep from extreme weakness, lest severe convulsions arise through sleep. He himself, however, more prudently advises that on the first night laudanum should be given to induce sleep; by this means not only are the strength restored, but at the same time the motion and heat of the blood are checked. In the same place he also mentions that a learned and experienced surgeon immediately gave a dose of laudanum to those grievously wounded, both for the sake of procuring rest and also for this reason, that inflammation of the injured parts might be less severe. Elsewhere, namely l. 8. obs. 8. p. 409, he adds this reason as well, that it may be done to prevent hemorrhages and to inhibit the afflux to the injured parts. The physician must always be directed carefully by the other circumstances. Nothing prevents the patient from being given an opiate in a moderate dose on the night before the operation; for thus he will more cheerfully endure the cutting of the limb, and various symptoms will be prevented. The same reasoning applies in the cutting for stone, concerning which see Horst. l. 9. obs. 31. consil. 2. p. 457. CA-

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LIB. II. SECT. II CAP. IX. VEHICULA OPIATORUM. CAPUT IX. Vehicula opiatorum. < Vehiculum opiatorum generale, si per se;> UT medicamenta opiata in actum deducantur, opus habent vehiculo, quo mediante in corpus adsumantur. Dividi hoc potest in GENERALE & SPECIALE. GENERALE constituunt alimentosa, domestica & corpori amica, vinum, cerevisia, juscula, quibuscum ordinarie & optimè quidem propinari solent. Imò lubentius ægri pauxillum hoc medicamenti in solito sibi quotidiano liquore adsumere consveverunt, quàm aliis. Valet hoc præcipuè, si opiata per se adhibeantur, proprio & principali fine. < Speciale, si cum aliis magis densur,> Sin tamen SPECIALE vehiculum eligere sit animus, appropriata cum opio combinari amant. Facem præbet hâc in parte Mynsichtus, qui sed 3. armament. ebim. p. 72 seqq. aliquot foliis varias in omnibus ferè affectibus, (quibus opium confert, formulas congessit, exceptâ pulverum, & opiatorum liquidorum formâ. Inter tot enim egregias mixturas nil aliud occurrit, quàm mixturæ & boli, maximè tamen commendanda, unde lectorem eò amandamus. < seu solidæ, seu liquidæ formæ.> Cum verò consuetudine recentiorum sæpius quoque in pulvere vel Tincturâ dari soleant opiata, facilè cuivis pulveri, qui communem cum opio habet intentionem, misceri potest laudanum, vel [mercur]ij anodynus, facilè etiam cum quolibet liquore conjungi possunt eadem anodyna liquida, qui non diverso extractus est menstruo. LIB. II. SECT. III. CAPUT I. Usus opiatorum externus. R 2 Ex-

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BOOK II. SECTION II. CHAPTER IX. VEHICLES OF OPIATES. CHAPTER IX. Vehicles of opiates. < General vehicle of opiates, if by itself;> In order that opiate medicines may be brought into action, they need a vehicle, by means of which they may be taken into the body. This may be divided into GENERAL and SPECIAL. The GENERAL are the nourishing, domestic, and body-friendly things: wine, beer, broths, with which they are ordinarily, and indeed best, wont to be given. Nay, the sick more readily accustom themselves to take a small amount of this medicine in their usual daily drink than in other things. This is especially useful if opiates are administered by themselves, for their proper and principal purpose. < Special, if compounded with others;> But if one wishes to choose a SPECIAL vehicle, suitable substances are liked to be combined with opium. Mynsicht gives guidance in this matter, who, in the third book of his armament. ebim. p. 72 ff., has collected several formulas in a few pages for various conditions in almost all disorders, in which opium is helpful, except in the form of powders and liquid opiates. For among so many excellent mixtures, nothing else occurs besides mixtures and boluses, but these are especially to be recommended, and therefore we refer the reader there. < whether in solid or liquid form.> Since, however, according to the custom of more recent writers, opiates are also often given in powder or tincture, laudanum, or anodynus of mercury, can easily be mixed with any powder that has the same intention as opium; they can also easily be combined with any liquid, provided the same anodynes have been extracted with a different menstruum. BOOK II. SECTION III. CHAPTER I. External use of opiates. R 2 Ex-

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LIB. II. SECT. III CAP. I. <Exterius dolores lenis opium,> Exterius variis dolorum generibus auxiliatur opium. <illitum naribus,> Ad leniendos dolores acerbos v.g. capitis, extrinsecus moderatè appositum, omnium efficacissimum opium pro- nunciat Fernel. l.5. m.m.c.17. quod vel naribus illitum odo- re solo conferat, hâc tamen cum cautelâ, ne ejusmodi ex- terna actuali frigiditate excedant, sicque materiam repel- lant. Alibi, nempe l.6. m.m.c.5. p.398. de speratis duntaxat levioribus auxiliis admovendum in ardore summo & in- tolerabili cruciatu, cum exquisito sensu, concedit. Sic & in maniâ & phrenitide externè opium in unguen- tis, narium foraminibus & temporibus inungendis præ- scribitur, ut & aliis casibus, ubi non tam dolores quàm vi- giliæ urgent. Unguentum expertissimum ad dolorem capitis com- mendat Valentinus Polidamus libro de dolorib. capitis p.78: Rx Opii Thebaici, camphora a. 3g. fortiter tere & dissol- ve cum oleo rosarum, quo ungantur PLANTÆ PEDUM. <plantis pedum,> Ingreditur eo fine, scil. pro sopiendis dolorib. capitis & vigiliis coercendis frequenter unguenta, linimenta, epi- themata, balsama, aliaque externa, qualia exempla apud omnes practicos innumera occurrunt, ut iis colligendis studio supersedeamus. Nos in vigiliis, dolorib. capitis, & dentium sæpesolùm extractum opii, vel cum extracto opii combinatui applica- <tempori- bus,> vimus temporibus, instar emplastri. Sicuti vel sola thera- ca, eodem modo emplastrata, vel etiam simul pone aures applicata utiliter ob opium somno proliciendo juvamen- tum præbet. Sic etiam opium commodè miscetur cum ol. nuc mosch. expresso, & ol. nucl. persicor. itidem per expressionem parato, prout id in quotidiano talibus urgentibus casibus nobis est usu. Ad

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LIB. II. SECT. III CAP. I. “Externally, opium eases pains”; externally it assists various kinds of pain with opium. “Applied to the nostrils,” for relieving sharp pains, e.g. of the head, opium moderately applied externally, Fernel pronounces the most effective of all; l. 5. m.m.c. 17. He says that even when applied to the nostrils it may help by the odor alone, though with this caution, that such external applications must not exceed actual coldness, and so repel the matter. Elsewhere, namely l. 6. m.m.c. 5. p. 398., he grants that it is to be applied only for the lighter aids hoped for, in the greatest and intolerable burning pain, with exquisite sensation. Thus also in mania and phrenitis, opium is prescribed externally in ointments to be rubbed into the openings of the nostrils and the temples, as well as in other cases where not so much pains as wakefulness is pressing. Valentinus Polidamus recommends a most excellent ointment for headache in his book De dolorib. capitis, p. 78: Rx Thebaic opium, camphor, of each 3 g.; grind strongly and dissolve with rose oil, with which let the SOLES OF THE FEET be anointed. “to the soles of the feet,” For this purpose, namely for soothing headaches and checking wakefulness, ointments, liniments, epithems, balsams, and other external applications are frequently employed; innumerable examples of such occur among all practitioners, so that we may dispense with the labor of collecting them. We, in wakefulness, headaches, and toothaches, have often applied only extract of opium, or extract of opium combined, to the temples, like a plaster. “to the temples,” Just as the theriac itself, plastered in the same way, or even applied together behind the ears, usefully affords aid by means of opium in inducing sleep. Thus opium is also conveniently mixed with expressed oil of nutmeg, and with oil of peach kernels likewise prepared by expression, as in the daily use of such urgent cases it is with us.

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Usus Opii Externus. 155 Ad podagram opium lacte muliebri dilutum commen- dat Scribon. Largus compos. 158. p. 87. Pertinet huc monitu è textu Galenico l.2. de comp. med. xα7. τ'π. c.2. collectum, ne opiata applicentur suturæ coronali, neque parti posteriori propter principium spinalis medul- læ, ideò admovenda fronti, ut ipse trochiscos cum opio applicabat. Vid. Eustach. Rhud. l.1. de hum. corp. affect. c.1. p.9. Attamen Langius l 1. epist. 10. p.47. arteriis carotidibus & temporibus rectius medicum peritum medicamenta soporifera, quàm fronti illinere ait. Potest utrumque locum habere, potiora tamen sunt tempora. Quæritur, quomodo opium externè applicatum dolo- rem sistat? Hic sanè si quæ externè præscripta à variis au- toribus sunt, attendantur, illa ut plurimum ad eorum opi- nionem potius, quàm secundum rationem posita esse, res ipsa evincit. Veterum enim hypothesis, opium dolores sistere stupefaciendo partem dolentem prænimio frigore, ut sensum omnem quasi amittat, hodiè penitus expirat, quam non solùm Experimentum Plateri refutat, quod tract. 1. prax. l.1. c.5 p.156. recenset, ubi nunquam se depre- hendere potuisse refert, quod ab externo narcotico cuti ap- plicato, ea stupida aut indolens reddi queat, licet, ut certi a- liqvid cognosceret, massam opii emollitam parti podagricæ dolenti, sed sine fructu applicârit; sed & nos itidem nun- quam stuporem partis ab impositione opiatorum observa- re potuimus. Agunt itaque opiata, quatenus per poros subtilior pars Πea & Πialis cum sanguine communicatur, & hinc vires suas ordinarias, licet remissiori longè gradu & refractè exerit, cerebri & nervorum vi simul obtusâ. Modus applicandi quorundam notari meretur. Ita Job. Langius l.3. epist. p.911. scribit, ubi somni conciliatione opus est, medicum quendam celebrem aliquando etaim R} sangui- fronti, non sutura coronali vel nucha, modus agendi opiatorum exteriùs applicatorum. Modus applicandi poni aures,

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External Use of Opium. 155 For gout, opium diluted with women’s milk is recommended by Scribonius Largus, Comp. 158, p. 87. Here belongs the remark from the Galenic text, l. 2 de comp. med. xα7. τ'π. c. 2. collected, that opiates should not be applied to the coronal suture, nor to the posterior part because of the beginning of the spinal marrow; therefore they are to be applied to the forehead, as he himself applied troches with opium. See Eustach. Rhud. l. 1. de hum. corp. affect. c. 1. p. 9. However, Langius, l. 1. epist. 10. p. 47, says that for the carotid arteries and the temples it is more proper for an experienced physician to apply soporific medicines than to anoint the forehead. Both places may be used, but the temples are preferable. The question is asked: how does opium applied externally stop pain? Here indeed, if one considers what various authors have prescribed externally, the matter itself shows that these applications have for the most part been made according to their opinion rather than according to reason. For the old hypothesis—that opium stops pain by stupefying the painful part through excessive cold, so that it seems almost to lose all sensation—is now completely obsolete, not only because Plater’s experiment refutes it, which he reports in Tract. 1. prax. l. 1. c. 5, p. 156, where he says that he was never able to find that the skin, when an external narcotic was applied to it, could be made numb or insensitive, although, in order to determine this with certainty, he had applied a softened mass of opium to the painful gouty part, but without success; but we likewise have never observed any numbness of the part from the application of opiates. Thus opiates act insofar as their subtler part is communicated through the pores with the blood, and thereby exerts its usual powers, though in a far milder and less direct degree, while at the same time blunting the power of the brain and nerves. The manner of application of some deserves notice. Thus Job. Langius, l. 3. epist. p. 911, writes, when sleep is to be induced, that a certain celebrated physician once even applied blood to the forehead, not to the coronal suture or the nape of the neck, external mode of action of opiates applied externally. Mode of application to place near the ears,

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. I. 134 sanguisugas post aures accommodare, & remotis sanguisugis granum unum opii vulneribus imponere felici successu solitum esse. Notandum tamen, sæpe ab autoribus huic vel illi causæ adscribi effectus, qui tamen nihil minus sunt. Sic eundem medicum scribit item Langius, in phthisi arsenico commodè usum. Quis hoc auderet hodiè? Idem memorat Job. Mich. Savonarola de febb. cap. 8. rub. 10. p. 177. eo solum discrimine, ut angulis oculorum applicatio fiat. ad angulos oculorum. Confirmat Geiger. microcosm. hypochondr. c. 32. pag. 472. prodesse ad vigilias corrigendas & somnum conciliandum granum opii admotum puncturæ hirudinis, pone aures admotæ. Credibile est, utut opio suas vires neque hoc pacto denegemus, sæpe hunc effectum adscribendum potius hirudinibus, quàm opio. Pila somnifera; Idem Geigerus ibidem pilam odoriferam componit pro eadem intentione ex opii cum cort. rad. mandragoræ, sem. hyoic. papavere, styrace, laudano & cerâ, cum carbone salicis. Tales PILÆ soporiferæ etiam ab aliis commendantur pluribus, imò à quibusdam habentur pro secreto. Applicatio super umbilicum, Exempla videri possunt apud Savonarol. l. c. ubi & talia super umbilicum ponere jubet. Memorabilis de hoc ipso applicandi , umbilico, locus Octavi Horatiani libro 4. p. 99. ubi describit unguentum somniferum mirabile, ex opio, myrrhâ, rutâ, thure & cerâ, quod jubet pro chalastico umbilico imponere: Tam SOMNUM PRÆSTAT, addit, quàm etiam VENTREM MOVET. balsamum somniferum. & emplastrum. Ita & BALSAMUM ex eodem confieri potest, uti modò diximus, commiscendo corpus pro balsamis ordinari- um,

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. I. 134 to apply leeches behind the ears, and after the leeches were removed to place one grain of opium on the wounds, was accustomed to have a fortunate result. It should nevertheless be noted that authors often ascribe effects to this or that cause which are in fact anything but that. Thus the same physician is also reported by Langius to have used arsenic conveniently in phthisis. Who would dare this today? The same is mentioned by Job. Mich. Savonarola, de febb. cap. 8. rub. 10. p. 177, with only this difference, that the application is made at the corners of the eyes. at the corners of the eyes. Geiger, microcosm. hypochondr. c. 32. pag. 472, confirms that a grain of opium applied to the puncture of a leech placed behind the ears helps to correct wakefulness and bring on sleep. It is believable, however much we may not deny opium its powers in this way too, that this effect is often to be attributed rather to the leeches than to the opium. Sleep-inducing pill; The same Geiger in the same place composes an aromatic pill for the same intention from opium with the bark of the root of mandrake, seeds of henbane, poppy, styrax, laudanum, and wax, with charcoal of willow. Such sleep-inducing PILLS are also recommended by many others, indeed by some they are regarded as a secret remedy. Application over the navel, Examples may be seen in Savonarola, l. c., where he also orders such things to be placed over the navel. A notable passage concerning this very method of application, the navel, is in Octavius Horatianus, book 4, p. 99, where he describes a marvelous sleeping ointment, made from opium, myrrh, rue, frankincense, and wax, which he orders to be placed on the navel as a relaxing application: it INDUCES SLEEP just as much, he adds, as it also MOVES THE BOWELS. sleep-inducing balsam. & plaster. Thus a BALSAM can also be made from the same substance, as we have just said, by mixing the ordinary body for balsams,

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Usus Opii Externus. 133 um, & ol. persic. express. vel opii [sol]tum quoque. Neque emplastris jungi renuit, ceu ingreditur emplastrum carmi- nativum Sylvii & alia; discutit enim & vehementer emollic tophos nodosque, unde & in scirrhis lienis commendatur. Locum habent externa hæc maximè in tenerioribus, quibus facilè ad hunc vel illum effectum recipiendum a- ptum est cerebrum. Hæmorrhagiam contumacem ab arteriâ vul- neratâ, quæ reliqua remedia penitus eluserat, ad miracu- lum usque mox restrictam apposito pauxillo magisterii opii ad arteriam vulneratam observavit Horstius Tom. II. l.9. obs. 12. p. 446. Narium hæmorrhagiam desperatam curatam refert Crollius è gr. xvj. laudani duas pilulas formando, & utram- que narem pilulâ unâ occludendo, basil. chim p. 235. Curaverat subdente avelli vir militaris celebris in ma- xillâ superiore, inde verò sanguis non poterat sisti, licet va- ria fuerint adhibita, dato à nobis interius opiato pulvere cum lap. hæmatite parato, & externè alio ex [Sol] usneâ, sangu. dracon. & opio, qui cum linteaminibus carptis im- ponebatur, omnis statim subsistebat sanguis. Idem in juris candidato observavimus, qui ferè exanimus jacebat mediâ nocte, cum ab eâdem causâ hæmorrhagia copiosior ipsum affigeret. An in vulneribus sclopetorum conveniat, disquiritur. De eo sic Felix Würzpart. 2. de curat. vuln. cap. 16. p. 294: Andere werden gefunden/ die das gummi opium in die Brand- falben brauchen; aber so viel als ich mich darauf verstehe/ mit schlechtem Nut. Solches gummi ist in keinen Wunden nutz- lich: dennes fählet keine Wunde äusserlich/ sondern brennt in den Wunden und Schäden als solches die Erfahrung selber bezeuget: darumb es denn keinen Brand von Büchsenpulver löschen kan. Binis

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External Use of Opium. 133 um, & ol. persic. express. vel opii [sol]tum quoque. Nor does it refuse to be joined with plasters, as in the carminative plaster of Sylvius and others; for it disperses and very powerfully softens tophi and nodes, and is therefore also recommended in scirrhous ailments of the spleen. These external applications are of greatest use especially in more delicate persons, whose brain is easily disposed to receive this or that effect. Horstius observed a stubborn hemorrhage from a wounded artery, which had completely eluded all other remedies, to be almost miraculously restrained at once by the application of a small quantity of the magistery of opium to the wounded artery, Tom. II. l. 9. obs. 12. p. 446. Crollius reports that a desperate nasal hemorrhage was cured by forming two pills from 16 grains of laudanum, and by closing each nostril with one pill, basil. chim. p. 235. Curaverat subdente avelli vir militaris celebris in maxillâ superiore, inde verò sanguis non poterat sisti, licet varia fuerint adhibita, dato à nobis interius opiato pulvere cum lap. hæmatite parato, & externè alio ex [Sol] usneâ, sangu. dracon. & opio, qui cum linteaminibus carptis imponebatur, omnis statim subsistebat sanguis. Idem in juris candidato observavimus, qui ferè exanimus jacebat mediâ nocte, cum ab eâdem causâ hæmorrhagia copiosior ipsum affigeret. Whether it is suitable in gunshot wounds is a matter of inquiry. On this point Felix Würz says, part 2, de curat. vuln. cap. 16. p. 294: “Others are found who use gum opium in burn injuries; but as far as I understand it, it is of little use. Such gum is not useful in any wounds: for no wound is healed by it externally, but it burns in wounds and injuries, as experience itself testifies; therefore it cannot extinguish the burning caused by gunpowder.” Binis

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAPUT. I. 136 Binis sententia hæc affirmantium nititur hypothesibus falsis: Prima est, opium refrigerare. Altera, communior propemodum, ardorem à pulvere sclopetario in vulneribus excitatum extinguendum esse. < deciditur negatib> Optimè ait autor citatus, non convenire ex hypothesi primâ opium, quod non refrigeret, sed potius uredinem inducat. < Usus in ulceribus uteri,> In ULCERIBUS uteri Hieron. Mercurialis l.4. de morb. mul. c.7. p.281. ubi dolor est conjunctus, in extremis necessitatibus addit aliis opium, nec id timendum est, inquit, proptereà quod uterimala sæpe ad mortem mulierem deducunt, præsertim dolores. Opiata utero infusa possunt quidem sterilitatem facere, mortem nequaquam, si prudenter adhubeantur. < in cauteriis potencialibus,> Non desunt, qui in CAUTERIIS adhibent opium, non quidem actualibus, sed potentialibus. I spissatâ materiâ salinâ acri, corrodente, sive ex calce vivâ seu aliâ, paratâ, si cauteriis faciendis utamur, & opii addamus modicum, opus suum sine dolore perficere, annotat D Francisc. Hildesheim. spicil.1. de affect. cap. p.14. Idem tamen paulò ante dixerat, licet dolori (à cauterio excitato) opiatum permiscendo occurrere possimus, tamen non semper esse tutum uti opio; vidisse enim se, quod talia potentialia cauteria cum opio administrata tandem gangrænam induxerint. < ad libidinem refranandam,> Ita & cauterium potentiæ seu ruptorium Vigonis l8. cap.13. recipit opii Ʒj Melchioris Weilandi, opii lixivio soluti 3iij, quæ videantur apud Glandorp. gazophylac. polyplus. c.4. p.24. seqq. Ad extinguendum coitum ungere jubet membra genitalia & renes & pectinem aquâ, in quâ opium Thebaicum sit dissolutum, Francisc. Hildesheim. spicil.2. de maniâ p.151. In

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BOOK II. SECT. III. CHAPTER I. 136 This opinion, affirming both, rests on false hypotheses: The first is, that opium cools. The second, which is almost more common, that the heat excited in wounds by gunpowder must be extinguished. <the contrary is decided> The cited author says very well that, according to the first hypothesis, opium does not agree, since it does not cool, but rather produces a burning heat. <Use in uterine ulcers> In UTERINE ULCERS Hieron. Mercurialis, l. 4. de morb. mul. c. 7. p. 281, where pain is joined with them, in extreme necessity he adds opium to other remedies, nor is this to be feared, he says, because uterine ailments often bring a woman to death, especially pains. Opiates infused into the womb can indeed cause sterility, but by no means death, if they are prudently administered. <In potential cauteries> There are not lacking those who use opium in CAUTERIES, not indeed actual, but potential ones. If, a thick saline, sharp, corrosive substance, whether prepared from quicklime or some other, is to be used for making cauteries, and we add a small amount of opium, it performs its work without pain, notes Dr. Francisc. Hildesheim. spicil. 1. de affect. cap. p. 14. Yet the same author had said a little before that, although we may meet the pain (aroused by the cautery) by mixing in an opiate, nevertheless it is not always safe to use opium; for he had seen that such potential cauteries administered with opium had eventually brought on gangrene. <To restrain lust> Thus also the cautery of power, or ruptory, of Vigoni l. 8. cap. 13, takes opii Ʒj of Melchior Weiland, opium dissolved in lye 3iij; these may be seen in Glandorp. gazophylac. polyplus. c. 4. p. 24 seqq. To extinguish intercourse, he orders the genital members and the loins and the pubis to be anointed with water in which Thebaic opium has been dissolved, Francisc. Hildesheim. spicil. 2. de maniâ p. 151. In

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Usus Opii Externus. 137 In pruritu partium genitalium idem ibid. p.152. com- mendat sequens: R cerussæ 3vj. Q citrin. 3ii. opii 3j. M. cum aq. & applica partibus genitalibus. In eundem usum cum unguento refrig. Galeni & populo miscet opium Hartmann. prax. chim. c.175. Nos in molestissimo hoc affectu observavimus pleraque externa frustraneam navare operam. Juvenis plethori- cus 24. ann. à tribus annis senserat pruritum intolerabilem ferè in scroto cum tensione, titillatione & pollutionibus nocturnis. Medici ipsi præscripserant emulsiones internè & externè, epithemata itè ex acidis, camphorâ & aliis. Pin- guibus exasperatus fuerat semper affectus. Consuluimus præter universalia usitata, V. S. purgationem &c. aquam calcis vivæ, sed levi cum fructu, hinc cum omnia ferè ex- ternorum genera ab aliis jam ordinata frustrà fuissent, consului vesicatorium in femore, à quo cum levamen sen- tiret manifestum, applicato fonticulo in parte domesticâ tibiæ in hunc dien liberrimus ab isto malo vivit. Opium prohibat pilos nasci, juxta Savonarol. pract. tract. 6. rubric. 29. p.85. ex hypothesi, quia stupefacit & in- frigidat locum, qui tamen usus ob superius dicta vix atten- di meretur. Posset hîc latius deduci externus opii usus in dysenteriâ, podagrâ aliisque affectibus, sed cum ille partim ex dictis pateat, partim passim receptus sit, eo su- persedere jam lubet. In dysenteriâ commodè adhibui- mus theriacam cum oleis stomachicis remixtam & stom- cho impositam, quod & cum Olo & terrâ sigillatâ fieri potest. In dentium dolore pilula ex laudano opiato denti dolen- ti excavato intrudi commodè potest. Sic & pilula Herlicii in ore detenta omnem dentium dolorem mirificè sedare scribitur à Sculteco armam. chirurg. obs. 28. p.89. quæ confi- citur ad pilos prohiben- dos, ad dysente- riam, ad odon- calgiam.

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External Use of Opium. 137 In itching of the genital parts, the same author, ibid. p. 152, recommends the following: R litharge 3vj. yellow vitriol 3ii. opium 3j. Mix with water and apply to the genital parts. For the same purpose, Hartmann, prax. chim. c. 175, mixes opium with refrigerant ointment of Galen and poplar. We have observed in this very troublesome affection that most external remedies labored in vain. A plethoric youth, 24 years old, had for three years felt an intolerable itching, almost in the scrotum, with tension, tickling, and nocturnal pollutions. The physicians themselves had prescribed emulsions internally and externally, as well as poultices of acids, camphor, and other things. Oily substances had always aggravated the condition. We consulted, besides the usual general measures, venesection, purgation, etc., lime-water, but with slight result; and since nearly every kind of external remedy had already been ordered by others in vain, I advised a blister on the thigh, from which he felt manifest relief, and when a seton was applied in the inner part of the leg, he has lived to this day completely free from that trouble. According to Savonarola, opium prevents hair from growing, pract. tract. 6, rubric. 29, p. 85, on the hypothesis that it stupefies and cools the place; yet, for the reasons given above, this use scarcely deserves attention. Here one might at greater length discuss the external use of opium in dysentery, gout, and other affections, but since this is partly evident from what has already been said and partly commonly accepted everywhere, I now prefer to pass over it. In dysentery we have conveniently used theriaca mixed with stomachic oils and applied to the stomach, which may also be done with oil and sealed earth. For toothache, a pill of laudanum opiatum can conveniently be inserted into the hollow of the painful tooth. Likewise, the pill of Herlicius, kept in the mouth, is said by Schultetus, arm. chirurg. obs. 28, p. 89, to assuage every toothache in a marvelous way; it is prepared for preventing hair growth, for dysentery, for toothache.

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAPUT II. citur ex semine apii, hyoscyami, opio, & sirupo papav. ubi quidam sedato dolore os eluere jubent decocto rosmar. salv. major. spicæ, hyssopi & similibus, ut noxam ab opiatis impressam tollant. Locum habet balsamum odontalgicum: Ex laudan. op. ℈j. ol. camphor. caryoph. a. gtt. v. corp. pro bals. ʒj. M. F. balsamum, cum bombace dolenti denti applicandum. Nos frequentius usi sumus seq. Ex R odontalg. nostr. ʒij. anod. ℈B. Teneatur in ore, & cum humor satis attractus fuerit, exspuatur. Temperat acrimoniam, odontalgiam excitantem. Cum attenuantibus his felicius quàm per se usurpatur, imò benè respicienda est causa, cum sæpe tutius sit & melius interius eadem propinare, sæpe dolorem non tollant, sed magis & violentius insuper provocent, quale exemplum videri potest apud Hippocr. l. 6. epid. sect. 6. 1. 46. CAPUT II. Usus opii in clysteribus & suppositoriis. < Quidam opii tutiorem usum affirmant in clysteribus,> Ancitius & tutius in actum ducantur opiatorum vires clysteribus immistorum, quàm per os exhibitorum, quæri potest. <Savonarola Tr. 6. c. 1. rubr. 9. de vigiliis, securius est multum, ait, opiata per exterius quàm per interius approximare, unde eadem in clysteribus & suppositoriis quoq; commendat. Sic & Erastus audacius per clysteres infundi jussit opium, cum sapâ in colicâ, quod non diu inhæreat.> < additis rationibus.> Alii quoque affirmativam tuentur, præcipue cum in acu- tis

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CHAPTER II. is drawn from the seed of apium, hyoscyamus, opium, and poppy syrup, where some direct that, once the pain has been quieted, the mouth should be rinsed with a decoction of rosemary, sage, marjoram, spike lavender, hyssop, and the like, so that they may remove the harm impressed by the opiates. An odontalgic balsam has its place here: From laudan. op. ℈j. ol. camphor. caryoph. a. gtt. v. corp. for bals. ʒj. Mix. Make a balsam, to be applied with cotton to the painful tooth. We have more often used the following. From R odontalg. nostr. ʒij. anod. ℈B. Let it be held in the mouth, and when a sufficient amount of moisture has been drawn out, let it be spit out. It tempers the acrimony provoking the toothache. With attenuating remedies it is used more happily than by itself; indeed, the cause must be well considered, since it is often safer and better to administer the same things internally, since they often do not remove the pain, but rather provoke it more and more violently; an example of this may be seen in Hippocr. l. 6. epid. sect. 6. 1. 46. CHAPTER II. The use of opium in clysters and suppositories. <Some affirm the safer use of opium in clysters,> Whether the powers of opiates, when mixed into clysters, are led into action more safely and more gently than when administered by mouth, may be asked. <Savonarola Tr. 6. c. 1. rubr. 9. de vigiliis, says, it is much safer to apply opiates externally than internally, whence he also commends the same in clysters and suppositories. Likewise Erastus more boldly ordered opium to be infused through clysters, with sap, in colic, since it would not remain long adherent.> <with reasons added.> Others also support the affirmative, especially when in acute

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Usus Opii In Clister. Et Suppositoris. 175 tis & aliis gravioribus morbis vigiliæ vel ex doloris vehementiæ, vel humorum nimio æstu adeò invalescunt, & vires frangunt, ut opiata amplius tutò ventriculo committi nequeant. Ne itaque natura omni auxilio destituatur, authores suadent immiscere opiata clysteribus. Sic Sen- nerius l.1. med. pract. part. 2. p.334. cap.7. in phrenitide, in summo virium lapsu, ubi opiata non commodè interius assumuntur, clysteribus ea admiscenda monet. Affirmat id ipsum quoque Mercatus l.1. de recto præfidiorum art. med. usu. c.3. p.58. & 63. Rationes in contrarium Pro negativâ verò facit quia remotior locus est à ner- vorum origine & primo . 2. facilius à princi- pio nervorum ad ulteriores propagines mittitur medica- mentorum vis, quàm vice versâ, uti in simili exemplum est in clysteribus nutrientibus dictis, & aliis. <Phleget. orig. Internus usus tutior.> Utroque modo officium faciunt, mellius verò & præ- sentius assumpta, quàm ad no inferiori gutturi infusa. Imò usus internus tutior longè est quandoque externo, Admirandum, quod opium crudum dentibus applicatum, quod nonnulli affirmant, clysteribusque infusum homi- nes necaverit. Clysteres tales anodynibene componuntur ex parego- ricis, cum emollientibus mixtis in lacte vaccino, vel jure vervecum coctis. Hinc colaturæ addi potest opium, si ex- tremi urgeant dolores, sed non in magnâ dosi, v.g.philon. Rom. vel theriacæ recentioris ʒj. vel laudani opiati gr.v. vel ix. Vid. Regner. Graff. Tr. de clyster. p.188. vel requies Nicolai ad ʒij. Dravvitz. de scorbus. s.8. p.130. <cautè adhibi bendi.> Ut ubique, ita & h. l. cautè agendum; cum enim gum- mata v.g. sagapenum, ammoniacum &c. per clysteres in- fusa mortem intulerint, quia adhærent, nec repelli pos- sunt, c eu annotat Schenckius ex Rondelet. 10m. 1. l.3. obs. 250. S a pari

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Use of Opium in Clysters and Suppositories. 175 In these and other severe diseases, sleeplessness, either from the violence of pain or from an excessive heat of the humors, becomes so great and exhausts the strength so much that opiates can no longer safely be entrusted to the stomach. Therefore, lest nature be left destitute of all help, authors advise mixing opiates with clysters. Thus Sennerius, l.1. med. pract. part. 2. p.334. cap.7., in phrenitis, when the strength is at its lowest and opiates cannot conveniently be taken internally, advises that they be added to clysters. Mercatus says the same, l.1. de recto præfidiorum art. med. usu. c.3. p.58. & 63. Reasons to the contrary For the negative, however, it is argued that the place is farther removed from the origin of the nerves and from the first principle; 2. that the force of medicines is more easily sent from the beginning of the nerves to the farther branches than vice versa, as is similarly shown in the example of so-called nourishing clysters and others. <Phleget. orig. Internal use safer.> In either way they perform their office, but they are better and more promptly taken than infused into the lower throat. Indeed, internal use is often far safer than external. It is astonishing that raw opium, applied to the teeth, as some affirm, and also infused in clysters, has killed men. Such clysters are well composed as anodynes from paregorics, with emollients mixed in cow’s milk, or in broth of boiled mutton. To the strained liquid opium may then be added if extreme pains press, but not in a large dose, for example philon. Rom. or theriaca recentior ʒj. or laudanum opiatum gr.v. or ix. See Regner. Graff. Tr. de clyster. p.188. or requies Nicolai to ʒij. Dravvitz. de scorbus. s.8. p.130. <to be used cautiously.> As everywhere, so also here one must act cautiously; for since gums such as sagapenum, ammoniacum, and the like, when infused by clysters, have caused death because they adhere and cannot be expelled, as Schenckius notes from Rondelet, 10m. 1. l.3. obs. 250. S a pari

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. II. pari modo opium, cum viscedinem quandam instar prædictorum in se contineat, pariter insinuando se plicis intestinorum moram trahere, suique exterminium impedire potest. < ut nocant,> Ita Monspessuli pharmacopoei cujusdam uxor, cum atrocissimis coli doloribus laborans opii 3j. clysteres reepisset, in coma incidit, ut habet Salmuth. cent. 2. & obs. 97. p. 209. quod curatum fuit clystera alio ex vino malvatico injecto. Hinc solvendum prius est & benè diluendum, si cum clysteribus id applicare sit animus. < ut & suppositoria;> Par ratio est suppositoriorum. In collyria, quod Avicennæ interpretibus est suppositorium, adhibitum opium mortem accelerasse testatur Abuali 16. 3. tract. c.4. Exemplum simile consignavit Gattinaria in comm.9. ad Almans. c. de sodâ cholerica & lignato sermone id ipsum refert Boussuetus l.2. de art. medend. p.32. Pluris autores de utroque casu ex Galeno, Rbase, Marcello Donato, Alexandro Benedicto, & aliis collegit Sennertus l.6. med. pract. part.7. c.1. p.291. Videatur & Sinibald. geneanthrop. l.3. tr.2. cap.10. it. Zacut. Lusit. M.P.H. l.1. bist.60. p.416. Hæc proinde exempla quemvis cautius mercari nec opium temerè per guttur inferius intrudendum doceant. Tutius erit somnum per enemata procurare corrigendo hypochondriorum & viscerum siccitatem, mitigando humorum æstu, vel sedando dolorem. Eligi queunt mitiora, ut Philonium Romanum, Persicum, aliaque jam dicta. Neque tam opium crudum, quàm benè præparatum eligendum, ut laudanum opiatum, confectio opiata, ut & narcotica Mynsichti. Notandum etiam, quod dosis semper sit minor. Non diu præterea ejusmodi enemata retineantur, nec corrigentia negligantur, qualia sunt oleum ca- storei

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. II. In the same way, opium, since it contains in itself a certain viscid quality like the aforesaid remedies, may likewise, by insinuating itself, linger in the folds of the intestines and prevent its own expulsion. < how they harm,> Thus at Montpellier the wife of a certain apothecary, being afflicted with the most violent pains of the colon, after receiving opium 3j. in enemas, fell into a coma, as Salmuth has in cent. 2. & obs. 97. p. 209, which was cured by an enema injected with other wine from Malaga. Hence it must first be dissolved and well diluted, if it is intended to apply it with enemas. < and also suppositories;> The same rule applies to suppositories. In collyria, which, in Avicenna's interpreters, is a suppository, Abuali 16. 3. tract. c. 4. testifies that opium, when used, hastened death. A similar example was recorded by Gattinaria in comm. 9. ad Almans. c. de soda cholerica, and Boussuetus reports the same in plain language in l. 2. de art. medend. p. 32. Sennertus collected more authors on both cases from Galen, Rbase, Marcello Donato, Alexander Benedictus, and others, l. 6. med. pract. part. 7. c. 1. p. 291. See also Sinibald. geneanthrop. l. 3. tr. 2. cap. 10. item Zacut. Lusit. M.P.H. l. 1. hist. 60. p. 416. These examples should therefore teach anyone to purchase such things more cautiously, and not to thrust opium rashly down the throat. It will be safer to procure sleep by enemas, correcting the dryness of the hypochondria and viscera, allaying the heat of the humors, or soothing pain. Milder remedies may be chosen, such as Philonium Romanum, Persicum, and the others already mentioned. Nor should crude opium be chosen so much as well prepared opium, such as laudanum opiatum, confectio opiata, and Mynsichti's narcotics. It should also be noted that the dose must always be smaller. Furthermore, enemas of this sort should not be retained for long, nor should the corrective measures be neglected, such as castor oil.

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Usus Opii In Clyster. Et Suppositorius. 141 storei, anethi, chamomillæ, de baccis lauri. Tandem, si opus videatur, rejecto clystere opiato malvaticum infundendum. Sin cautè adhibeatur, in exulcerationibus intestinorum & doloribus convenire suppositum potest opium. Ita Francisc. Foel. l.4. pract. s.3. p.337. suppositorio ex opio facto suppositoria suppositoria opiata in dysenteria. suppessimè dysentericum fluxum cohibuit, quod experimentum bis adhuc in operibus suis commendat. Addit: crebrò autem glans ex opio ano inseratur, sed ultrà quadrantem horæ in intestinis non est dimittenda, sed rursus appenso filo eximenda, quod ipsum quoque monet Guai- nerius. Neque novum illud est, sed jam à Tralliano dudum commendatum, quem vid. l.8. c.6. p.357. ubi varia ejusmodi suppositoria describit. CAPUT III. Cautelæ circa opiatorum ulum. Cum cautelâ opium dari debet, inquit Petr. de Crescent. Dandum opium caud, Col.6. commod. oper. rural. Divinum medicamentum est opium, circumspetione verò & moderatione opus habet. circumspetè, Sacra vitæ anchora est opium, benè & circumspectè agentibus: cymba attamen Charontis in manu imperiti, & ceu gladius in manu furiosi. Cavendum ergò, ne vengwlixæ stant vengwlixæ. Temerarius hypnoticorum usus quantum pariat damni, non temerariè, explicat Ballonius lib.1. consil.65. & lib.2. bist. 4. p.123. Quantumvis igitur opiata in infinitis morbis insignem & egregium præstent usum, imprudens tamen & indiscriminatus eorum usus mortem multis intulit, licet exempla S 3 talia

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Use of Opium in Clyster and Suppository. 141 storei, of dill, chamomile, of laurel berries. Finally, if it seem necessary, after the opiate clyster has been rejected, Malaga wine is to be infused. If it be used cautiously, opium may be suitable in ulcerations of the intestines and in pains. Thus Francisc. Foel. l.4. pract. s.3. p.337. suppositorio ex opio facto suppositoria opiate suppositories in dysentery. very often restrained the dysenteric flux, which experiment he still recommends twice more in his works. He adds: but often let a pellet made of opium be inserted into the anus, but it is not to be left in the intestines beyond a quarter of an hour, but must be taken out again with a thread tied to it, which Gua- nerius also advises. Nor is this a new thing, but one long since recommended by Trallian, whom see l.8. c.6. p.357. where he describes various suppositories of this kind. CAPUT III. Cautions concerning the use of opiates. Opium must be given with caution, says Petr. de Crescent. Giving opium caution, Col.6. commod. oper. rural. Opium is a divine medicine, but it requires circumspection and moderation. cautiously, Opium is the sacred anchor of life for those who act well and cautiously: yet the boat of Charon in the hand of the inexperienced, and like a sword in the hand of a madman. Therefore beware lest vengwlixæ stand vengwlixæ. How much harm the rash use of hypnotics brings about, not rashly, Ballonius explains, lib.1. consil.65. & lib.2. hist. 4. p.123. Therefore, although opiates in countless diseases render a notable and excellent use, nevertheless their imprudent and indiscriminate use has brought death to many, although such examples S 3 talia

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. III. talia rarius annotentur, exitus enim felices diligenter colligimus, Πονοχλας autem & mortes nec animadvertimus. CAUSELA: 1. ratione Virium, VIRES ut semper primatum obtinent in indicationibus, ita & hoc loco circa usum opii. Primò, ne morbo, cui contra ire animus, atterantur, deinde, ut pares sint huic medicamini, quod propinandum venit. non dandum imbecillibus; Circà illud tenendum, ut maturè succurratur; circa hoc, ne agonisanti & in extremis versanti ægro, viribus penitus ecclipsantibus, præbentes medicamentum, quod multos juvit, illi notam malignitatis inuramus. Nec solum præsentes spectandæ & attendendæ sunt vires, sed & futuræ. Eleganter Trallianus l.1. c.13. &c de, inquit, neq[ue] αδευτης η δυναμιν, παραιτη τόπι μαλιστι διδόνας ι πωναξωτικῶν. επι γε των αδευτη την δυναμιν εχοντων υχη η τυχεσα βλαβη την πόσδων τοιςτων θαμολαδει, αλλα Ιανατ Θεδ οπ. Sin vires quoque imbecelles fuerint, tunc maximè vitabis, ne quid de narcoticis exhibeas. Nam in bis, qui infirmas habent vires, non vulgaris noxatalium potionem comitatur, imò mors inde sequitur. ET DESPERATIS. Et l.6. c.1. &c de αδευτη δυναμεωσεῖν, Θευγε παντελως πι ναξιπικην εχοντα δυναμιν. Si virium imbecillitas adsit, vitata prorsus narcotica. Consultius est, autore Lindano, non expectare tamdiu in exhibitione ejusmodi medicamento- rum, donec spiritus jam planè consumpti sint, sed in tempore usurpanda, si adhuc vires constant. In rebus desperatis ad opium non est fugiendum, sed antequam ad desperationem perventum sit. V. RATIONE TEMPORIS, Falli potest medicus in exhibitione medicamenti, ob defectum necessariæ talis conditionis, quâ rectè non adsumitur, præcipuè RATIONE TEMPORIS. Exemplum lucidissi-

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. III. such things are more rarely noted, for happy outcomes we carefully collect, but hard labors and deaths we do not observe. CAUSE: 1. in respect of Strength, STRENGTH, as it always holds the first place in indications, so also in this matter concerning the use of opium. First, lest those with the disease which one wishes to oppose be worn out; secondly, that they may be equal to this medicine, which is to be administered. not to be given to the weak; The point to be kept in mind is that help should be brought promptly; and with regard to this, lest, when the patient is in agony and in extremis, his strength being utterly extinguished, by giving a medicine that has helped many, we imprint upon it the mark of malignity. Nor are the present powers alone to be considered and attended to, but also those that are to come. Trallianus elegantly, l.1. c.13. &c de, says, μηδὲ τῷ ἀδυνάτῳ τὴν δύναμιν, παραιτῇ τόπι μάλιστα διδόναι τῶν ὀπιακῶν. ἐπὶ γε τῶν ἀδυνάτῳ τὴν δύναμιν ἐχόντων, οὐχ ἡ τυχοῦσα βλάβη τὴν πόσιν τοῖς τούτων θαμνολαθεῖ, ἀλλὰ θάνατος Θεὸς ὁπ. If the strength also should be feeble, then most especially you must avoid giving anything narcotic. For in those who have weak strength, a potion of such things is accompanied by no ordinary harm; indeed death follows from it. AND THE DESPERATE. And l.6. c.1. &c de ἀδυνάτῳ δυνάμεωσειν, Θευγε παντελῶς πὴναξιπικὴν ἔχοντα δύναμιν. If weakness of strength be present, narcotics are to be altogether avoided. It is more prudent, according to Lindanus, not to wait so long in the administration of medicines of this kind until the spirits have already been completely consumed, but to use them in due time, if the strength still holds out. In desperate cases one is not to flee from opium, but before the point of desperation has been reached. V. IN RESPECT OF TIME, A physician may err in the administration of a medicine because of the lack of such a necessary condition, without which it is not rightly taken, especially in RESPECT OF TIME. The clearest example

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CAUTELÆ CIRCA OPII USUM. 142 Lucidissimum præbet laudanum opiatum, probatissimum medicamentum. In tempore cum errat medicus exhibendi, & porrigit ægro extremè debilitato, vel in summo senio, vel in ago- ne, vel phthisicâ ulcerosâ dispositione, dum sputum sup- primitur, viaticum est ad vitam æternam, dictante lauda- tissimo B. Rolfincio, commentar. in 1. aph. Hipp. 1. cap. 10. p. 20. Medicus quidem Practicus in usu habebat, in agone ver- santibus, ut minori defungerentur mortis anxietate, sed facilius residuum quod esset lampadis vitalis jam extin- guendæ, minori cum nixu extinguueretur, propinare lau- danum opiatum. De eo in certâ quâdam personâ in ago- ne constitutâ nosmet moniti, maluimus abstinere, quàm famæ subire dispendium. Hollerius l. 1. de morb. intern. c. 27. p. 278. < opiatorum, paracorum,> Nunquam ut- tendum esse scribit narcoticis recens paratis, sed semestre spatium esse expectandum, aut eo plus. Cautela hæc ab ipso etiam Tralliano jam proposita l. 3. c. 4. deîlou de, inquit, διπο πο οπιον επλεγεθ δεî πο παλαιον, δια πο ξειγειν ημας πο πινν ναγιωλινον αυτος. Constat autem opium deligendum esse vetus, eò quod nos magnam ipsius in corpore inducendo fa- cultatem vitamus. Tanti tamen hic metus non est; recentissimis licet opia- tis uti, modò id μετα ασφαλεία cum cautione fiat. Quod recentiora eò efficaciora quidem sunt, neque tamen ve- tustum inefficax, κρητην quippe obtinuit non ita facilè dissipabilem, utrumque tutum est, & sine ullo periculo da- tur. Nonnulli danda censent narcotica calido semper ægro, & cum cætera frustra sunt, quinque horis à tenui coenâ. Post coenam opiata danda monet Hercul. Saxon. prælect. < partium dici,> pract. part. 1. c. 10. ß. 6. p. 37. Saltem quinque horis ab ac- cepto

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CAUTIONS REGARDING THE USE OF OPIUM. 142 Laudanum opiate affords a very clear and approved medicine. At a time when the physician errs in administering it, and gives it to a patient extremely weakened, or in extreme old age, or in the agony of death, or in phthisical ulcerous disease, while the sputum is suppressed, it is a viaticum for eternal life, according to the most learned B. Rolfincius, Comment. in 1. aph. Hipp. 1. cap. 10. p. 20. A Practical Physician indeed used, in cases of persons in the agony of death, in order that they might be freed from a lesser anxiety of dying, and that the remainder, as it were, of the vital lamp now about to be extinguished might be put out more easily and with less effort, to administer laudanum opiate. Being warned about this in the case of a certain person in the agonies of death, we preferred to abstain rather than incur damage to our reputation. Hollerius, l. 1. de morb. intern. c. 27. p. 278. < opiatorum, paracorum,> He writes that narcotics newly prepared are never to be used, but that a period of six months, or even more, should be awaited. This caution had already been proposed by Trallianus himself, l. 3. c. 4. δεῖλοῦ δε, inquit, διπο πο οπιον επλεγεθ δεῖ πο παλαιον, δια πο ξειγειν ημας πο πινν ναγιωλινον αυτος. But it is established that old opium ought to be chosen, because in this way we avoid the great difficulty of introducing it into the body. Nevertheless, there is not so much cause for fear here; one may use the newest opiates, provided that this is done μετὰ ἀσφαλείας, with caution. For the newer ones are indeed more effective, yet the old is not ineffective; it has, so to speak, acquired a coherence not so easily dissipated, and both are safe, and are given without any danger. Some think narcotics should always be given to the warm patient, and when all else is in vain, five hours after a light supper. After supper opiates should be given, advises Hercul. Saxon., praelect. pract. part. 1. c. 10. § 6. p. 37. At least five hours after taking the

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. III. 144 cepto cibo: & coena sit parca, ait, ne opium, quod replet caput, impensè concurrente vapore cibi copioso, apoplexiam inferat. Rectius tamen id limitat Casalpinus & duabus vel tribus horis à coenâ dari scribit. l. 1. art. med. c. 13. pag. 33. Distingui & hic potest. 1. inter dosin ordinariam & extraordinariam, si primariâ intentione dentur, tempus nocturnum optimum est, 3. vel 4. horis à coenâ. Sin secundariâ, etiam manè & post meridiem. 2. inter tempus electionis & necessitatis, quod quidem per se patet. < Lumorum evacuationis, > Arragosiis apud Cratonem l. 4. epist. 6. p. 237. Periculosam scribit exhibitionem laudani opiati, ubi 1. vires ægri non sunt firmæ, 2. Corpus non est evacuatum, 3. & humores crassi sunt. Testatur etiam ipse Crato l. 7. epist. 11. p. 595. Quod impuris atque crudis corporibus nocere re ipsâ compertus sit. Quæritur ergò non immeritò, an prius, quàm adsumantur opiata, purgandum sit corpus? Galenus & alii affirmant. Nos, inquit Prosp. Martian. comm. in l. de morb. mul. s. 4. pos. 172. p. 274. vestigia Hippocratis sequentes, in curatione eorum morborum, in quibus aut dolores vigent, aut humorum importunus motus, aut eorum acris qualitas viget, symptomatibus statim succurrimus prius, quàm ad purgationem deveniamus, idque si urgeat dolor, per aliquod medicamentum, quod opium recipiat, v.g. theriacam, aut pilulas de cynoglossà, aut requiem Nicolai aut Philonium, prout res exigit, & Deum testor, hunc curationis modum mihi successisse feliciter, nec quicquam incommodi semel quidem ægrotanti contigisse novi. < quod hæriat; > Si licet, præmissis præmittendis Venæ sectione, vel purgatione, si morbus ea indicet, post principia dari possunt opiata;

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. III. 144 except after food; and let supper be light, he says, lest opium, which fills the head, by the greatly concurrent vapour of abundant food, bring on apoplexy. Yet Casalpinus limits this more rightly, and writes that it should be given two or three hours after supper. l. 1. art. med. c. 13. pag. 33. Here too a distinction may be made: 1. between an ordinary and an extraordinary dose; if given with the primary intention, the night-time is best, three or four hours after supper. But if with a secondary intention, even in the morning and after midday. 2. Between the time of election and of necessity, which indeed is self-evident. < of the evacuation of humours, > Arragosius, apud Crato l. 4. epist. 6. p. 237, writes that the exhibition of opiate laudanum is dangerous where 1. the patient’s strength is not firm, 2. the body has not been evacuated, 3. and the humours are thick. Crato himself also testifies, l. 7. epist. 11. p. 595, that it has been found in fact to be harmful in impure and crude bodies. It is therefore not without good reason asked whether the body should be purged before opiates are taken? Galen and others affirm it. We, says Prosp. Martian. comm. in l. de morb. mul. s. 4. pos. 172. p. 274, following the footsteps of Hippocrates, in the treatment of those diseases in which either pains prevail, or an unruly movement of the humours, or their sharp quality prevails, immediately succour the symptoms before we come to purgation; and if the pain presses, [we do so] through some medicine that contains opium, for example theriaca, or pills of cynoglossa, or requies Nicolai, or Philonium, as the case requires; and I call God to witness that this method of treatment has succeeded with me happily, and I know that no inconvenience at all has happened even once to a patient. < that it may adhere; > If it may be permitted, what ought first to be premised being premised, by venesection or by purgation, if the disease indicate it, opiates may be given after the first stages;

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CAUTELEÆ CIRCA OPII USUM. 147 piata; sin circumstantiæ methodum variant, etiam citra hæc. Caspar. de Calderâ de Heredia, Tractatu tribunal medi- cum inscripto ait, post narcoticum assumptum, altero die venam non secandam, illud enim esse lethale. Nos, si valdè adstringentia præbeantur, sanguinis motum im- pediri novimus, ut venâ sectâ nullus elabatur sanguis, un- deutique cauti esse debemus, ne inscitiæ accusetur medi- cus. Hæmoptysi laborans, Râ Otis adstringenti & opiatis diu usus, curabat medici sui jussu aperire venam, sanguis verò stetit instar glaciei, ne guttâ quidem exeunte. Ne in paroxysmis ipsis, v.g. hemicraniæ, febrium, epi- lepsiæ dentur opiata, multi quàm maximè cavendum ju- bent, idque non immeritò, ne naturæ hoc modo à pugnâ susceptâ revocetur, & devinctæ quasi arma exturbentur. Strategema morbos hos ligandi & abigendi, latet in tem- pore, debent enim dari medicamenta ante paroxysmum, præcipuè si periodum justam observet morbus. Limitari tamen hoc ipsum quoque potest ab urgentibus circum- stantiis quandoque, & concedi tunc opiata succisâ dosi. Tam provida solet esse in paroxysmis quoad illa medi- camenta, quæ retrahere illam ullo modo queunt, ut illo- tum actuationem differat, pugnæ suæ intenta; sic datum purgans durante paroxysino sæpe interpolatur, post illum demum officio suo fungens. Quando itaque opium eâ dosi in paroxysmis pro re natâ datur, ut naturam non in- terturbet, non liget sed juvet, eatenus etiam tunc locum habere potest. Par ratio est in motibus spontaneis seu à naturâ institu- tis, per quemcunque locum expellat materiam natura, ut in diarrhœis, morbillis, variolis, aliisque motibus criticis, T in

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CAUTIONS REGARDING THE USE OF OPIUM. 147 pleased; but if the circumstances vary the method, even without these. Caspar de Caldera de Heredia, in a treatise entitled Tribunal Medicum , says that after a narcotic has been taken, the next day a vein should not be opened, for that would be fatal. We know that if very astringent remedies are administered, the motion of the blood is impeded, so that when a vein is opened no blood flows out; therefore we must be cautious on every account, lest the physician be accused of ignorance. A man suffering from hæmoptysis, after long using astringents and opiates, was, by his physician's order, preparing to have a vein opened, but the blood stood as if frozen, not a drop coming out. Even in the paroxysms themselves, as in hemicrania, fevers, epilepsy, many urge that opiates should be given with the greatest caution, and not without reason, lest nature, thus summoned into a struggle, be recalled from it and, as it were, the weapons be wrested from her grasp. The stratagem for binding and driving off these diseases lies in timing; for the medicines must be given before the paroxysm, especially if the disease observes a regular period. This, however, may also be limited at times by urgent circumstances, and then opiates may be allowed in reduced dose. Nature is usually so prudent in paroxysms with regard to those remedies which can in any way draw her back, that she postpones their action, intent upon her own struggle; thus a purgative given during the paroxysm is often delayed, and only after it does it perform its office. Therefore, when opium is given in such a dose during paroxysms, as the case requires, that it may not disturb nature, may not bind but rather assist her, then it may also have its place there. The same is true of spontaneous movements, or those instituted by nature, by which nature expels matter through whatever channel she may, as in diarrhœa, measles, smallpox, and other critical evacuations, in

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAPUT III. 146 in quibus narcoticorum fortiorum usus plerumque funestus fuit observatus. Melius est, debilitari ægrum & insomnem ad aliquot dies persistere, quàm protinus extingui. Idque adeò in omnibus malignis locum habet, uti supra jam innuimus, ut cautissimè in usum vocentur opiata. Memoranda hoc loco illorum consuetudo, qui in usu habent instante partus tempore laudanum opiatum exhibere, spe certâ confisi, si justus adest terminus, naturam inde roboratam iri, sin minus, dolores immaturos sisti. Quæsiti in simili & quidem illustri casu, an consultum esset, eo uti, abnuimus, præcipuè cum observationibus nobis constaret, dato hoc modo opio, sæpe dolores, parturientibus necessarios, inhibitos fuisse, & difficiliorem nixum inde ortum. Refert Forestus l. 9. obs. 14. de cacochymico, cui imperitus medicus in dolore calculi stupefaciens exhibuit opium, quo deglutito nec amplius evigilavit æger, atque ita, quem dormire voluit, excitare postea non potuit, quod Celsus cavendum monet l. 3. c. 14. Ita & novimus viduam, cum menses restitantes per os viam quærerent, sanguineo vomitu subseqvente, obstructis viis inferioribus, ab imperito chirurgo sumsisse poculum adstringens, cui admistum erat opium. Sana & salva quæ videbatur, & modò cibum ceperat, desubitò extincta est. O coecitatem, ô temeritatem tonsoriam! In frigidis affectibus aut subjectis, minus de opiatis exhibemus, quàm in calidis; humoribus crassis pituitosis & viscidis minus eadem conveniunt. Hydropici unius grani opii exhibitione moriuntur, notante Walæo Meth. med. p. 153. Consummati scilicet, ubi liberè vibrari nequit diaphragma, nec flabellum ordinarium ventilationem suam præstare, inde ab opiatis primariâ intentione datis facilè

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CHAPTER III. 146 in which the use of stronger narcotics has for the most part been observed to be fatal. It is better for the sick person to be weakened and to remain sleepless for some days than to be extinguished at once. And this holds indeed in all malignant diseases, as we have already hinted above, so that opiates are to be employed with the utmost caution. It should be remembered here as well the practice of those who are accustomed, at the time labor is imminent, to give laudanum opiate, trusting confidently that, if the proper term has arrived, nature will thereby be strengthened, but if not, the premature pains will be checked. When we were consulted in a similar and indeed notable case, whether it would be prudent to use it, we declined, especially because from observations it was clear to us that, by opium given in this way, the pains necessary to women in labor had often been suppressed, and a more difficult delivery had then followed. Forestus relates, l. 9. obs. 14., of a cacochymic patient to whom an unskilled physician administered a stupefying opium in colic pain; when he had swallowed it, the sick man never awoke again, and thus he who was wished to sleep could not afterward be awakened, as Celsus warns must be avoided, l. 3. c. 14. So also we knew a widow, when retaining menses sought an outlet through the mouth, with a bloody vomiting following and the lower passages obstructed, who from an unskilled surgeon took a binding draught, in which opium had been mixed. She, who seemed well and safe, and had just taken food, suddenly died. O blindness, O barbers' rashness! In cold affections or conditions we prescribe opiates less than in hot ones; they suit thick, pituitous, and viscous humors less well. Hydropic patients die from the administration of one grain of opium, as Walaeus notes, Meth. med. p. 153. In the fully developed state, namely, when the diaphragm can no longer be freely moved, nor the ordinary fan perform its ventilation, then from opiates given for the primary intention, easily

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CAUTELÆ CIRCA OPII USUM. 147 facilè tota sufflaminatur actio, aliàs enim, pro re natâ etiam < in hydrone,> hydropicis quandoque ex usu esse potest, ceu à Scribonio Largo comp. 126. p. 75. opium in hydrope inter alia commendatur. Ubi roboranda est natura, magis quoque convenit, & quibus ab ejus assumptione alvus movetur. Exemplum hujus rei egregium vid. apud Barthol. Cent. 3. epist. 46. p. 192. Opium & opiata in omnibus ventriculi affectibus, nisi < affectibus ventriculi.> urgente dolore inflammatorio, fugienda esse monet Septal. l. 7. ß 3. Cavendum est ab ejus usu in iis, quibus debilis est appetitus, qui facilem habent alvum, & infirmum ventriculum, in iis enim ut plurimum alvum solvit, & appetitum prosternit. Diagoras & Erasistratus usum opii damnarunt in aurium < aurium, oculorum.> doloribus & oculorum lippitudinibus, quod & visus aciem hebetaret, & soporiferum esset, telte Dioscoride 1. 4. c. 65. quod ex eodem repetit Plinius. Addidit Andreas, protinus excæcatum iri, qui eo illineretur, nisi adulteraretur. Confirmat idem Pergamenus l. 2. de compos. medic. natæ in collyriæ. < ob. π. cap. 7. ubi: Rarò cogimur pharmacis ex opio uti, cum videlicet præ doloris vehementiâ homo de vitâ periclitatur, quanquam & tunc solidæ partes ex ejus usu offendantur, adeò ut post hæc correctione opus habeant. Sic & ex opio collyria multis detrimento fuerunt, adeò ut debilem oculum reddiderint, & visus hebetudinem, amblyopiam Græcis vocatam induxerint, velut etiam auditus gravitatem inducunt, quæcunque ad vehementem aurium dolorem ex opio composita sunt, seu, ut l. 8. c. 4. ejusdem Tractatus loquitur, ea ad immedicabilem frigiditatem particulas deducunt.> Idem pluribus, quænam collyriorum ex opio usum damna sequantur, exponit l. 3. m m. c. 2. & l. 13. cap. ult. ac < T 2> pro-

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CAUTIONS REGARDING THE USE OF OPIUM. 147 The whole action is easily slowed down; otherwise, as circumstances require, even in hydropic patients it may sometimes be useful, as Scribonius Largus, comp. 126, p. 75, recommends opium in dropsy among other things. Where the nature is to be strengthened, it is also more suitable, and for those whose bowels are moved by its taking. A distinguished example of this may be seen in Barthol. Cent. 3, epist. 46, p. 192. Opium and opiates in all affections of the stomach, unless in inflammatory pain, should be avoided, Septal. l. 7, § 3, advises. Care must be taken with its use in those whose appetite is weak, who have a loose bowels, and a feeble stomach; for in such persons it usually loosens the bowels and suppresses the appetite. Diagoras and Erasistratus condemned the use of opium in ear pains and eye inflammations, because it both dulls the sharpness of sight and is soporific, as Dioscorides testifies, 1. 4, c. 65, which Pliny repeats from the same source. Andreas added that anyone on whom it was applied would immediately be blinded, unless it were adulterated. The same is confirmed by the Pergamenus, l. 2, de compos. medic. nat. in collyriæ, < ob. π. cap. 7, where: We are rarely forced to use medicines from opium, namely when, because of the severity of the pain, a man is in danger of his life, although even then the solid parts are harmed by its use, so much so that afterwards they require correction. Thus also collyria made from opium have harmed many, to such an extent that they have rendered the eye weak and have brought on dimness of sight, called amblyopia by the Greeks; just as they also produce heaviness of hearing, whatever is compounded from opium for severe earache; or, as l. 8, c. 4 of the same Treatise says, they reduce those parts to incurable coldness.> He also explains in several places what harms follow from the use of opium-based collyria, in l. 3. m m. c. 2. and l. 13, cap. ult. and < T 2> pro-

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAPUT III. 148 proinde subjungit, si quando illis uti nos cogat necessitas, non ita multò post ad illa transeundum, quæ vim opii ma- lesicam corrigere valent. doloribus & ulceribus oculorum, Avicenna l. 2. Tr. 2. cap. 526. in doloribus oculorum & ulceribus concedit usum opii, cum lacte mulieris, alibi ta- men non utendum eo censet, nisi in acerbissimo dolore, ex materiâ subtili & corrodes, ubi syncope & extrema de- jectio virium metuitur. Videatur hanc in rem Christoph. à Vega art. med. l. 3. sect. 2. c. 1. ophibalmiâ, Hinc in ophibalmiâ opii usus neque frequens esse de- bet, nec multus, animadvertente Septalio l. 6. ß 93. quia ob amarorem mordet & dolorem auget. In summo ergò do- lore interdum opiata miscenda, sed in minimâ dosi. otalgiâ, In otalgiâ quoque cautè utendum opiatis. Nihil enim magis auditum reddit difficiliorem, quàm narcotica faci- unt. Sæpe & in odontalgiâ præstat ea interius assumere, quàm dolentibus partibus applicare, quod jam dictum. odontalgia. Ratione ÆTATIS Infantibus & pueris opiata rarius & parcius danda. Ita solet vulgò iisdem quandoque ex- hiberi theriaca, quod si in paucâ dosi fiat, adeò incom- modum non est. Sin secus, debilitatur facilè ingenium, & memoriam obtundunt opiata, quin ipsi cerebro nociva creduntur. Vid. Septal. l. c. l. 3. anim. 46. l. 1. Scharandaus l. de rat. conserv. san. c. 12. p. 103. An verò tenellæ ætati, at- que angusto pectori juxta perniciosum sit, juxta monitum medicum Tulpii 39. absolutè, nemo facilè affirmaverit. Si enim & tenellæ ætate constituti malè habent infantes, ut indicetur opium, dosi ipsis proportionatâ utique tutissimè dari potest, quod felicissimè in praxi experti sumus vel millies successisse ex voto. Senibus, quibus cum Senibus non adeò conveniunt ac aliis ætatibus. Quin præposterè sæpe his ad somnum provocandum præscri- buntur,

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAPUT III. 148 therefore he adds that, if necessity compels us at any time to use them, we ought not long afterward to pass on to those remedies which are able to correct the deleterious force of opium. in pains and ulcers of the eyes, Avicenna, l. 2. Tr. 2. cap. 526, in pains of the eyes and ulcers permits the use of opium with women’s milk; elsewhere, however, he judges that it should not be used except in very acute pain, from a subtle and corrosive matter, where syncope and extreme prostration of strength are feared. See on this matter Christoph. à Vega, art. med. l. 3. sect. 2. c. 1. in ophthalmy, Hence in ophthalmy the use of opium ought neither to be frequent nor abundant, as Septalius notes, l. 6. § 93, because by its bitterness it bites and increases the pain. Therefore in very severe pain, opiates are sometimes to be mixed in, but in the smallest dose. in earache, In earache also opiates must be used cautiously. For nothing makes hearing more difficult than narcotics do. Often also in toothache it is better to take them internally than to apply them to the painful parts, as has already been said. toothache. By reason of AGE, opiates are to be given more rarely and more sparingly to infants and children. Thus theriaca is commonly sometimes administered to them; if this is done in a small dose, it is not so inconvenient. But if otherwise, the mind is easily weakened, and opiates dull the memory, indeed they are thought to be harmful to the brain itself. See Septal. l. c. l. 3. anim. 46. l. 1. Scharandaus l. de rat. conserv. san. c. 12. p. 103. But whether to very tender age, and to a narrow chest, it is equally pernicious, according to the medical warning of Tulpius 39, no one will easily affirm absolutely. For if infants of tender age are ill, so that opium is indicated, it can certainly be given most safely in a dose proportionate to them; this we have most happily experienced in practice, that it has succeeded according to wish many times over. To the old, for whom with the old they do not agree as well as with other ages. Nay, too often for these to induce sleep are prescribed,

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CAUTELÆ CIRCA OPII USUM 149 buntur, qui spec. diambr. & diamosch. in formâ elect. & aliis calidis sæpe molestas abigunt vigilias, teste Sim. Pauli Quadrip. Botan. p. 71. & 145. Verum est, vaporosa ejusmodi, calidum nativum roborantia, convenire senibus in molestissimo ipsis pervigilio, usus tamen opiatorum similibus moderatè admixtorum tutissimus est. Causa autem quod interdum perperam adhibeantur in senibus, interdum non tutò frequententur, est partim siccitas, & defectus humorum; partim metus, ne in apoplexiam dispositio præsens augeatur. Nos cum spirituosis & humectantibus ea feliciter eo casu adhibuimus, inprimis miscendo R[ecipe] anodynacum Oli cephalico volatili. Habent secum hoc vitii narcotica, quod plerumq[ue] exsiccent corpus, unde nunquam sine humectantibus offerenda, aut si hoc non liceat cum ipsis, ante tamen vel post ista danda, præcipuè isto casu, uti diximus, cum sufficienti < 5. ratione mixtionis;> ri quantitate sanguinea massa destituitur, unde resolubilitas opiatorum impeditur. Tacemus hîc alia, quibus cum misceri possint opiata, utpote de iis jam supra diximus. < 6. ratione usus, & applicationis> Ratione usus & applicationis quædam etiam dicenda occurrunt. Iam olim Mnesidemus apud Dioscor. l.c. usum duntaxat olfaciendi probavit ad conciliandum somnum: alioqui ceu noxium damnavit. Rectè verò subjungit Dioscorides tum huic asserto, tum præcedentibus modò citatis, απερ Πι ζευδή, υπο τής πείρας ελευχόμενα, διὰ τὸ επιμαρτυεῖ δ[ε]ικ[ει] τοῖς ἐγχοις τὴν ενεργειαν τὸς Θαμάν[ει]ς. Quæ quidem omnia commentitia esse, experimento deprehenditur, siquidem effectus virium hujusce medicamentifidem facit. Hercules Saxonia l.c. prælect. pract. p. 1. c. 10. p. 36. quem & alii sequuntur, extrinsecus prius adhibenda in- nuit, T 3

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CAUTIONS REGARDING THE USE OF OPIUM 149 are driven away, which, in the form of electuaria and with other warm remedies, often dispel troublesome sleeplessness, as Simon Pauli testifies, Quadrip. Botan. p. 71 & 145. It is true that such vaporous remedies, which strengthen the natural warmth, are suitable for old people in their most distressing wakefulness; yet the use of opiates, moderately mixed with similar remedies, is the safest course. The reason, however, why they are sometimes improperly administered to the aged, and sometimes not safely used frequently, is partly dryness and deficiency of the humors, partly fear that an existing disposition to apoplexy may be increased. We have used them successfully in such a case together with spirituous and moistening remedies, especially by mixing R[ecipe] anodynacum Oli cephalico volatili. Narcotics have this fault, that they usually dry out the body; hence they should never be given without moistening remedies, or, if this cannot be done along with them, they should at least be administered before or after these, especially in this case, as we have said, with sufficient < 5. on the method of mixing> the blood mass is deprived of quantity, and thereby the dissolubility of the opiates is hindered. We say nothing here of other substances with which opiates may be mixed, since we have already spoken of them above. < 6. on use and application> With regard to use and application, certain things also remain to be said. Long ago Mnesidemus, in Dioscorides l.c., approved only the use of smelling to induce sleep; otherwise he condemned it as harmful. But Dioscorides rightly adds to this statement, as well as to the preceding ones just cited, απερ Πι ζευδή, υπο τής πείρας ελευχόμενα, διὰ τὸ επιμαρτυεῖ δ[ε]ικ[ει] τοῖς ἐγχοις τὴν ενεργειαν τὸς Θαμάν[ει]ς. All of which, indeed, is found to be fictitious by experience, since the effect of the power of this medicine attests it. Hercules Saxonia, l.c. prælect. pract. p. 1. c. 10. p. 36., whom others also follow, indicates that it should first be applied externally, T 3

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. III. 150 ruit, ubi si nihil effecerint, intrinsecus quoque præbenda. < externæ;> Imo etiam externè à quibusdam cautelæ adduntur, præcipuè quoad caput. Externis cephalicis urgente rei usu non rarò adduntur opii aliquot grana. Admonet tamen Francisc. Hildesheim spicil. 1. de dol. cap. p. 16. dum illo extra uti volumus, ne admoveamus illud commissuræ coronali, sed fronti. Cerebrum enim minimè tolerare potest opium citra noxam, commissura autem, quia est pars capitis rarior, facilè opium recipit, quod non contingit, si fronti applicetur, quo de supra jam actum fuit. < 7. ratione præbii,> Quoad DOSIN, quidam à levioribus semper incipiendum suadent. Vid. Fabrit. Hildan. libr. de gangr. & spb. cel. c. 24. p. 826. Generalis h. 1. repetenda est cautela, semper tutius esse subsistendum infra summam dosin, & præstare, repetitâ potius vice ut voti compos fiat medicus, quàm extrema statim tentando opprobrium sibi accersat. Peccatur hîc magis in excessu, quàm defectu. Sic narcotica si immoderatius assumantur, etiam sola apoplexiam effecisse non rarò observatum fuit, teste Wepfer. de apopl. p. 25. Neque valet, quod olim methodici gloriabantur, cum usu narcoticorum sublato dolore, quanquam mors sequeretur, se tamen morbum abegisse, teste Galeno l. 2. ad Glauc. c. 2. < 8. ratione præparationis. in somno longiori non desperandum statim.> Ex suprà dictis etiam fluit, ut benè & fideliter ab exercitato artifice sint præparata, quod allegato loco Hildanus quoque monet. Non verò statim desperandum, si legitimâ observatâ methodo, datis opiatis æger per longum tempus dormiat, præsertim si vigiliæ præcesserint continuatæ. Retulit nobis venerandus Rolfincius, se aliquando collegæ suo medico, Dn. D. Zachariæ Brendelio, Lipsiâ re- duci,

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. III. 150 is used, where, if they have accomplished nothing, it is also to be given internally. < externæ;> Indeed, even externally, certain precautions are added by some, especially with regard to the head. To external cephalics, when the need of the case requires, a few grains of opium are not infrequently added. Yet Francisc. Hildesheim warns, spicil. 1. de dol. cap. p. 16, that when we wish to use it externally, we should not apply it to the coronal suture, but to the forehead. For the brain can by no means tolerate opium without harm; the suture, however, because it is a more rarefied part of the head, easily receives the opium, which does not happen if it is applied to the forehead, as has already been discussed above. < 7. ratione præbii,> As to the DOSE, some advise that one should always begin with the milder remedies. See Fabrit. Hildan. libr. de gangr. & spb. cel. c. 24. p. 826. Here again the general caution must be repeated, that it is always safer to stop below the full dose, and that it is better, by repeated administration, for the physician to attain the desired result, than by trying the extreme at once to bring reproach upon himself. Here the error is more often in excess than in deficiency. Thus, if narcotics are taken in an immoderate amount, it has been frequently observed, according to Wepfer, de apopl. p. 25, that they alone have even caused apoplexy. Nor does what the Methodists once boasted avail them, that when pain had been removed by the use of narcotics, although death followed, they nevertheless had driven away the disease, as Galen testifies, l. 2. ad Glauc. c. 2. < 8. ratione præparationis. in somno longiori non desperandum statim.> From what has been said above it also follows that they must be well and faithfully prepared by an experienced practitioner, as Hildanus likewise advises in the passage cited. Nor, however, should one despair at once if, with the legitimate method observed, and opiates given, the patient sleeps for a long time, especially if prolonged wakefulness had preceded it. The venerable Rolfincius related to us that he once told his medical colleague, Mr. Dr. Zacharias Brendelius, returning from Leipzig,

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CAUTELÆ CIRCA OPII USUM. duci, ubi per plures noctes insomnis commoratus erat, & hinc aliquo modo sensibus perturbatus, propinasse laudani opiati gr. vj. cujus usu cum indormisset, 24. horas & amplius, evigilans sanitati redditus fuit integerrimæ. Plures cautelæ, exque elegantes videri possunt apud sæpe citatum Septalium l.3. animadvers. 43. & seqq. Nester. Consil. antidysenter. c.11. p.248. Grubium de med. simpl. cognosc. p.147. Crollium Basil. chim. p.235. & alios. CAPUT IV. Invectivæ in opium deciduntur. < Aliæ can- celæ omittuncur. > Nihil tam bonum est, quod non in contrarium vertat culpa, vulgata est paræmia. Valet id de opio eò magis, quò circumspectiori usu indiget, & facilè culpa in eo committi potest. Cum verò primus gradus sit sanitatis, ut libenter medicamentum accipias, elogio Quincimani declamat. 14. Hinc cum non solum olim, antequam illud divinum medicamentum à Platero, Gesnero, Horstio, aliisque quasi ex altis tenebris protractum, & hodiè chimiatris superbâ sede locatum fuit, communi quasi medicorum vulgarium calculo ex usu medico deturbatum ferè fuerit, sed & hodienum adhuc tàm doctis quàm plebeiis quamplurimis malè audiat, necesse est, has inculpationes declinare. < Optum hericium medicamen accusatur. > Optandum sanè cum Platero, ut medici temerè hanc introductam & malè inveteratam de pernicioso opii usu opinionem deponant, cum sine eo sæpissimè se turpiter dent, nec quicquam fermè laude dignum destituti tam heroico medicamento efficere possint. < infesteratæ opinione, > Mirum est, quod opium sit quasi lapis offensionis, illis, qui sequuntur puram medicinam Galenicam, quid; noluerunt immittere pedem in sanctuarium chimicum, uti loquitur < præsertim à chimia, ignaris, >

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CAUTIONS REGARDING THE USE OF OPIUM. led, after he had remained sleepless for several nights, and thereby in some manner disturbed in his senses, there was administered to him six grains of laudanum opiated, by the use of which, when he had fallen asleep for 24 hours and more, on waking he was restored to the soundest health. Several cautions, and indeed elegant ones, may be seen in the often cited Septalius, l. 3. Animadvers. 43. & seq. Nester. Consil. antidysenter. c. 11. p. 248. Grubius, de med. simpl. cognosc. p. 147. Crollius, Basil. chim. p. 235. & others. CAPUT IV. Invectives against opium are put forward. < Other cau- tions are omitted. > Nothing is so good that fault cannot turn it to the opposite use, the common proverb says. This applies to opium all the more, because it requires more circumspect use, and fault can easily be committed in it. But since the first step of health is that you willingly take the medicine, as Quintilian says in declam. 14. Hence, since not only in former times, before that divine medicine was, by Plater, Gesner, Horstius, and others, as it were drawn forth from deep darkness and today placed on the lofty seat of the chemists, it was almost by the common verdict of ordinary physicians cast out from medical use, but even to this day it still comes under reproach from very many, both learned and common people, it is necessary to rebut these accusations. < Opium, a most powerful medicine, is accused. > Truly it is to be desired, with Plater, that physicians may lay aside this rashly introduced and badly hardened opinion about the harmful use of opium; for without it they very often make a miserable display of themselves, nor can they accomplish anything at all worthy of praise, deprived as they are of so heroic a medicine. < prejudiced by opinion, > It is remarkable that opium should be, as it were, a stone of stumbling to those who follow pure Galenic medicine, who would not set foot in the chemical sanctuary, as he says < especially by those ignorant of chemistry, >

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAPUT. IV. quitur Febure, Traitte de la chymie p. 614. cum tamen in quamplurimis veterum antidotis, hodienum adhuc mul- tis in locis receptis, opium primariam obtineat basin, & reverâ nec crudum opium ex oriente adlatum, nec lege ar- tis chimicæ præparatum quicquam in se habeat, de quo tinendum sit. < quod sit Venenum,> Venenum esse opium, adeoque æternæ requiei & dis- pensatorem & promotorem, communissima multorum, est invectiva, per traditionem plerumque, vel quod hoc vel illo loco legatur infamatum, inducta. < ab authoritatis.> Evincere illud satagunt authoritatibus. Has largè con- gressit Sennertus l. 6 pract. part. 7. cap. 1. p. 286. & Zacut. Lu- sit. med. Princip. Histor. l. 1. Hist. 60. quæst. 29. p. 428. aliique. < cum aliorum, cum ipsius Galeni,> Galenus ipse valdè timidus fuit in adhibendo opio, quod ex pluribus locis à Zacuto consignatis patet. In unâ quâ- que affectione proprio potius pharmaco utendum exem- plo suo suadet, semperque opium fugit, neque nisi urgen- te necessitate ad ejus usum pervenit. l. 3. de compos. med. x. 7. c. 10. idque quia corpora viventium ab omnium ex opio, hyoscyamo & mandragorâ compositorum medicamento- rum usu mortificationi simile quippiam patiuntur l. 8. x. 7. c. 4. Limitat hunc usum, seu noxam potius, prout vel solita- rium, vel cum aliis mixtum adsumitur opium. Sic l. de theriac. ad Pison. c. 13. ὑδε ὑπος, inquit, τὴς μὴνων, ὑπι μὴν ὑπι ἐναργελικὸς μὸν ἐν ποιεῖς, ὑδεις ἀγνοεῖν μοι δονεῖν. ὑπος ὑμεῖ ἀλ- λωνινῶν σκευα δεῖς, τῶν ἔνοῦσιν δοξεῖν, ὑσοτηριωδεῖ- τον ἀυτῶν ἐναίνα Φαρμανον. Quod opium per se potum exitiale sit, neminem latere existimo; sin autem cum aliis nonnullis sit præparatum, agrotos ita subinde juvat, ut maximè salutife- rum ipsis medicamentum esse videatur. Ratio-

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAPUT. IV. …quitur Febure, Traitté de la chymie p. 614. cum tamen in quamplurimis veterum antidotis, hodienum adhuc mul- tis in locis receptis, opium primariam obtineat basin, & reverâ nec crudum opium ex oriente allatum, nec lege ar- tis chymicæ præparatum quicquam in se habeat, de quo timetndum sit. < quod sit Venenum,> Venenum esse opium, adeoque æternæ requiei & dis- pensatorem & promotorem, communissima multorum, est invectiva, per traditionem plerumque, vel quod hoc vel illo loco legatur infamatum, inducta. < ab authoritatis.> Evincere illud satagunt authoritatibus. Has largè con- gessit Sennertus l. 6 pract. part. 7. cap. 1. p. 286. & Zacut. Lu- sit. med. Princip. Histor. l. 1. Hist. 60. quæst. 29. p. 428. aliique. < cum aliorum, cum ipsius Galeni,> Galenus ipse valdè timidus fuit in adhibendo opio, quod ex pluribus locis à Zacuto consignatis patet. In unâ quâ- que affectione proprio potius pharmaco utendum exem- plo suo suadet, semperque opium fugit, neque nisi urgen- te necessitate ad ejus usum pervenit. l. 3. de compos. med. x. 7. c. 10. idque quia corpora viventium ab omnium ex opio, hyoscyamo & mandragorâ compositorum medicamento- rum usu mortificationi simile quippiam patiuntur l. 8. x. 7. c. 4. Limitat hunc usum, seu noxam potius, prout vel solita- rium, vel cum aliis mixtum adsumitur opium. Sic l. de theriac. ad Pison. c. 13. ὑδε ὑπος, inquit, τὴς μὴνων, ὑπι μὴν ὑπι ἐναργελικὸς μὸν ἐν ποιεῖς, ὑδεις ἀγνοεῖν μοι δονεῖν. ὑπος ὑμεῖ ἀλ- λωνινῶν σκευα δεῖς, τῶν ἔνοῦσιν δοξεῖν, ὑσοτηριωδεῖ- τον ἀυτῶν ἐναίνα Φαρμανον. Quod opium per se potum exitiale sit, neminem latere existimo; sin autem cum aliis nonnullis sit præparatum, ægrotos ita subinde juvat, ut maximè salutife- rum ipsis medicamentum esse videatur. Ratio-

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INVECTIVÆ IN OPIUM. 153 Rationes largo modio disseminant opii o[ph]ores. Odor adest teter, insurgunt, virosus. Sed falsum est, venenata esse odore tetro; benè odorata venenis adversari. Exempla contraria vide apud Scalig. exerc. 347. Venena alia necant primis, alia secundis, alia tertiis qualitatibus, autore laudato Scaligero Exerc. 33. < & rationibus: 1. ab odore,> Opium necare potest qualitate primâ, caliditate nimiâ, licet olim à frigidâ manifestâ, sed tamen violentâ & excellenti qualitate id deductum fuerit, Fernel. 1. 4. M. M. c. 5. p. 200. < 2. qualitatibus noxiis,> Potest necare qualitate secundâ, dum obtundit & incrassat spiritus, poterit tertiâ, sudorem movendo adeò fortem, ut sæpe odorem opii referat, ut supra ex Dioscoride & Ægineta adductum fuit. R Distinguendo inter venena propriè & impropriè dicta. < R. distinguendo> Illa peculiari vi cordi sunt infensa, vitæ omni impetu, omnibus modis insidiantur; hæc per accidens, quatenus nimiâ copiâ adsumuntur, internecioni hominem dare nonnunquam possunt, ut aqua gelida, æstuante corpore assumpta, crocus, cantharides, &c. Nonnulli modestiores inter ea venena solùm referunt, quæ non genere, sed copiâ seu quantitate nocent. Sed si legitimo detur tempore, legitimo modo, nunquam mortem induxisse visum. Sudor ille, odorem opii referens, est lenis, blandus, roscidus. Opium & venenum esse, & malignis illis qualitatibus, < & negando;> quæ ut plurimum à medicis ipsi affinguntur verius quàm attribuuntur, præditum esse, constanter negamus, neque adeò terrorum plena est opiatorum exhibitio, quod vult Thomson. epilogism. cbim. 130. unde rarò id usurpandum suadet, imò apud se pene exolescere scribit. p. 76. Experimentis idem probare conantur specialibus. Notabile est exemplum à Tralliano l. 3. c. 5. memoriæ consignatum, U

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INVECTIVES AGAINST OPIUM. 153 The reasons are spread about in plenty by the opponents of opium. A foul smell is present, strong and noxious. But it is false that poisons are so because of a foul odor; pleasant odors are contrary to poisons. See contrary examples in Scaliger, Exerc. 347. Some poisons kill by first qualities, others by second, others by third qualities, according to the learned Scaliger, Exerc. 33. < & by reasons: 1. from the odor,> Opium can kill by first quality, by excessive heat, although formerly it was deduced from manifest coldness, yet nevertheless from a violent and eminent quality, Fernel. 1. 4. M. M. c. 5. p. 200. < 2. by noxious qualities,> It can kill by second quality, when it dulls and thickens the spirits; it can by the third, by moving sweat so strongly that it often gives off the smell of opium, as above was quoted from Dioscorides and Aegineta. R By distinguishing between poisons properly and improperly so called. < R. distinguishing> Those are by a peculiar power hostile to the heart, and in every way and by all means lay snares for life; these, by accident, insofar as they are taken in too great a quantity, can sometimes bring a man to destruction, as cold water taken when the body is overheated, saffron, cantharides, etc. Some more moderate writers count among poisons only those things which are harmful not by their nature, but by their quantity. But if it is given at the proper time, in the proper manner, it has never been seen to bring on death. That sweat, resembling the odor of opium, is mild, soothing, dewy. That opium is both a poison, and endowed with those malignant qualities, < & by denying> which are for the most part attributed to it by physicians rather by imputation than truly, we firmly deny; nor is the administration of opiates so full of terrors, as Thomson wishes, Epilogism. Chim. 130, whence he advises that it should rarely be used, and indeed writes that with him it has almost fallen out of use. p. 76. They also try to prove the same by special experiments. A notable example, recorded by Trallianus l. 3. c. 5.,

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. IV. tum, ἐγώ γὰρ δίδα, inquit, πινα μόνω πῶ ὑπίω χησομύρων καὶ αΦωνον, καὶ αναίδητον ποιήσαντα ἐν κάμνοντα, ως μηκηλι μεθὲ ὑποβαλσαμε, μεθὲ ἀπων ἐνων ἐμβλητων Ἐγκιων αιατησαί δυνητηνα τῶν αἰθρωνον. Ego enim novi quendam solo usum opio, & vocem & sensum ægro ademisse, ut ne opobalsamo quidem, aut aliis quibusdam caledis injectis, bomo amplius restitui potuerit. Dionysius filius ante diem patrios inquirens in annos, cum pater ipsius morbo graviter conflictaretur, ipsi soporem medicos dare coegit. Hoc æger sumpto, somno sopitus, diem obiit supremum. Vid. Corn. Nepos in Dionc. Nihil hoc aliud fuit, quàm opium. Licinius Cæcinnæ pater se interfecit opio, cum valetudo impatibilis odium vitæ fecisset, observante Plinio N. H. l. 20. c. 18. ubi addit, calorem nativum opprimere & extinguer. Cardanus l. 18. de subtilit. p. 930. recenset historiam Patavini cujusdam, qui cum victor in certamine equestri extisset, galeamque, quò liberius respiraret, deposuisset, eâ copioso intus opio ab æmulis perlitâ capiti rursus impositâ (venarum videlicet osculis calore patentibus receptoque intra penetralia pernicioso halitu) statim suffocatus est. Servi Avicennæ, cum ob comminationes, quod non rectè in suis rebus se gessissent, odio ipsum prosequerentur, ut mortem ipsius procurarent, mithridaticæ confectioni, quam pro symptomatibus epilepticis adsumere vellet, clàm notabilem quantitatem opii admiscuerunt, quod legitur in vitâ ejusdem, operibus ejus præfixâ. Opium pro apio exhibitum notat Salmuth. cent. 1. obs. 90. idemque error perniciosus notatus est à Rhodio in compos 126. Scriboni Largi p 200. Plura exempla lethalitatis ex opio apud Forestum obs 47. l. 28.

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. IV. Then, “ἐγώ γὰρ δίδα,” he says, “πινα μόνω πῶ ὑπίω χησομύρων καὶ αΦωνον, καὶ αναίδητον ποιήσαντα ἐν κάμνοντα, ως μηκηλι μεθὲ ὑποβαλσαμε, μεθὲ ἀπων ἐνων ἐμβλητων Ἐγκιων αιατησαί δυνητηνα τῶν αἰθρωνον.” For I know a certain man, who by the sole use of opium was deprived of voice and feeling, so that neither with opobalsam, nor with certain other hot remedies injected, could he ever afterward be restored. Dionysius the son, before the day, inquiring into his father’s years, when his father was grievously afflicted by disease, compelled the physicians to give him a sleep potion. The sick man, having taken this, fell asleep and died the next day. See Corn. Nepos in Dionc. This was nothing else but opium. Licinius, father of Cæcinnæ, killed himself with opium, when incurable ill health had made him hate life, as Pliny observes, N. H. l. 20. c. 18. where he adds that it suppresses and extinguishes natural heat. Cardanus, l. 18. de subtilit. p. 930, recounts the history of a certain man of Padua, who, having come out victorious in a horse race, and having laid aside his helmet, in order to breathe more freely, had it afterward, with abundant opium smeared inside by his rivals, placed again upon his head, and, the pores of the veins being open from heat and the pernicious vapor having entered within the inner parts, was immediately suffocated. The servants of Avicenna, because of threats, since they had not behaved properly in his affairs, and bore him hatred, in order to procure his death, secretly mixed a notable quantity of opium into the mithridatic preparation, which he wished to take for epileptic symptoms, as is read in his life prefixed to his works. Opium given out in place of parsley is noted by Salmuth, cent. 1. obs. 90. The same pernicious error is noted by Rhodius in compos. 126 of Scribonius Largus, p. 200. More examples of the lethality of opium are found in Forestus, obs. 47. l. 28.

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INVECTIVÆ IN OPIUM. 157 l.28. p.698 & l.30. obs.10. p.34. ubi ex variis autoribus varia ex opii usu producta incommoda congestit. Hildan. de gangran. & spbacel. c.24. p.826. & alios videri queunt. Sed ut data non apto tempore vina nocent, sic & opium. Idem valet de croco, & aliis. < abusum non tollere usum.> Dicendum cum Bontio loco supr. cit. in not. Garc. p.9. < Muliebrie objectio> Profectò insignis est oscitantia ista, quæ in abusum medicamenti ac minus benè præparati dicuntur, in usum nobilissimi inter omnia pharmaca velle referre; sine fundamento sæpe, ac in scholis sine experientiâ. Similia repetit meth. med. Indic. c.2. < Muliebrie objectio> Venenum esse, communis est muliercularum consensus. Morietur, dicunt, quia opium accepit. < non attendenda.> Viaticum erit ad mortem. Sed vanus timor muliebris cordatum non terret medicum, ex lege artis & methodi medendi opiata præscribentem. < Noxa in collectione opii> Memoriæ proditum est à Plutarcho in sympos. l.3. quæst.1. p. m.648. solo halitu & odoris effluvio aliquando concidisse, & subversos esse, qui id incautius colligerent. Verba sunt: ἑπικρέσον πιθμα μὴ Φυλαξαιωτιστῶν, τὸν ὑπὸν την γωνί, συνέβη παταπεσεῖν, spiritus à papaveri defluens non cautè observantibus iis, qui succum colligunt, subvertit homines. Si solum effluvium id præstat, solus odor, quid fiet co assumpto? < tanti non est;> < nec sinistrè gentem à minus causè porrecto> R[espondeo] Observarunt botanici, in collectione baccarum paridis stuporem sæpe quendam tentasse rhizotomos, nemo tamen venenatam in illis agnoscit vim. Præterquam, quòd excretiones urina & fecum supprimat, licet magis animalibus quàm naturalibus actionibus officere dicantur, malignitatis opiata accusantur à quibusdam, quâ livorem artuum, frigidos sudores, respirationem parvam & difficilem, mentis alienationem inducant. Por- recta 112

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INVECTIVES AGAINST OPIUM. 157 l.28. p.698 & l.30. obs.10. p.34. where he has collected from various authors the various inconveniences produced by the use of opium. Hildan. de gangran. & spbacel. c.24. p.826. & others may be consulted. But as wines, given at an unsuitable time, do harm, so does opium. The same holds true of saffron, and of others. < abuse does not abolish use.> It must be said with Bontius in the place cited above in the note on Garc. p.9. < Women’s objection> Truly, there is remarkable drowsiness in this, that they wish to refer to the use of the noblest of all medicines what is said of the abuse of a drug, and of one less well prepared; often without foundation, and in the schools without experience. He repeats similar things in meth. med. Indic. c.2. < Women’s objection> It is poison, is the common consensus of old wives. He will die, they say, because he has taken opium. < not to be heeded.> It will be a provision on the way to death. But this vain womanish fear does not frighten a sensible physician, who, in accordance with the rules of the art and the method of healing, prescribes opiates. < Harm in collecting opium> It is handed down in memory by Plutarch in Sympos. l.3. quest.1. p. m.648. that some have sometimes fallen down and been overthrown merely by the exhalation and odor, when they collected it less carefully. The words are: ἑπικρέσον πιθμα μὴ Φυλαξαιωτιστῶν, τὸν ὑπὸν την γωνί, συνέβη παταπεσεῖν, the spirit flowing from the poppy overthrew those who did not cautiously observe it while gathering the juice. If mere effluvium does this, mere odor, what will happen when it is taken by mouth? < it is not so much;> < nor does a faintly administered thing injure the nation in a sinister way> R[esponse] Botanists have observed that, in gathering the berries of Paris, a certain stupor has often seized the herb-gatherers, yet no one recognizes any poisonous power in them. Moreover, although opiates are said to impede excretions of urine and feces, since they are thought to act more upon animal than natural functions, they are accused by some of malignity, because they produce lividity of the limbs, cold sweats, a weak and difficult respiration, and alienation of the mind. On the other hand 112

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. IV. 156 recta minus cautè caput valdè replent, nervos resolvunt, sensum & motum adimunt, & sæpe ἀλκεοι τὸν ὑπιον in- ducunt. contingentes Sapphica illa adsumenti contingunt: ὑπον ἐπίχεσις, ἐγνι- ημα πυεώδει, ὑψεωι ἐποδείξεις, ἰδεωτες ὑχεῖς, ἀπαξια καὶ ἔδεν- βον ὑπο τὴς δυνυεῖς, πελ ὑδε, τὴς ἀνχησκητῶν πράτος πιθεωτικὴς πορια καὶ ἰαυβον, καὶ ωχειασίς. Vocis suppressio, rubor i- gneus, oculorum significationes, sudores acres, incompositus & turbulentus motus in pulsibus; tandem verò, cum animus ma- gnis viribus expugnatur, basitatio & stupor & expallesccentia. peritos ter- rent. IX Imperitia hominum sæpe efficit, ut multæ herbæ immodicè sumptæ noceant, quæ tamen suum in medici- nâ exhibent commodum, quod exemplo doronici, solani, croci, cicuta, aconiti, byoscyami, colocynthidis, bellebori u- triusque patet. Nil prodest, quod non lædere possit idem. Nos, ait Bellonius l. c. opium experti sumus, verum nul- lum symptoma animadvertimus, nisi quod excalefaceret pectus, & nonnihil turbaret caput & insomnia pareret. Neq; aqua hypnotica, licet tusio res, Tutius, alii inquiunt, esse uti aquis hypnoticis ex refri- gerantibus & humectantibus compositis, quàm aliis for- mulis, quas opium ingreditur. Nam licet hæc citius, ac ill- læ, somnum inducant, tamen non citra periculum gravio- ris mali eas propinari posse, ob opii & similium veneno- sam, malignam, & nimis soporiferam qualitatem Modum, quo agat, dicunt esse somnum altum & lethalem. Vid. Dornerell. dispensat. p. 6. V Villis de febb. cap. 12. p. 216. efficaciores sunt sine accessu o- pii. X Tutò quidem, citò & jucundè curandum est; ex- empla tamen dantur quamplurima, ubi aquæ istiusmodi nil proficiunt. Ad heroica hæc tunc confugiendum, tanquam ad sacram anchoram. Neque minus tutò opia- ta adhibentur, ceu ex infinitis practicorum accuratiorum claret observationibus, quàm aquæ istæ soporiferæ. Adul.

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. IV. 156 They fill the head very strongly and with less caution, relax the nerves, take away sensation and motion, and often induce ἀλκεοι τὸν ὑπιον. contingentes Those Sapphic things that are taken in contact: ὑπον ἐπίχεσις, ἐγνι- ημα πυεώδει, ὑψεωι ἐποδείξεις, ἰδεωτες ὑχεῖς, ἀπαξια καὶ ἔδεν- βον ὑπο τὴς δυνυεῖς, πελ ὑδε, τὴς ἀνχησκητῶν πράτος πιθεωτικὴς πορια καὶ ἰαυβον, καὶ ωχειασίς. Suppression of the voice, fiery redness, signs of the eyes, sharp sweats, an irregular and turbulent motion in the pulse; finally, when the mind is overcome with great force, hesitation and stupor and pallor. peritos ter- rent. IX The ignorance of men often causes many herbs, when taken immoderately, to do harm, although they show their usefulness in medicine, as is clear from the example of doronicum, solanum, crocus, cicuta, aconitum, hyoscyamus, colocynthidis, and both kinds of hellebore. Nothing is of use which cannot also do harm. We, says Bellonius l. c., tried opium, but observed no symptom, except that it heated the chest, and somewhat disturbed the head and produced insomnia. Nor does the hypnotic water, although the tusio res, Some say that it is safer to use hypnotic waters composed of refrigerant and humectant ingredients than other formulas in which opium enters. For although these, sooner than those, induce sleep, yet they cannot be given without the risk of some greater harm, on account of the poisonous, malignant, and too soporific quality of opium and similar drugs. The way in which it acts, they say, is by a deep and lethal sleep. Vid. Dornerell. dispensat. p. 6. V. Villis de febb. cap. 12. p. 216. more efficacious are without the access of opium. X Certainly it should be treated safely, quickly, and pleasantly; however, there are very many examples where waters of this kind accomplish nothing. Then recourse must be had to heroic remedies, as to a sacred anchor. Nor are opiates less safely administered, as is clear from the countless observations of more careful practitioners, than those soporific waters. Adul.

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INVECTIVÆ IN OPIUM. 157 < Adulterit accusatum opium.> Adulterium multi accusant. Opium, vel potiùs meconi- vem, ait Plantius comm. in l.7. MM. Fernel. quod ad nos con- uehitur, adulteratum planè est, & occultâ quâdam vi nobis infensum, ideoque minimè eo utendum, quâcunque id ar- te corrigatur. Institores, qui compendium & lucrum quæ- runt, opium adulterant, aut pro eo meconium ex Apulia vel Hispaniâ comportant. < Seligen- dum est & proban- dum> Quomodo in Natoliâ compacto dimidium à mercato- ribus addatur, dictum jam suprà fuit ex Bellonic. < Palliati- tum medicamentum> Ex . Notæ Electionis observandæ. Afferatur opium ex Apuliâ vel Hispaniâ. Eodem modo confieri & ibi pot- est, quo in Turciâ. Speciosum argumentum est eorum, qui palliativam solum præbere curam, nec tollere morbi causam objici- unt. Nec remedia doloris, sed impedimenta sunt. Omnia illa ad exiguum momentum prosunt. Ego autem illum malo desinere, quàm decipi, ut verbis utamur Senecæ l. de consol. ad Helv. < non simpliciter est opium,> Sed Respondemus cum Galeno l.10. Meth. med. c.10. sa- tiùs esse symptomatibus occurrendo ad causæ continen- tis ablationem roborare naturam, quàm cum morbo æ- grum de medio tollere. Non solis oberrandum est opi- atis, stultum tamen est, semper causæ ablationi ipsius mor- bi intentum esse, neglecto urgentiori symptomate. Qui potest natura sub hoc onere se liberare à causa? Redit sæpe dolor, redit excretio, simul ac evanuit medicamenti vis, interim verò natura inducias hasce arripit, conforta- tur, & promptius dehinc contrà causam ipsam insurgit. < nec dextrè usurpatum ullatenuus nocet> Quin nec symptomatibus solis tollendis prosunt opiata, sæpe causam simul tollunt, per supra dicta. Concludimus verbis Plateri Tom. II. prax. c. 13. p. 547. Si dextrè opiatis utamur, ea minimè lædere, sed dolores com- U 3

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INVECTIVES AGAINST OPIUM. 157 < Opium accused of adulteration.> Many accuse it of adulteration. Opium, or rather meconium, says Plantius in comm. in l.7. MM. Fernel., which is brought to us, is plainly adulterated, and, with some hidden power hostile to us, and therefore by no means to be used, however much it may be corrected by art. Dealers, who seek profit and gain, adulterate opium, or in its place bring meconium from Apulia or Spain. < It must be chosen and proved> How in Natolia half is added by the merchants to the compact mass, has already been said above from Bellonius. < A palliative medicine> From . Notes on the election to be observed. Let opium be brought from Apulia or Spain. In the same way it can also be prepared there, as in Turkey. A specious argument is that of those who object that it affords only palliative care and does not remove the cause of the disease. They are not remedies for pain, but impediments. All those things help only for a brief moment. But I prefer that it should end, rather than that I should be deceived, to use the words of Seneca, l. de consol. ad Helv. < it is not opium simply,> But we reply with Galen, l.10. Meth. med. c.10, that it is better, by meeting the symptoms and strengthening nature through the removal of the underlying cause, than, together with the disease, to carry off the patient from the world. One must not dwell only on opiates; yet it is foolish always to be intent on removing the cause of the disease itself, while neglecting the more urgent symptom. How can nature free itself from the cause under this burden? The pain often returns, the discharge returns, as soon as the force of the medicine has vanished; meanwhile, however, nature seizes this respite, is strengthened, and thereafter rises more promptly against the cause itself. < when skillfully used it is in no way harmful> Indeed, opiates do not merely help in removing symptoms alone; often they remove the cause as well, as stated above. We conclude with the words of Plater, Tom. II. prax. c. 13. p. 547. If we use opiates skillfully, they do not harm at all, but relieve pains U 3

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. V. componendo, somnum inducendo, viresque sic conservando magnum ægro solatium, utilitatemque, medico verò ob id existimationem afferre. Hic ipse Platerus, referente id nobis B. Rolfincio, dixit aliquando, se posse suo opio in vitâ servare rotâ contractum, ex quo magna ejusdem patet confidentia. Interrogatus verò quomodo opium præpararet, respondit, in castaneam inclusum, procul dubio leni calore illud hoc modo maturando & corrigendo, qui ipse etiam modus superioribus addi potest. CAPUT V. Vis opii < Opium aperire orificia vasorum,> Indicta abire nequit opio adscripta dica, quod sit magnasanè, & quæ vel sola satis esset, suspectum reddere opium & exnumero medicamentorum exturbare, tantò magis, quia totus orbis medicus contrarium tuetur & credit, opium esse , adeoque sanguinem sistere, ut mane altero à prægresso ipsius usu visus fuerit consistere & exitum recusare sanguis. < affirmatur ab> Bini prodeant inculatores & testes, Hoffmannus & Borellus alter medicamento, altermedico infensus. <Hoffmannus, ob medium cruentum> Hoffmannus cum differuisset de laudani opiati Paracelsi incertitudine, illudque ferè adscripsisset non-entibus, experimentum citat, quod cepit. Adactus, ait, clamoribus colici cujusdam, dedi gr. ij. (extracti opiati Noribergensis) in sir. de chamæmelo, unde nihil lucri mihi præter mictionem cruentam. l. 2. de medic. officin. c. 169. p. 420. <à calculo potius, quam ab opio> Sed tantus vir vix ausus est semel in usum vocare opium, & malum inde credens effectum ortum abstinuit, quod ipse

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. V. by composing, inducing sleep, and thus preserving strength, to bring great relief and benefit to the sick, and to the physician also, on that account, reputation. This same Platerus, as B. Rolfincius related to us, once said that by his opium he could keep alive one contracted by the cord, from which his great confidence in it is evident. Being asked how he prepared the opium, he replied, enclosed in a chestnut, without doubt maturing and correcting it in this way by gentle heat, which very method may also be added to the foregoing. CAPUT V. The power of opium < Opium opens the orifices of the vessels,> The charge ascribed to opium cannot be dismissed, namely that it opens the orifices of the vessels, and this is certainly a serious one, which alone would be enough to make opium suspected and to drive it out of the number of medicines, the more so because the whole medical world maintains and believes the contrary, that opium does stop the blood, so that it was seen on the following morning, after its previous use, to have become still and to refuse to flow. < it is affirmed by> Two accusers and witnesses come forward, Hoffmann and Borellus, the one hostile to the medicine, the other to the physician. <Hoffmann, on account of the bloody medium> Hoffmann, after he had treated of the uncertainty of Paracelsus’s laudanum opiatum and had assigned it almost to nonentities, cites an experiment which he made. Compelled, he says, by the outcries of a certain colic patient, I gave 2 gr. (of the Nuremberg opiate extract) in chamomile syrup, from which I got nothing but bloody urination. l. 2. de medic. officin. c. 169. p. 420. <from a stone, rather than from opium> But so great a man scarcely dared once to call opium into use, and believing that an evil effect had arisen from it, he abstained, which he himself

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VIS OPII ανασομωπην. 115 ipse ibidem fatetur. Qui verò ex unico hoc experimento fallaci damnandum opium? Nec una hirundo ver facit, nec unum experimentum consequentiam. Pluribus opus est. Sed nondum hoc ipso absolvi potest, sed objici ipsi debet illud sibi familiare: μὴ παρὰ τωνο. Non ortus est mi- ctus cruentus ab opio, cujus tertia pars vix ingressa est du- bio procul in grana duo, sicut superius de laudanis mo- nuimus, sed quia error procul dubio fuit commissus in- diagnosi, ægerque ille non tàm laboravit colicâ verâ, quàm symptomaticâ, ab abscessu vel calculo renum dependente, quo lancinante renum vascula læsa stillarunt cruorem. Vid. Rolfincius chem. 1. A. F. R. l. 4. s. 4. c. 7. p. 250. & Simon Pauli quadrip. botan. Class. 3. p. 422. Mutantur sæpe & variant circumstantiæ, unde variare simul non nequit medicamentorum effectus. Nec, li- cet verum hoc fuisset à solo opio productum symptoma, à particulari ad universale valer consequentia, nec experien- tia ipsa est singularium, sed ex pluribus eodem modo & iisdem circumstantiis præsentibus colligitur. Distinguendum & hîc inter effectum univocum & æ- < per accidens orsam.> quivocum, per se qui sit, & qui per accidens, cum a iàs no- tissimum sit, in mictione cruentâ sedandâ apprimè conve- nire opium. Borellus centur 4. obs. 57. p. 318. annotat, à laudani opiati nimiâ dosi venam apertam, cum enim medicus, (cum quo invidia ipsi intercessit, qui asterismus esse potest, quid de ipsius historiæ judicio sentiendum sit,) viro cuidam somni conciliandi gratiâ laudani duplicem dedisset dosin, im- < Borelli experimen- cum pro effectu eodem citat> memore ei venam nuperrimè sectam fuisse, hinc dum mem- bra languentia & ferè insensibilia hoc somno reddita es- sent, effluxit sanguis è brachio adeò, ut ejus effluvio no- cturno perierit. Sed

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See above, Opium. 115 he himself admits it there. But who, on the basis of this one deceptive experiment, would condemn opium? One swallow does not make a spring, nor does one experiment make a conclusion. More is needed. But this still cannot be settled by that alone; rather, the objection must be made against it from what is familiar to it: μὴ παρὰ τωνο. The bloody urine did not arise from opium, of which scarcely a third part, as is clear beyond doubt, had entered no more than two grains, as we noted above concerning laudanum, but because an error was certainly committed in the diagnosis, and that patient did not suffer so much from true colic as from symptomatic colic, depending on an abscess or stone of the kidneys, from which, as it lacerated, the vessels of the kidneys were injured and let drop blood. See Rolfincius, chem. 1. A. F. R. l. 4. s. 4. c. 7. p. 250, and Simon Pauli, quadrip. botan. Class. 3. p. 422. Circumstances are often changed and vary, and therefore the effects of medicines cannot vary as well. Nor, even if this symptom had truly been produced by opium alone, would a conclusion from the particular to the universal be valid; nor is experience itself of single cases, but it is gathered from many cases in the same way and with the same circumstances present. Here too a distinction must be made between a univocal and an equivocal effect, between what arises per se and what per accidens, since it is quite well known that opium is especially suitable for soothing bloody urination. Borellus, centur. 4, obs. 57, p. 318, notes that with an excessive dose of opiate laudanum a vein was opened; for when a physician, with whom he had a personal grievance, who may be an asterism, to what extent one should judge his story, had given a certain man a double dose of laudanum to induce sleep, forgetting that a vein had recently been cut in him, then, while his limbs were languid and almost insensible and had been reduced to this sleep, blood flowed from the arm so much that he died from the nocturnal bleeding. But

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LIB. II. SECT. IV. CAP. I. Sed novum non est, sectam venam vel indecenti positu, vel motu intempestivo, vel deligatione minus solicita, sæpiùs recludi, & exire sanguinem. Si opium reddidit membra languentia & ferè insensibilia, quomodo invitare potuit solum sanguinem ad exitum? Quomodo potuit fluxiliorem reddere, quem quàm maximè concentrat? Certum itaque est, culpam hanc minimè imputandam, esse opio; Certum est, utrumque hunc recensitum opii ef- fectum opio fuisse accidentarium. Vitium vulgi est, si dato medicamento novum ingravescat symptoma, ortum adscribi medicinæ, culpam redundare in medicum, hunc accusandum esse. Absolvendum omninò ab hoc crimine opium, & illud Pindaricum ingeminandum: LIBRI II. SECTIO IV. CAPUT UNICUM. An opium sit maslach Turcarum, disquirit. Decantatissimum apud Barbaros medicamentum est MASLACH, atris tamen dubitationum nebulis in- volutum, sive nominis ipsius originationem spectes, sive rei. Quis non inaudiit Turcas ad prælia se armantes, quos Hungari etiam non rarò imitantur, præbibere Maslach, ut forti animo præsentibusque viribus sese opponant hostili- bus armis? Periculorum & timoris hæc antidotus, auda- ciæ stimulus, fortitudinis incitamentum, quin philtrum quasi cladium & cædium ipsis habetur. Quotusquisque verò est, qui quid sit, quod assumant, calleat? Utut verò latius hæc omnia explanari postulent, & in- apri-

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LIB. II. SECT. IV. CAP. I. But it is not new for a vein to be opened, either from an improper position, or by too hasty a movement, or by a less careful binding, and for the blood to escape. If opium has rendered the limbs languid and almost insensible, how could it have invited the blood alone to flow out? How could it have made more fluid what it has concentrated as much as possible? It is therefore certain that this fault is by no means to be imputed to opium; it is certain that both of these effects here noted of opium were accidental to opium. It is a fault of the common people, if, after a medicine has been given, a new symptom grows worse, to ascribe its origin to the medicine, and to lay the blame on the physician, and accuse him. Opium must altogether be absolved from this crime, and that Pindaric saying must be repeated: LIB. II. SECTION IV. CHAPTER I. He inquires whether opium is the maslach of the Turks. The most celebrated medicine among the barbarians is MASLACH, though wrapped in dark mists of doubt, whether one considers the origin of the name itself or the thing. Who has not heard that the Turks, arming themselves for battle, and whom the Hungarians not seldom imitate, drink Maslach beforehand, so that they may oppose hostile weapons with a brave spirit and with ready strength? This is an antidote to dangers and fear, a spur to boldness, an encouragement to courage; indeed it is regarded by them as a kind of philtre of slaughter and carnage. But how many are there who know what it is that they take? However much all these things may require to be explained more fully, and in a...

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AN OPIUM SIT MASLACH TURCARUM. 161 apricum sisti, breviter tamen ea solum libabimus, tum quod hujus loci id non sit, nisi quantum ad opium pertinet, tum præcipuè, quod id operis sibi sumpserit feliciori auspicio Excellentissimus D.D. Fogelius, cujus opus de Turcarum Nepenthe propediem expectamus, in quo, uti & coramante biennium & per literas nobiscum humanissimè communicavit, primò Testimoniis fide dignis ostendit, non unum esse medicamentum, quod Maslag dicatur, deinde singulorum Euphrosynorum Turcis usitatorum historiam subjungit. Tum conatur in operationum causas inquirere, & denique vocis Maslag originem à se excogitatam asserit. Plures equidem novimus hinc inde proferri derivationes, prout cuique id visum fuit, sed vix eæ satisfaciunt desiderio, cum ipsâ varietate & copiâ à veritate remotius scopum assequi videantur. Hebraicam esse plurimis placuit, hinc juxta Oberndorf. < pluribus Hebraica> fer. in apolog. chimico med. p. 71. derivatur à erravit, ignoravit, oblitus est, quod inducat curarum & præsentium imminentiumve periculorum oblivionem, licet obliviscendi, ignorandive significatum minus habeat. Et posset quis hoc pacto potius juxta magis usitatam notionem in Kal exponere, tranquillus fuit, quievit. Aliis à quasi Maseblach, res ad quam manus extenditur, quæ solet esse ad manum, in promptu, & sic scribitur expressè Wierol. 3. de præstig. doem. c. 17. p. 279. Thurnbenserus, cujus in orientalibus linguis peritia ex variis ejus scriptis nota est, herbar. l. 1. cap. 20 p. 117. derivat à , vel Chald. . Cui consentiens exquisitus satis Philologus affirmat dici quasi à fudit, liquavit, & amarus, & sic esset amara liquatio, liquor amarus, cum quo convenit dictum ex eâdem radice, amaror. (pro Chaldæorum more.) Aliis

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Whether opium is the Turkish maslach. 161 We could briefly touch upon this matter, but we shall only sip from it, partly because it is not the business of this place except insofar as it concerns opium, and partly, more especially, because the Most Excellent D.D. Fogelius has taken this work upon himself under happier auspices, and we expect his work on the Turkish Nepenthe shortly, in which, as he has communicated to us both in person over the past two years and by letters in the most courteous manner, he first shows by trustworthy testimonies that there is not just one medicine that is called Maslag; then he adds the history of the individual Euphrosynas used among the Turks. Then he tries to inquire into the causes of the operation, and finally he asserts that the origin of the word Maslag is one he has devised himself. Indeed, we know that several derivations have been proposed here and there, according as each person has imagined it, but they scarcely satisfy the desire, since by their very variety and abundance they seem to fall short of the mark and depart more from the truth. Many have been pleased to regard it as Hebrew; hence, according to Oberndorf, <pluribus Hebraica> fer. in apolog. chimico med. p. 71, it is derived from erravit, ignoravit, oblitus est, which implies forgetfulness of cares and of present or impending dangers, although it has less of the sense of forgetting or not knowing. And one might rather explain it in this way, according to the more usual meaning in Kal: he was calm, he rested. Others derive it from something like Maseblach, a thing toward which the hand is extended, which is wont to be at hand, in readiness; and so it is expressly written in Wierol. 3. de prestig. doem. c. 17. p. 279. Thurnbenserus, whose knowledge of Oriental languages is known from various of his writings, herbar. l. 1. cap. 20 p. 117, derives it from , or Chald. . Agreeing with him, a Philologist of no small attainments asserts that it is so called as if from fudit, liquavit, and amarus, and thus it would be a bitter liquefaction, a bitter liquor, which accords with the saying from the same root, amaror. (according to the usage of the Chaldeans.) Others

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAPUT. IV. quitur Febure, Traitte de la chymie p. 614. cum tamen in quamplurimis veterum antidotis, hodienum adhuc mul- tis in locis receptis, opium primariam obtineat basin, & reverâ nec crudum opium ex oriente adlatum, nec lege ar- tis chimicæ præparatum quicquam in se habeat, de quo timendum sit. < quod sit Venenum,> Venenum esse opium, adeoque æternæ requiei & dis- pensatorem & promotorem, communissima multorum. est invectiva, per traditionem plerumque, vel quod hoc vel illo loco legatur infamatum, inducta. < ab authoricasibus.> Evincere illud satagunt authoritatibus. Has largè con- gressit Sennertus l. 6 pract. part. 7. cap. 1. p. 286. & Zacut. Lu- sit. med. Princip. Histor. l. 1. Hist. 60. quæst. 29. p. 428. aliique. < cum aliorum, tum ipsius Galeni,> Galenus ipse valdè timidus fuit in adhibendo opio, quod ex pluribus locis è Zacuto consignatis paret. In unâ quâ- que affectione proprio potius pharmaco utendum exem- plo suo suadet, semperque opium fugit, neque nisi urgen- te necessitate ad ejus usum pervenit. l. 3. de compos. med. x. 7. c. 10. idque quia corpora viventium ab omnium ex opio, hyoscyamo & mandragorâ compositorum medicamento- rum usu mortificationi simile quippiam patiuntur l. 8. x. 7. c. 4. Limitat hunc usum, seu noxam potius, prout vel solita- rium, vel cum aliis mixtum adsumitur opium. Sic l. de theriac. ad Pison. c. 13. è de o[mn]i[n]is, inquit, π[er]i[m]s μὴνων, ὑπι μὴν ὑπιν αναγελικὸς μὸν Θ ποδεῖς, ὑδεῖς αγνοεῖν μοι δοξεῖν. ὑπος δὲ μεῖ λα- λων λινῶν σκευαδεῖς, τοῖς γονῶν βορ, ἰεῖς πολλὰςις, ως σωτηρωδεια- πον αυτοῖς εἰναι Φαρμανον. Quod opium per se potum exitiale sit, neminem latere existimo; sin autem cum aliis nonnullis sit præparatum, agrotos ita subinde juvat, ut maximè salutise- rum ipsis medicamentum esse videatur. Ratio-

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CHAPTER IV. … as Febure notes, Traitté de la chymie, p. 614; yet in very many ancient antidotes, still received in many places to this day, opium has the principal basis, and indeed neither crude opium brought from the East, nor anything prepared by the rules of chemical art, contains in itself anything that should be feared. <that it is a poison,> That opium is a poison, and thus the dispenser and promoter of eternal rest, is the common invective of many, introduced mostly by tradition, or because it is read as discredited in this or that place. <from authorities.> They strive to prove it by authorities. These Sennertus has collected abundantly, l. 6 Pract. part. 7. cap. 1. p. 286, and Zacut. Lusit. Med. Princip. Histor. l. 1. Hist. 60. quaest. 29. p. 428, and others. <among others, even Galen himself,> Galen himself was very timid in administering opium, as appears from several passages recorded by Zacutus. In each affection he advises, by his own example, that one should rather use the proper remedy, and he always shunned opium, and came to its use only under urgent necessity. l. 3. de compos. med. x. 7. c. 10. And this because the bodies of living beings, when using medicines compounded of opium, hyoscyamus, and mandrake, suffer something akin to mortification. l. 8. x. 7. c. 4. He limits this use, or rather this harmfulness, according as opium is taken either alone or mixed with others. Thus l. de theriac. ad Pison. c. 13. … For that opium drunk by itself is deadly, I think no one is unaware; but if it is prepared with certain others, it sometimes helps the sick in such a way that it seems to be a most salutary medicine for them. Reason-

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INVECTIVÆ IN OPIUM. 153 Rationes largo modio disseminant opii osores. Odor adest teter, insurgunt, virosus. Sed falsum est, venenata esse odore tetro; benè odorata venenis adversari. Exempla contraria vide apud Scalig. exerc. 347. Venena alia necant primis, alia secundis, alia tertiis qualitatibus, autore laudato Scaligero Exerc. 33. Opium ne- care potest qualitate primâ, caliditate nimiâ, licet olim à frigidâ manifestâ, sed tamen violentâ & excellenti qua- litate id deductum fuerit, Fernel. 1. 4. M. M. c. 5. p. 200. Potest necare qualitate secundâ, dum obtundit & incrassat spiri- tus, poterit tertiâ, sudorem movendo adeò fortem, ut sæpe odorem opii referat, ut supra ex Dioscoride & Ægineta adductum fuit. V Distinguendo inter venena propriè & impropriè di- cta. < PL. distinguen- do> Illa peculiari vi cordi sunt infensa, vitæ omni impe- tu, omnibus modis insidiantur; hæc per accidens, quate- nus nimiâ copiâ adsumuntur, internecioni hominem dare nonnunquam possunt, ut aqua gelida, æstuante corpore as- sumpta, crocus, cantharides, &c. Nonnulli modestiores inter ea venena solùm referunt, quæ non genere, sed copiâ seu quantitate nocent. Sed si legitimo detur tempore, legitimo modo, nunquam mor- tem induxisse visum. Sudor ille, odorem opii referens, est lenis, blandus, roscidus. Opium & venenum esse, & malignis illis qualitatibus, < & negan- do;> quæ ut plurimum à medicis ipsi affinguntur verius quàm attribuuntur, præditum esse, constanter negamus, neque adeò terrorum plena est opiatorium exhibitio, quod vult Thomson. epilogism. cbim. 130. unde rarò id usurpandum sua- det, imò apud se pene exolescere scribit. p. 76. Experimentis idem probare conantur specialibus. No- < ab experi- mentis:> tabile est exemplum à Tralliano l. 3. c. 5. memoriæ consigna- tum,

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INVECTIVES AGAINST OPIUM. 153 Reasons in ample measure are spread abroad by the haters of opium. A foul odor is present, they cry, and it is noxious. But it is false that things are poisonous because of a foul smell; good-smelling things are opposed to poisons. See contrary examples in Scalig. exerc. 347. Poisons kill in different ways: some by the first qualities, some by the second, some by the third, according to the learned Scaligero, Exerc. 33. Opium can kill by the first quality, through excessive heat, although at one time it was reckoned to be manifestly cold; yet it may have been derived from a violent and excellent quality, Fernel. 1. 4. M. M. c. 5. p. 200. It can kill by the second quality, when it dulls and thickens the spirits; it may do so by the third, by moving sweat so strongly that it often gives off the odor of opium, as was noted above from Dioscorides and Aegineta. V Distinguishing between poisons properly and improperly so called. < PL. distinguen- do> Those are hostile to the heart by a peculiar power, and in every way, by every means, lay snares for life; these are so only accidentally, insofar as, when taken in excessive quantity, they can sometimes bring about a man’s destruction, as cold water, taken when the body is overheated, saffron, cantharides, etc. Some more moderate writers count among poisons only those things that harm not by their kind, but by their quantity. But if opium is given at the proper time and in the proper way, it has never been seen to bring about death. That sweat, which gives off the odor of opium, is mild, soothing, dewy. That opium is both a poison and endowed with those malignant qualities, < & negan- do;> which, for the most part, are more truly imputed to it by physicians than actually attributed to it, we steadfastly deny; nor is the administration of opiates so full of terrors, as Thomson wishes. epilogism. cbim. 130. whence he advises that it should rarely be used, and indeed writes that it has almost gone out of use among them. p. 76. They also attempt to prove the same by special experiments. No- < ab experi- mentis:> A noteworthy example, preserved for memory by Trallianus l. 3. c. 5.,

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. IV. tum, εγω ἡδιδα, inquit, πνα μόνω πῶ ὑπίω χερσαίων καὶ αΦωνον, ἐν διαίδητον ποιήσαντα ἡν καυνοντα, ως μηκέλε μεθέ ὑποβαλομεῖς, μεθέ ἀπλῶν ἐνων ἐμβληθέντων Ἐγκιμῶν αἰατησαι δυνητινα τῶν αἰδωνον. Ego enim novi quendam solo usum opio, & vocem & sensum ægro ademisse, ut ne opobalsamo quidem, aut aliis quibusdam calidis injectis, homo amplius restitui potuerit. Dionysius filius ante diem patrios inquirens in annos, cum pater ipsius morbo graviter conflictaretur, ipsi soporem medicos dare coegit. Hoc æger sumpto, somno sopitus, diem obiit supremum. Vid. Corn. Nepos in Dionc. Nihil hoc aliud fuit, quam opium. Licinius Cæcinnæ pater se interfecit opio, cum valetudo impatibilis odium vitæ fecisset, observante Plinio N. H. l.20. c.18. ubi addit, calorem nativum opprimere & extinguere. Cardanus l.18. de subtilit. p.930. recenset historiam Patavini cujusdam, qui cum victor in certamine equestri extisset, galeamque, quò liberius respiraret, deposuisset, eâ copioso intus opio ab æmulis perlitâ capiti rursus impositâ (venarum videlicet osculis calore patentibus receptoque intra penetralia pernicioso halitu) statim suffocatus est. Servi Avicennæ, cum ob comminationes, quod non rectè in suis rebus se gessissent, odio ipsum prosequerentur, ut mortem ipsius procurarent, mithridaticæ confectioni, quam pro symptomatibus epilepticis adsumere vellet, clàm notabilem quantitatem opii admiscuerunt, quod legitur in vitâ ejusdem, operibus ejus præfixâ. Opium pro apio exhibitum notat Salmuth. cent.1. obs 90. < Opium pro apio.> idemque error perniciosus notatus est à Rhodio in compos 126. Scribonii Largi p 200. Plura exempla lethalitatis ex opio apud Forestum etc 47. l.28.

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. IV. then, “I know,” he said, “a certain person who used only opium, and it took away voice and sense from the sick man, so that even with opobalsamum, or other hot remedies injected, the man could no longer be restored.” For I know of someone who, by using opium alone, deprived a patient of both voice and sensation, so that even opobalsamum, or other heated remedies injected, he could not be brought back again. Dionysius the son, inquiring beforehand into his father’s years, when his father was being severely troubled by disease, compelled the physicians to give him sleep. The sick man, having taken this, was laid to rest by sleep and died the next day. See Corn. Nepos in Dionc. This was nothing other than opium. Licinius Cæcinna’s father killed himself with opium, when incurable ill health had made him hate life, as observed by Pliny, N. H. l.20. c.18., where he adds that it suppresses and extinguishes natural heat. Cardanus, l.18. de subtilit. p.930, relates the history of a certain man of Padua, who, having prevailed in a horse race and taken off his helmet, that he might breathe more freely, had it again placed on his head after it had been plentifully smeared inside with opium by his rivals; and at once, the openings of the veins being, so to speak, exposed by the heat and the harmful vapor having been taken back into the inner parts, he was suffocated. The servants of Avicenna, because of threats, since they had not behaved properly in his affairs and bore him hatred, in order to bring about his death, secretly mixed a notable quantity of opium into the mithridatic preparation which he wished to take for epileptic symptoms, as is read in the life prefixed to his works. Opium given for parsley is noted by Salmuth, cent. 1, obs. 90. <Opium for parsley.> The same harmful error was also noted by Rhodius in compos. 126 of Scribonius Largus, p. 200. More examples of deaths from opium are found in Forestus, etc. 47. l.28.

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INVECTIVÆ IN OPIUM. 157 l.28. p.698 & l.30. obs.10. p.34. ubi ex variis autoribus varia ex opii usu producta incommoda congestit. Hildan. de gangran. & spbacel. c.24. p.826. & alios videri queunt. Sed ut data non apto tempore vina nocent, sic & opium. Idem valet de croco, & aliis. Dicendum cum Bontio loco supr. cit. in not. Garc. p.9. < abusum non collere usum.> Profectò insignis est oscitantia ista, quæ in abusum medicamenti ac minus benè præparati dicuntur, in usum nobilissimi inter omnia pharmaca velle referre; sine fundamento sæpe, ac in scholis sine experientiâ. Similia repetit meth. med. Indic. c.2. < Muliebris objectio> Venenum esse, communis est muliercularum consensus. Morietur, dicunt, quia opium accepit. Vlaticum erit ad mortem. < non attendenda.> Sed vanus timor muliebris cordatum non terret medicum, ex lege artis & methodi medendi opiata præscribentem. < Noxa in collectione opii> Memoriæ proditum est à Plutarcho in sympos. l.3. quæst.1. p. m.648. solo halitu & odoris effluvio aliquando concidisse, & subversos esse, qui id incautius colligerent. Verba sunt: ποῦτὴς μὴκων Θ Πηρρέον πιλλια μὴ Φυλαξαμιλιοις ποῦς τὸν οπὸν τρηγῶν, συνέβη παταπεσεῖν, spiritus à papaveri defluens non cautè observantibus iis, qui succum colligunt, subvertit homines. Si solum effluvium id præstat, solus odor, quid fiet co assumpto? < tanti non est;> R[espondeo] Observarunt botanici, in collectione baccarum paridis stuporem sæpe quendam tentasse rhizotomos, nemo tamen venenatam in illis agnoscit vim. < nec sinistrè etenus à minus cautè porrecto> Præterquam, quòd excretiones urina & fecum supprimat, licet magis animalibus quàm naturalibus actionibus officere dicantur, malignitatis opiata accusantur à quibusdam, quâ livorem artuum, frigidos sudores, respirationem parvam & difficilem, mentis alienationem inducant. Por- recta 112

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INVECTIVES AGAINST OPIUM. 157 l. 28. p. 698 & l. 30. obs. 10. p. 34. where, from various authors, he has gathered together the various inconveniences produced by the use of opium. See Hildan. de gangran. & sbacel. c. 24. p. 826. and others. But as wines, if given at an unsuitable time, do harm, so also does opium. The same applies to saffron, and to others. It must be said, with Bontius in the place cited above in the note, Garc. p. 9, < abuse does not cancel use.> Truly remarkable is that stupidity, which, in abuse of a medicine and in one that is not well prepared, they say should be referred to the use of the noblest of all medicines; often without foundation, and in the schools without experience. Similar points are repeated in meth. med. Indic. c. 2. < Objection of women> It is poison, is the common consensus of womenfolk. He will die, they say, because he has taken opium. It will be the viaticum for death. < not to be heeded.> But empty feminine fear does not frighten a prudent physician, who, according to the rules of the art and the method of healing, prescribes opiates. < Harm in collecting opium> It has been handed down by Plutarch in Sympos. l. 3. quæst. 1. p. m. 648, that some have sometimes collapsed and been overthrown merely from the breath and exhalation of the odor, while gathering it too incautiously. The words are: ποῦτὴς μὴκων Θ Πηρρέον πιλλια μὴ Φυλαξαμιλιοις ποῦς τὸν οπὸν τρηγῶν, συνέβη παταπεσεῖν, the spirit exhaling from the poppy, not carefully observed by those who collect the juice, overthrew the men. If a mere exhalation does this, if merely the odor does it, what will happen if it is taken internally? < it is not so important;> R[espondeo] Botanists have observed that, in gathering the berries of Paris, some numbness has often affected the rhizotomi, yet no one acknowledges in them a poisonous power. < nor even indirectly from what is less cautiously administered> Moreover, besides the fact that it suppresses the excretions of urine and feces, though it is said to interfere more with animal than with natural actions, opiates are accused by some of malignity, by which they induce livid discoloration of the limbs, cold sweats, difficult and short breathing, and alienation of the mind. Offered 112

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. IV. recta minus cautè caput valdè replent, nervos resolvunt, sensum & motum adimunt, & sæpe ἀλκεοι τὸν ὑπιον in- ducunt. < contingentes> Sapphica illa adsumenti contingunt: ὑπιχεσις, ἐγνι- ημα πνεώδεις, ὑφεων ἑποδείξεις, ἰδεωτες ὑχεῖς, ἀπαξια καὶ ἔρευ- βο ἐν ἐγισον ἦνημοῖς, πελ ὑδε, τὴς ὑμησκητὴς πράτος πιθεωλην πορια καὶ ἰαμβον, καὶ ωχειασίς. Vocis suppressio, rubor i- gneus, oculorum significationes, sudores acres, incompositus & turbulentus motus in pulsibus; tandem verò, cum animus ma- gnis viribus expugnatur, basitatio & stupor & expallesccentia. < peritos ter- rens.> IX Imperitia hominum sæpe efficit, ut multæ herbæ immodicè sumptæ noceant, quæ tamen suum in medici- nâ exhibent commodum, quod exemplo doronici, solani, croci, cicuta, aconiti, byoscyami, colocynthidis, bellebori u- triusque patet. Nil prodest, quod non lædere possit idem. Nos, ait Bellonius l. c. opium experti sumus, verum nul- lum symptoma animadvertimus, nisi quod excalefaceret pectus, & nonnihil turbaret caput & insomnia pareret. < Neq; aquæ hypnotica, licet tutiores,> Tutius, alii inquiunt, esse uti aquis hypnoticis ex refri- gerantibus & humectantibus compositis, quàm aliis for- mulis, quas opium ingreditur. Nam licet hæc citius, ac il- læ, somnum inducant, tamen non citra periculum gravio- ris mali eas propinari posse, ob opii & similium veneno- sam, malignam, & nimis soporiferam qualitatem Modum, quo agat, dicunt esse somnum altum & lethalem. Vid. Dornerell. dispensat. p. 6. Willis de febb. cap. 12. p. 216. < efficaciores sunt sine accesu opii.> X Tutò quidem, citò & jucundè curandum est; ex- empla tamen dantur quamplurima, ubi æquæ istiusmodi nil proficiunt. Ad heroica hæc tunc confugiendum, tanquam ad sacram anchoram. Neque minus tutò opia- ta adhibentur, ceu ex infinitis practicorum accuratiorum claret observationibus, quàm æquæ istæ soporiferæ. Adul.

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. IV. produce a very heavy fullness of the head, relax the nerves, take away sensation and motion, and often bring on ἀλκεοι τὸν ὑπιον. < contingentes> Those Sapphic things affect the part taken up: ὑπιχεσις, ἐγνι- ημα πνεώδεις, ὑφεων ἑποδείξεις, ἰδεωτες ὑχεῖς, ἀπαξια καὶ ἔρευ- βο ἐν ἐγισον ἦνημοῖς, πελ ὑδε, τὴς ὑμησκητὴς πράτος πιθεωλην πορια καὶ ἰαμβον, καὶ ωχειασίς. Suppression of the voice, fiery red- ness, signs of the eyes, acrid sweats, irregular and turbulent movement in the pulse; finally, when the mind is overcome by great force, staggering and stupor and paleness. < peritos ter- rens.> IX. The ignorance of men often brings it about that many herbs, taken immoderately, do harm, although they nevertheless display their usefulness in medicine, as is clear from the example of doronicum, solanum, crocus, cicuta, aconitum, hyoscyamus, colocynth, and both kinds of hellebore. Nothing helps that cannot also do harm. We, says Bellonius, l. c., have tried opium, but we observed no symptom, except that it heated the chest and somewhat disturbed the head and caused sleeplessness. < Neq; aquæ hypnotica, licet tutiores,> It is safer, some say, to use hypnotic waters composed of refrigerant and moistening ingredients than other formulas into which opium enters. For although these more quickly than those bring on sleep, nevertheless they cannot be administered without danger of a more serious evil, on account of the poisonous, malignant, and too soporific quality of opium and similar drugs. The mode by which they act, they say, is a deep and deadly sleep. Vid. Dornerell. dispensat. p. 6. Willis de febb. cap. 12. p. 216. < efficaciores sunt sine accesu opii.> X. Certainly one ought to cure safely, quickly, and pleasantly; yet very many examples are given where remedies of this kind accomplish nothing. Then recourse must be had to heroic remedies, as to a sacred anchor. Nor are opiates less safely used, as is clear from the innumerable more exact observations of practitioners, than those soporific waters. Adul.

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INVECTIVÆ IN OPIUM. 157 <Adulterii accusatum opium.> Adulterum multi accusant. Opium, vel potiùs meconi- vm, ait Plantius comm. in l.7. MM. Fernel. quod ad nos con- uehitur, adulteratum planè est, & occultâ quâdam vi nobis infensum, ideoque minimè eo utendum, quâcunque id ar- te corrigatur. Institores, qui compendium & lucrum quæ- runt, opium adulterant, aut pro eo meconium ex Apulia vel Hispaniâ comportant. Quomodo in Natoliâ compacto dimidium à mercato- ribus addatur, dictum jam suprà fuit ex Bellonic. < Seligendum est & probandum> Ex Notæ Electionis observandæ. Afferatur opium ex Apuliâ vel Hispaniâ. Eodem modo confieri & ibi pot- est, quo in Turciâ. <Palliativum medicamentum> Speciosum argumentum est eorum, qui palliativam solum præbere curam, nec tollere morbi causam objici- unt. Nec remedia doloris, sed impedimenta sunt. Omnia illa ad exiguum momentum prosunt. Ego autem illum malo desinere, quàm decipi, ut verbis utamur Senecæ l. de consol. ad Helv. < non simpliciter est opium.> Sed Respondemus cum Galeno l.10. Meth. med. c.10. fa- tiùs esse symptomatibus occurrendo ad causæ continen- tis ablationem roborare naturam, quàm cum morbo æ- grum de medio tollere. Non solis oberrandum est opi- atis, stultum tamen est, semper causæ ablationi ipsius mor- bi intentum esse, neglecto urgentiori symptomate. Qui potest naturæ sub hoc onere se liberare à causâ? Redit sæpe dolor, redit excretio, simul ac evanuit medicamenti vis, interim verò natura inducias hasce arripit, conforta- tur, & promptius dehinc contrà causam ipsam insurgit. Quin nec symptomatibus solis tollendis prosunt opiata, sæpe causam simul tollunt, per supra dicta. < nec dextrè usurpatum ullatenus nocet> Concludimus verbis Plateri Tom. II. prax. c.13. p.547. Si dextrè opiatis utamur, ea minimè lædere, sed dolores com- U 3

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INVECTIVES AGAINST OPIUM. 157 <Opium accused of adultery.> Many accuse it of adultery. Opium, or rather meconium, says Plantius, comm. in l.7. MM. Fernel., that which is brought to us is plainly adulterated, and by some hidden power hostile to us; and therefore it should by no means be used, however it may be corrected by art. Dealers, who seek profit and gain, adulterate opium, or in its place bring meconium from Apulia or Spain. How, in Natolia, half is added by the merchants to the compact mass, has already been stated above from Bellon. < It must be selected and tested > From Notes of selection to be observed. Let opium be brought from Apulia or Spain. It can likewise be prepared there in the same way as in Turkey. < Palliative remedy > A fair-sounding argument is that of those who object that it affords only palliative care, and does not remove the cause of the disease. These are not remedies of pain, but impediments. All such things are of service for a very short time. But I prefer that it should cease, rather than deceive, to use Seneca’s words, l. de consol. ad Helv. < It is not simply opium. > But we reply with Galen, l.10. Meth. med. c.10, that it is better, by meeting the symptoms and removing the underlying cause, to strengthen nature, than to take the patient out of the way together with the disease. One should not be endlessly wandering among opiates; yet it is foolish always to be intent on removing the cause of the disease itself, while neglecting the more urgent symptom. Who can free nature from this burden by attacking the cause? The pain often returns, the discharge returns, as soon as the power of the medicine has vanished; meanwhile nature takes advantage of this truce, is strengthened, and thereafter rises more readily against the cause itself. Moreover, opiates are not useful only for removing symptoms; often they remove the cause at the same time, as said above. < Nor does it harm at all when used properly > We conclude with the words of Plater, Tom. II. prax. c.13. p.547. If we use opiates properly, they do not in the least injure, but relieve pains com- U 3

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. IV. componendo, somnum inducendo, viresque sic conservando magnum ægro solatium, utilitatemque, medico verò ob id existimationem afferre. Hic ipse Platerus, referente id nobis B. Rolfincio, dixit aliquando, se posse suo opio in vitâ servare rotâ contractum, ex quo magna ejusdem patet confidentia. Interrogatus verò quomodo opium præpararet, respondit, in castaneam inclusum, procul dubio leni calore illud hoc modo maturando & corrigendo, qui ipse etiam modus superioribus addi potest. CAPUT V. Vis opii < Opium aperire orificia basorum,> Indicta abire nequit opio adscripta dica, quod sit < affirmatur ab> Iudicium abire nequit opio adscripta dica, quod sit < Hoffmannus, ob mittum cruentum> Iudicium abire nequit opio adscripta dica, quod sit < à calculo potiùs, quàm ab opio> Iudicium abire nequit opio adscripta dica, quod sit magnasanè, & quæ vel sola satis esset, suspectum reddere opium & ex numero medicamentorum exturbare, tantò magis, quia totus orbis medicus contrarium tuetur & credit, opium esse , adeoque sanguinem sistere, ut mane altero à prægresso ipsius usu visus fuerit consistere & exitum recusare sanguis. Bini prodeant inculatores & testes, Hoffmannus & Borellus alter medicamento, alter medico infensus. Hoffmannus cum disseruisset de laudani opiati Paracelsi incertitudine, illud que ferè adscripsisset non-entibus, experimentum citat, quod cepit. Adactus, ait, clamoribus colici cujusdam, dedi gr. ij. (extracti opiati Noribergensis) in sir. de chamæmelo, unde nihil lucri mihi præter mictionem cruentam. l. 2. de medic. officin. c. 169. p. 420. Sed tantus vir vix ausus est semel in usum vocare opium, & malum inde credens effectum ortum abstinuit, quod ipse

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LIB. II. SECT. III. CAP. IV. by composing, inducing sleep, and thus preserving strength, to bring great comfort to the sick, and usefulness, and indeed for that reason esteem to the physician. This same Platerus, as B. Rolfincius reported to us, once said that with his opium he could keep alive a person contracted by wheeling, from which his great confidence in it is evident. When asked, moreover, how he prepared opium, he replied, enclosed in a chestnut, doubtless maturing and correcting it in this way with gentle heat, which same method may also be added to the preceding ones. CHAPTER V. The power of opium < Opium opens the orifices of the basins,> A judgment cannot go away, a dictum assigned to opium, that it is < affirmed by> A judgment cannot go away, a dictum assigned to opium, that it is < Hoffmannus, because of bloody urine> A judgment cannot go away, a dictum assigned to opium, that it is < rather from a stone than from opium> A judgment cannot go away, a dictum assigned to opium, that it is indeed great, and such as would by itself be enough to make opium suspect and to drive it from the number of medicines, so much the more because the whole medical world holds and believes the contrary, that opium is, and therefore stops the blood, so that on the following day after its previous use blood was seen to have stopped and to refuse its exit. Let two accusers and witnesses come forward, Hoffmannus and Borellus, one hostile to the medicine, the other to the physician. Hoffmannus, after he had discoursed on the uncertainty of Paracelsus' laudanum opiatum, and had almost attributed it to nonentities, cites an experiment which he made. Compelled, he says, by the cries of a certain colic patient, I gave 2 grains of Noribergian extractum opiatum in chamomile syrup, from which I gained nothing except bloody urination. l. 2. de medic. officin. c. 169. p. 420. But so great a man scarcely dared once to call opium into use, and believing an evil effect to have arisen from it, he abstained, which he himself

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Vis Opii . ipse ibidem fatetur. Qui verò ex unico hoc experimento fallaci damnandum opium? Nec una hirundo ver facit, nec unum experimentum consequentiam. Pluribus opus est. Sed nondum hoc ipso absolvi potest, sed objici ipsi debet illud sibi familiare: . Non ortus est mi- ctus cruentus ab opio, cujus tertia pars vix ingressa est du- bio procul in grana duo, sicut superius de laudanis mo- nuimus, sed quia error procul dubio fuit commissus in- diagnosi, ægerque ille non tàm laboravit colicâ verâ, quàm symptomaticâ, ab abscessu vel calculo renum dependente, quo lancinante renum vascula læsa stillarunt cruorem. Vid. Rolfincius chem. 1. A. F. R. l. 4. s. 4. c. 7. p. 250. & Simon Pauli quadrip. botan. Class. 3. p. 422. Mutantur sæpe & variant circumstantiæ, unde variare simul non nequit medicamentorum effectus. Nec, li- cet verum hoc fuisset à solo opio productum symptoma, à particulari ad universale valet consequentia, nec experien- tia ipsa est singularium, sed ex pluribus eodem modo & iisdem circumstantiis præsentibus colligitur. Distinguendum & hîc inter effectum univocum & æquivocum, < per accidens or- sum.> per se qui fit, & qui per accidens, cum a iàs no- tissimum sit, in mictione cruentâ sedandâ apprimè conve- nire opium. Borellus centur 4. obs. 57. p. 318. annotat, à laudani opiati nimiâ dosi venam apertam, cum enim medicus, (cum quo invidia ipsi intercessit, qui asterismus esse potest, quid de ipsius historiæ judicio sentiendum sit,) viro cuidam somni conciliandi gratiâ laudani duplicem dedisset dosin, im- memor ei venam nuperrimè sectam fuisse, hinc dum mem- bra languentia & ferè insensibilia hoc somno reddita es- sent, effluxit sanguis è brachio adeò, ut ejus effluvio no- cturno perierit. Sed

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See Oppius. he himself there admits it. Indeed, who would condemn opium from this single deceptive experiment? One swallow does not make spring, nor does one experiment make a conclusion. More is needed. But this cannot yet be settled by that alone; rather, there must be objected to it that familiar remark of his: . The bloody urine did not arise from opium, whose third part had scarcely entered, indeed beyond doubt, two grains, as above we noted concerning laudanums, but because an error had undoubtedly been made in the diagnosis, and that patient suffered not so much from true colic as from symptomatic colic, depending on an abscess or calculus of the kidneys, by which, while it was lancing, the tiny vessels of the kidneys were injured and dripped blood. See Rolfincius, chem. 1. A. F. R. l. 4. s. 4. c. 7. p. 250. & Simon Pauli, quadrip. botan. Class. 3. p. 422. Circumstances are often changed and vary, whence the effects of medicines cannot vary at the same time. Nor, even if this symptom had truly been produced by opium alone, does the conclusion hold from the particular to the universal; nor is experience itself of single instances, but it is gathered from many cases with the same result and with the same circumstances present. Here too a distinction must be made between a univocal effect and an equivocal one, <arising by accident.> between what happens by itself and what happens by accident, since it is well known that opium is especially suitable for allaying bloody urination. Borellus, centur. 4, obs. 57, p. 318, notes that by an excessive dose of laudanum opiatum a vein was opened; for when a physician, with whom he had a grudge—he may be an asterism, what judgment is to be made concerning the history itself?—had given a certain man a double dose of laudanum for the sake of inducing sleep, forgetting that a vein had very recently been cut in him, then, while the limbs, now languid and almost insensible, had been reduced by this sleep, blood flowed from the arm so much that he died from that nocturnal effusion. But

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AN OPIUM SIT MASLACH TURCARUM. 161 apricum sisti, breviter tamen ea solùm libabimus, tum quod hujus loci id non sit, nisi quantum ad opium pertinet, tum præcipuè, quod id operis sibi sumpserit feliciori auspicio Excellentissimus D.D. Fogelius, cujus opus de Turcarum Nepenthe propediem expectamus, in quo, uti & coramante biennium & per literas nobiscum humanissimè communicavit, primò Testimoniis fide dignis ostendit, non unum esse medicamentum, quod Maslag dicatur, deinde singulorum Euphrosynorum Turcis usitatorum historiam subjungit. Tum conatur in operationum causas inquirere, & denique vocis Maslag originem à se exco- gitatam asserit. Plures equidem novimus hinc inde proferri derivationes, prout cuique id visum fuit, sed vix eæ satisfaciunt desiderio, cum ipsâ varietate & copiâ à veritate remotius scopum assequi videantur. Hebraicam esse plurimis placuit, hinc juxta Oberndorf- < Etymologia dubia,> fer. in apolog. chimico med. p. 71. derivatur à n erravit, ignoravit, oblitus est, quod inducat curarum & præsentium imminentiumve periculorum oblivionem, licet oblivi- scendi, ignorandive significatum minus habeat. Et posset quis hoc pacto potius juxta magis usitatem notionem in Kal exponere, tranquillus fuit, quievit. Aliis à quasi Maseblach, res ad quam manus extenditur, quæ solet esse ad manum, in promptu, & sic scribitur expressè Wierol. 3. de præstig. doem. c. 17. p. 279. Thurnhenserus, cujus in orientalibus linguis peritia ex variis ejus scriptis nota est, berbar. l. 1. cap. 20 p. 117. derivat à pium , vel Chald. nium . Cui consentiens exquisitus satis Philologus affirmat dici quasi pium à pium fudit, liquavit, & pium amarus, & sic esset amara liquatio, liquor amarus, cum quo convenit dictum nium ex eâdem radice, amaror. ( N pro n Chaldæorum more.) X Aliis

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AN OPIUM SIT MASLACH TURCARUM. 161 Although I promised briefly to set this forth clearly, yet we shall here only touch on these matters, partly because this is not the place for it, except insofar as it pertains to opium, and chiefly because this work has been undertaken by the most excellent D.D. Fogelius under happier auspices, whose work on the Turkish Nepenthe we expect shortly, in which, as he has most kindly communicated to us both in person over the past two years and by letter, he first shows by trustworthy testimonies that there is not just one medicine called Maslag, then adds the history of the several Euphrosynae used by the Turks. Then he attempts to inquire into the causes of the operations, and finally asserts that the origin of the word Maslag has been devised by himself. We certainly know that several derivations are put forward here and there, according as it has seemed good to each person, but they scarcely satisfy the desire, since by their very variety and abundance they seem to fall short of the truth and miss the mark further away. Many have thought it Hebrew; hence, according to Oberndorf- <Doubtful etymology,> fer. in Apolog. Chimico Med. p. 71, it is derived from erravit, he erred, was ignorant, forgot, which would imply forgetfulness of cares and of present or impending dangers, although it has less of the meaning of forgetting or being ignorant. And one might rather, in this way, explain it according to the more usual notion in Kal, he was calm, he rested. To others it is from quasi Maseblach, a thing to which the hand is extended, which is usually at hand, ready, and thus it is expressly written by Wierol. 3 de Praestig. Doem. c. 17. p. 279. Thurnhenser, whose skill in the oriental languages is known from various of his writings, Berbar. l. 1. cap. 20 p. 117, derives it from, or Chald. . To which agreeing, a fairly learned philologist asserts that it is said quasi from poured, liquefied, and bitter, and thus it would be bitter liquefaction, bitter liquid, with which agrees the word from the same root, bitterness. (N for n, after the manner of the Chaldeans.) X Others

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LIB. II. SECT. IV. CAP. I. Aliis dictum creditur quasi prosperans, utilitatem afferens. Verum hæc omnia allusiones quidem sunt, quæ ad opium in specie, vel maslach applicari queant, sed tamen rem non exhauriunt, quod partim literarum disconvenientia, partim alia evincunt, unde nec Magnifico Polyhistori LUDOLFO, nec Excellentissimo Frischmuthio nostris, nec aliis Rabbinis hæc arrident, qui omnes unanimiter statuunt, satius esse nullam adducere derivationem, quam minus convenientem. < Vix Turcica vel Arabica, > Ut ut autem Maslac vox Turcis notissima sit, vix tamen Turcicam esse, neque Arabicam, neque Indicam à Pl. Reverendo Excellentissimo Dn. Andreâ Mullero, Philologo celeberrimo didicimus, cujus hâc in parte autoritatem maximè veneramur. < robabilius Hungarica babelur. > Ungaricam esse persvadere posset, quod, cum necesse sit inde nomina derivare & accersere, unde res ipsæ ducunt originem, illis priores, Turcica lingua licet non habeat id ex se, non pauca tamen habet Ungarica, unde vir celebris, quem prælaudatum Dn. D. Fogelium esse credimus, cujus pace etiam hæc recensere liceat, ad eundem Dn. Mullerum, Maslag derivat à Masolom seu Masalom, altero, immuto, q. d. alterativum, scilicet medicamentum, quia totum hominem immutat; ceu illa analogia in aliis etiam Hungaricis pateat, ut ab orvoslom, medeor, fit orvossag, medicamentum, tannulom disco, tannussag doctrina &c. Sed licet ex hâc analogiâ Massag dicendum esse videatur, non obstat tamen, quin, donec meliora luci exponantur, hanc præ aliis eligere queamus radicem, præcipuè cum diversimodè Mazlach, Maslac, Matslag &c. scriptum extet, &, nisi id typothetæ vitio factum fuit, apud Höchsteterum, forsan & alios, decad. 3. obs. 1. p. 197. Massac orientalium dicitur. Et testati nobis sunt Ungari, illam derivationem linguæ ipsorum non esse alienam. Turcis

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LIB. II. SECT. IV. CAP. I. It is believed to be called aliis dictum , as if bringing prosperity, bringing utility. But all these are only allusions, which may indeed be applied to opium in particular, or to maslach, yet they do not exhaust the matter, as partly the disagreement of the letters, partly other things prove; whence neither to the most distinguished Polyhistor LUDOLF, nor to our most excellent Frischmuthius, nor to other Rabbis do these things appeal, who all unanimously determine that it is better to offer no derivation at all than one that is less suitable. < Probably neither Turkish nor Arabic, > However, although the word Maslac is very well known to the Turks, nevertheless we learned from the most reverend and most excellent Mr. Andreas Muller, a very renowned philologist, that it is scarcely Turkish, nor Arabic, nor Indian; and we greatly venerate his authority in this matter. < Probably Hungarian maybe. > That it is Hungarian could be made plausible, since, when it is necessary to derive and fetch names from the language from which the things themselves take their origin, those that are earlier, although the Turkish language does not have it from itself, nevertheless has not a few such things in Hungarian, whence the celebrated man, whom we believe to be the aforementioned Mr. D. Fogelius, and with his permission let this also be noted, says to the same Mr. Muller that Maslag is derived from Masolom or Masalom , the latter being altered, that is to say, alterative, namely a medicine, because it changes the whole man; as that analogy also appears in other Hungarian words, as from orvoslom , I heal, comes orvossag , medicine; tannulom , I learn, tannussag , doctrine, etc. But although from this analogy it seems that it should be called Massag , it nevertheless does not prevent us, until better things are brought to light, from choosing this root in preference to others, especially since it is found written variously, Mazlach , Maslac , Matslag , etc., and, unless this was done through the printer’s error, in Höchsteter, perhaps and others, decad. 3, obs. 1, p. 197, Massac is called oriental. And the Hungarians testified to us that that derivation is not foreign to their language. Turkish

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AN OPIUM SIT MASLACH TURCARUM. 163 Turcis scribitur . Quoad rem ipsam, tres autorum classes statui queunt, una, quæ statuit maslach ipsummet esse opium; altera, alia & quidem varia pro eodem venditans. Tertia verò, quæ priorem sententiam conciliat. Licet enim Nonnulli dubii de existentiâ Mazlach, causam tàm furiosi animi in bello Turcarum esse velint capitalem poenam, quâ ad pugnandum incitantur, vel prædestinationem impiam, quâ occæcati nullum timent periculum, certi scilicet de evasione, si Diis placet, sin minus, prædestinati ad interitum, vid. Höfer. Herc. med. p.m. 48. præcipuè cum feratur, Bucretio apud Sennert. l.1. Prax. part. 2. c.6. p.316. referente, gravissimè prohibitum esse apud eosdem, ne quis prælium accessurus quicquam earum rerum vel degustet, quæ mentem quocunque modo turbare queunt, illud ipsum tamen Maslach apud ipsos & in bello & extra id usitatum esse vix licet contra experientiam negare. Opium esse statuunt Scaliger. Scaliger exerc.154. de Turcarum Asseral hoc sibi compertum scribit: prælium inituros ex eo vorare aliquantum, quò alacres & periculorum evadant contemptores. Paulò post: Turcarum quatuor sunt religiones. Quarum una dicitur, Dervisi. In conventibus annuis post ceremonias & epulum esitant Asseral: quò in lætitiam, atque exultationem conjiciuntur. Apud alios autores invenio, non Asseral, sed Matslach. Inclinat esse opium. Vid. etiam exerc. 175. f.1. Verulamius. Idem attestatur Verulamius Histor. vit. 5 mort. pag. 223. Turcæ, inquit, opium experiuntur, etiam in bonâ quantitate, innoxium, & confortativum: adeò, ut etiam ante prælia, ad fortitudinem illud sumant; & p.236. Sic & pulvis pyrius perhibetur epotus conducere ad fortitudinem, & usur- X 2

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AN OPIUM OF THE TURKS, MASLACH. 163 Written among the Turks. As to the matter itself, three classes of authors may be distinguished: one, which maintains that maslach is opium itself; another, which sells a different substance, yet one and the same. A third, truly, which reconciles the former opinion. For although some, doubtful about the existence of Mazlach, would wish the cause of that furious spirit in the Turkish wars to be either the capital punishment by which they are incited to fight, or that impious predestination, by which, blinded, they fear no danger, being certain, as it were, of escape, if it please the gods; if not, destined to destruction; see Höfer, Herc. med. p.m. 48. especially since it is reported, according to Bucretius cited by Sennert, l.1. Prax. part. 2. c.6. p.316, that it was most strictly forbidden among the same people that anyone about to engage in battle should taste any of those things which can in any way disturb the mind; nevertheless, that same Maslach among them, both in war and outside it, is so customary that it can scarcely be denied against experience. Scaliger holds that it is opium. Scaliger, exerc. 154, writes that he has learned this about the Turks: those going into battle swallow some of it, so that they may be eager and despise dangers. A little later: the Turks have four religions, one of which is called Dervisi. In the yearly gatherings, after ceremonies and a feast, they eat Asseral, by which they are thrown into gladness and exultation. From other authors I find not Asseral, but Matslach. It inclines to being opium. See also exerc. 175, f.1. Verulamius. The same is attested by Verulamius, Hist. vit. 5 mort. p. 223: “The Turks,” he says, “find opium, even in a good quantity, harmless and strengthening: so much so that they even take it before battles, in order to increase their courage”; and p. 236. Thus also gunpowder, it is said, when drunk, helps to increase courage, and is us- X 2

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164 L' B. II. SECT. IV. CAPUT I. & usurpari à nautis sæpenerò, & militibus ante prælia, quemadmodum à Turcis opium < Sennertus,> Unde & Sennertus l.c. concludit, etsi vox Maslach non omn bus nota, nec ubique obvia sit; tamen medicamentum, quod eo nomine circumfertur, ex opio esse. < Febure,> Febure his pollicem premens Maslac scribit opium esse optimum & per incisionem paratum Non potest haberi, ait; nisi rarò admodum & magnis sumptibus verum Maslac Turcarum, quod odoris est gravis & ingrati, coloris flavescentis, instar flavo-ruffescentium pilorum leoninorum, valde amarum, acre, os & linguam incendens, uturi videantur. Traitté de la chimie l. 2. f. 8. p. 624. < ob familiariorem usum in exerabellum,> Facit huc, quod constat, experientiâ illorum, qui apud Turcas vixerunt, rationemq; vitæ & mores eorum perviderunt, ipsis in quotidiano usu opium, & vix aliquid hoc ipso esse familiarius, ut nemo adeò egenus feratur, si vel unicum solum asperum habeat reliquum, qui illum non libenter in illud impendat, præsertim verò cum militatum proficiscuntur. Vid. Bellon. l. 3. c. 15. p. 179. Erastus Disp. de sapor. p. 65. & alii. Quin feruntur usui huic ita assveti, ut abstinentes aliquando periculum vitæ incurrant, quo de elegantem historiam extare apud Christoph. à Custâ supra jam pag. 51. adduximus. Hinc in proverbium ferè abiit, vulgatumque apud ipsos est objicere: opium edisti, quod idem est, ac si aliquis apud nos dicat: temulentus es. Et bellum gesturus Turcarum Imperator, dum militum delectum facit, tota provincia opio quasi spoliatur, ut testantur scriptores rerum Turcicarum varii. < & experientiam,> Accedit & experientia, quam Febure & Sennertus citati allegant, quod illi qui Maslach in Turciâ emant, nihil aliud quàm opium monstrent. An

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164 L' B. II. SECT. IV. CAPUT I. and it is very often used by sailors, and by soldiers before battle, just as opium is among the Turks. <Sennertus,> Hence Sennertus in the cited passage concludes that, although the word Maslach is not known to everyone, nor met with everywhere, nevertheless the medicine which goes under that name is opium. <Febure,> Febure, pressing this upon his thumb, writes that Maslac is the best opium and prepared by incision. It cannot be obtained, he says, except very rarely and at great expense, in the true form of Turkish Maslac, which has a heavy and unpleasant smell, a yellowish color, like the yellow-reddish hairs of a lion’s mane, very bitter, sharp, burning the mouth and tongue, so that they seem to be used. Traitté de la chimie l. 2. f. 8. p. 624. <for more familiar use among the common people,> What also supports this is the experience of those who have lived among the Turks and have observed their way of life and customs, namely that opium is in daily use among them, and scarcely anything is more familiar, so that no one is considered so poor that, if he has even a single asper left over, he will not gladly spend it on that; especially indeed when they set out for military service. See Bellon. l. 3. c. 15. p. 179. Erastus Disp. de sapor. p. 65. and others. Indeed, they are said to become so accustomed to this use that those who abstain sometimes incur danger of life, concerning which we have already cited an elegant history found in Christoph. à Custâ above on page 51. Hence it has almost passed into a proverb, and it is common among them to say in reproach: you have eaten opium, which is the same as if someone among us were to say: you are drunk. And when the Emperor of the Turks is about to wage war, while he makes a levy of soldiers, the whole province is, as it were, stripped of opium, as various writers on Turkish affairs testify. <and experience,> Moreover, experience, which the cited Febure and Sennertus mention, adds that those who buy Maslach in Turkey show nothing other than opium. An

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AN OPIUM SIT MASLACH TURCARUM. 165 An verò in opio consistant seu resideant vires animum confortandi, seu robur addendi, non immeritò hâc occa- sione hîc memorandum est. Si calidum nostrum inna- tum de Πe participat, & ab opio huic aliqua energia ac- cedere potest, sanè, vix negari id poterit. Liceat nobis sta- tuere, nullum dari calidum innatum, nullum humidum primigenium, quàm Π & Π sanguinis, quorum activitas calorem & vitam conservat; dissolutio, frigus obitumque infert. Serenissima persona sæpissime, cum seria aliqua & ma- gni momenti negotia obeunda ipsi essent, præsumebat ma- ximo cum usu & fructu opium, & sic omnes sensus dehinc alacres & melius dispositos, viresque oneri ferendo magis pares inveniebat. Adeoque reverà dum spirituum dif- fluentiam seu dissipationem impedit & concentrat, suoque Πe resolubili eosdem maclet, opium ad augendum animi <opium animum reddere & aliorum,> robur multum conferre vero est simillimum. < & Indorum experimento.> De offio seu opio idem hoc affirmant rerum indicarum scriptores, quod ad mortem destinati soleant hoc sumere priùs, quàm adeant supplicium, idque eâ præditum esse virtute, ut homines quasi ebrios reddat, & tantam conci- liet audaciam, ut unus non dubitet viginti aliis se oppone- re. Vid. Georg. Andreae Itinerar. Ind. l. 1. c. 9. p. 12. < Alii vel negant hoc, vel præter opium alia nominant:> Alii verò secluso opio aliter sentiunt, vel saltim, præter id aliis quoque Turcas uti. Sic Oberndorffer. l. c. longè aliud id esse necessum ait, quàm opium, quod Turcas ad pugnam faciat alacriores, ut tanquam ebrii vel amentes ad pericula quævis minus formidulosè subeunda, sese præ- cipitent, inque medio hostium agmine, ut viros strenuos decet, sese animosè præstent. Et Camerarius Oper. subcis. l. 1. c. 93. p. 437. scribit Turcos præter opium alio pulvere uti, qui sit Maslach &c. &c. Sic & Thomas Erastus disput. de X } < Narcol.>

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Whether the powers of opium consist or reside in comforting the mind, or adding strength, is not without reason here to be remembered on this occasion. If our innate heat participates of Πe, and some energy from opium can be added to this, surely it can scarcely be denied. Let us be permitted to maintain that there is no innate heat, no primitive moisture, except Π and Π of the blood, whose activity preserves heat and life; their dissolution brings cold and death. His Serene Highness very often, when some serious business of great importance had to be undertaken by him, took opium with the greatest advantage and profit, and thus found all the senses afterward more cheerful and better disposed, and the powers more equal to bearing the burden. And indeed, while it prevents and concentrates the dissipation or dispersal of the spirits, and by its resoluble Πe it mends them, opium to increase the strength of the mind <opium to restore the mind and that of others,> it is most similar to the truth that it contributes greatly to increasing courage. < & from the experience of the Indians.> Concerning offfio or opium, writers on Indian affairs affirm the same thing, namely, that those condemned to death are accustomed to take it before they go to execution, and that it is endowed with such virtue that it makes men as if drunk, and imparts so much boldness that one does not hesitate to oppose twenty others. See Georg. Andreae, Itinerar. Ind. l. 1. c. 9. p. 12. < Others either deny this, or name something besides opium:> Others, however, setting opium aside, think otherwise, or at least say that Turks use other things as well. Thus Oberndorffer, l. c., says it must be something quite different from opium, which makes the Turks more eager for battle, so that like men who are drunk or mad they rush forward to undertake any dangers with less fear, and in the midst of the enemy's ranks show themselves bravely, as stout men ought. And Camerarius, Oper. subcis. l. 1. c. 93. p. 437., writes that the Turks use, besides opium, another powder, which is Maslach, &c. &c. Thus also Thomas Erastus, disput. de < Narcol.>

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LIB. II. SECT. IV. CAP. I. 166 narcot. nominat pulverem, quem vorent Turcæ prælium inituri, & fieri, quod nonnullis visum sit, ex strychno manico, cujus & Scaliger. l.c. ex sententiâ aliorum meminit. Hoc ipsum verò solanum statuitur foetidum pomo spinoso, <Daturam,> semine nigro Bauhini, unde & C. Hoffmannus M. O. l. 2. c. 169. ß. 22. statuit esse semen strammoniæ vulgaris, quæ Tatula vel Datura Turcarum sit, allegans ibidem & aliorum sententias. Thurnbeuserus l. c. p. 120. singularem sibi & secretam, de præparatione Matzlach vendicat scientiam, statuens ex <cerbariam,> cerbariâ, certis temporibus, certo astrorum influxu, illud parari in monte Traconithide à sacrificulis, semel tantùm quibuslibet duodecim annis. Asserit singulariter commendari ad paralysin, excitare iram & furorem in homine, ut mortis timore omni abjecto, crudelis neque hominum neque brutorum capiatur commiseratione. <rutam sylvestrem,> Quidam, quo nomine Hoffmannus l. c. citat, sed falsò, Bellonium, inclinant in rutam sylvestrem seu Harmalam dictam, cujus semine Turcæ palàm vescantur. <extractum filicis & succum mandragora,> Philipp. Harsdörfferus Theatr. rerum amoenar. cent. 2. p. 38. tria genera Maslach facit: 1. quod fortes, 2. quod audaces, 3. quod furiosos reddat. Compositum item esse affirmat, & in collectione herbarum & radicum furiosas gesticulationes adhiberi. Refert etiam statui præcipuum ingrediens radicem filicis & extractam, mistam cum succo mandragora. <aliaque.> Nolumus conquirere huc plura testimonia, brevibus jam, quid statuendum sit probabilius, deliberaturi, cum quot capita, tot reperias sententias, ut quò plures consulueris autores, eò evadas incertior, nisi medium quoddam inveniatur, quò conciliari inter se possint. Certior enim est istorum opinio, qui Turcas opio familia-

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LIB. II. SECT. IV. CAP. I. 166 they call a narcotic powder which the Turks are said to eat when about to enter battle, and it seems, as some have thought, to be made from the mannikin strychnos, which Scaliger also mentions in the passage cited, following the opinion of others. This same plant is, however, identified as the fetid thorny apple, <Daturam,> with the black seed of Bauhin, whence also C. Hoffmannus, M. O. l. 2. c. 169. ß. 22. maintains that it is the seed of the common stramonium, which is the Turkish Tatula or Datura, citing there also the opinions of others. Thurnbeuserus l. c. p. 120. claims for himself a special and secret knowledge of the preparation of Matzlach, maintaining that from <cerbariam,> cerbaria, at certain times, under a certain influence of the stars, it is prepared on Mount Traconithide by the priests, only once in every twelve years. He states that it is especially recommended for paralysis, to excite anger and fury in a man, so that, with all fear of death cast aside, he may be seized by a cruelty that feels no compassion either for humans or for beasts. <rutam sylvestrem,> Some, as Hoffmannus cites them under this name, but falsely, Bellonius, incline to wild rue, or the plant called Harmala, whose seed the Turks openly eat. <extractum filicis & succum mandragora,> Philipp. Harsdörfferus, Theatr. rerum amoenar. cent. 2. p. 38, makes three kinds of Maslach: 1. that which makes men strong, 2. that which makes them bold, 3. that which makes them furious. He also asserts that it is compounded, and that in the gathering of herbs and roots furious gesticulations are employed. He likewise reports that its chief ingredient is the root of fern, extracted and mixed with the juice of mandrake. <aliaque.> We do not wish to collect more testimonies here, but rather, in a few words, to deliberate what is most probably to be concluded; for as many heads as there are, so many opinions are found, so that the more authors you consult, the more uncertain you become, unless some middle course is found by which they may be reconciled with one another. For more certain is the opinion of those who say that the Turks are accustomed to opium family-

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AN OPIUM SIT MASLACH TURCARUM. Re- miliariter uti, & , ut Maslach quoque dicatur, nil vetare statuunt, sed illud solum, exclusis reliquis omnibus, non pro eodem habendum, adeoque. 1. Indi Beng (quod aliàs etiam Meng Arabibus dicitur) Bengi & Bangue binka vocant, quod Turcæ Maslac. 2. Maslach non notat unam certam rem, plantam vel medicamentum. 3. Non certam formulam remedi, externam scilicet, ut pulverem v. g. præcisè, aut electuarium, vel vice versâ significet. 4. Notat verò unum finem habentia & herbas lymphaticas, seu ea omnia potiùs ex iis parata, quæ affinitatem inter se aliquam habent ratione virtutis seu effectus, idque saltim & ad minimum à nostratibus, ut sicut juleb seu julapium ingener, recepto apud medicos more, notat medicamentum confortativum, sic etiam Maslach, omne id quod alacritatem, hilaritatem conciliat, curas expungit &c. An verò Turcæ, ut verbis utamur laudatiss. Dn. Mülleri, cæterique orientales, Botanicimaximè & pharmacia peritiores idem faciant, non æquè certum est. 5. Beng tamen magis ad plantarum seminumque catalogum referendum est; Maslac verò adeorum, quæ è Beng parantur sive pulverum, sive electuariorum. Præcipuè tamen præter opium in usu est pulvis usualis, sub Maslach, seu Maslagæ nomine veniens, quæ nihil aliud est, quàm pulvis herbæ cujusdam, Asrar Turcis dictæ, hoc est cannabinis, ut cursor Turcicus Nobilissimo DD. Fungio nostro retulit, ceu plerosque etiam rogatos, quidnam sit Heiram-luc (quod nomen huic medicamento in specie, ceu Maschlach opio tribuit) Wierus idem respon- disse refert l.c. Dubium jam emergit, utrum quæ ad id recipitur can- nabis

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AN OPIUM OF THE TURKS, called Maslach. They decide that its common use, and even that it may also be called Maslach, is not to be denied; but that it alone, excluding all the rest, is not to be regarded as the same thing, and therefore: 1. The Indians call Beng (which elsewhere is also called Meng by the Arabs) Bengi and Bangue binka , which the Turks call Maslac. 2. Maslach does not denote one definite thing, plant, or medicine. 3. It does not signify any fixed form of remedy, namely an external one, such as precisely a powder, or an electuary, or vice versa. 4. Rather, it denotes things having one end in common, and watery herbs, or rather all things prepared from them, which have some affinity among themselves in respect of virtue or effect; and this at least and in the minimum sense among us, so that just as juleb or julapium in general, according to the received custom among physicians, denotes a strengthening medicine, so also Maslach denotes everything that brings cheerfulness, gladdens the mind, drives away cares, etc. But whether the Turks, to use the words of the most learned Mr. Müller, and the other Orientals, who are most skilled in botany and pharmacy, do the same is not so certain. 5. Beng, however, is rather to be referred to the catalog of plants and seeds; Maslac, however, to those things which are prepared from Beng, whether powders or electuaries. Above all, however, besides opium, the usual powder is in use, coming under the name Maslach, or Maslaga, which is nothing other than the powder of a certain herb called Asrar by the Turks, that is, of hemp, as a Turkish courier reported to our most noble friend Fungius, since, when many were also asked what Heiram-luc was, a name which he gives to this medicine in particular, as Maschlach to opium, Wierus reports that he answered the same thing there, l.c. Now the question arises whether the cannabis admitted for this purpose

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AN OPIUM SIT MASLACH TURCARUM. 169 rar, (eligunt autem maximique æstimant eam, quæ unicum tantùm habet stolonem, nec in alas aut ramusculos laterales dividitur) hanc ollæ sigulinæ, in quâ butyrum asservabatur, immittunt, ollamque repletam post panis extractionem furno imponunt, exsiccatamque hâc ratione herbam in pulverem redigunt: Dum verò hilares esse volunt, pulvere hoc vini loco utuntur. Porrigunt autem incipienti primâ vice quantum cultri cuspide capere possunt, ascendendo dein ad quatuor, sex, octo cuspides, etiam ultrà, quem pulverem ita siccum deglutiunt, serbet aut alia dulcia desuper bibendo, vel eundem pulverem cum melle in electuarii formam redactam devorant, quod Bengilik (quod compositioni nomen est) vocant: Unde & Olearius Itineris Persici l. 5. cap. 8. p. 594. ait, apud Persas semen & folia cannabinis ad venerem exhiberi sub nomine Bengi, hinc & illos, qui illud devorant, Kidibengi vocari, ubi & parandi modum, paulò aliter describit. Effectus illius sicuri vini pro temperamenti & sanguinis diversitate variis sunt: Alios enim reddit hilares, cantantes, salientes, ridentes, petulantes ac venereos: alios iracundos, litigantes, audaces, pugnaces, furiosos ac insanos: alios taciturnos, tristes, melancholicos, imaginarios, lacrymantes, languidos & somnolentos &c. Solent etiam, concludit, frequenter uti opio, sed hoc esse quasi instar veneni, hominesque inde maximè lædi ac enervari, ipsi Turcæ fatentur, adeoque prius tutius adhiberi. Misit idem Maslach, seu modò dictum pulverem ad nos, qui ut ovum ovo similis est ipsi illi, quem Hamburgi in Bibliothecâ publicâ, benevolentiâ sæpe laudati D.D. Fogelii, Constantinopoli ad D. Schlegelium missum vidimus. V Uni-

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Whether opium is Turkish maslach. 169 indeed, (but they choose and most highly esteem that which has only a single stolon, and is not divided into branches or lateral shoots) this they put into a small earthen pot in which butter had been kept, and the pot, when filled, they place in the oven after the bread has been taken out; and the herb, dried in this manner, they reduce to powder. But when they wish to be cheerful, they use this powder in place of wine. At first they give, to one beginning, as much as can be held on the point of a knife; then they increase to four, six, eight points, even beyond; and they swallow the powder thus dry, drinking sherbet or other sweets afterward, or they devour the same powder mixed with honey and reduced to the form of an electuary, which they call Bengilik (which is the name of the preparation). Hence Olearius also, in Itineris Persici l. 5, cap. 8, p. 594, says that among the Persians the seed and leaves of hemp are offered for love under the name Bengi, and hence those who devour it are called Kidibengi, where he also describes the manner of preparation somewhat differently. The effects of it, like wine, vary according to differences of temperament and blood: for it makes some cheerful, singing, leaping, laughing, wanton, and lustful; others angry, quarrelsome, bold, combative, furious, and insane; others silent, sad, melancholy, fanciful, tearful, languid, and sleepy, etc. He concludes also that they commonly use opium, but that it is as it were like a poison, and that men are greatly harmed and enervated by it; the Turks themselves confess this, and therefore the former is to be administered more safely. The same Maslach sent us this, or rather the powder just mentioned, which, like an egg to an egg, is exactly like that one which we saw in Hamburg in the public library, through the kindness of the much-praised D.D. Fogelius, sent from Constantinople to D. Schlegel. V Uni-

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170 LIB. II. SECT. IV. CAP. I AN ORIUM SIT MASLACH TUR. < Dubium de hyoscyamo dilustur.> Unicum adhuc illud dubium restat, quod Beng, seu Bengi & Bangue, (eædem enim sunt literæ, quibus utrumque in oriente scribitur) per Arabum, Coptitarum & A- vicennæ lexica sit hyoscyamus, nisi dicamus hanc ipsam, vocem hyoscyamum quidem notare, simul verò & huic plantæ competere, vel ab aliis ad hyoscyami species, ob ef- fectum congenerem, illam ipsam plantam relatam, ut à similitudine extrinsecâ cannabi, ab effectu verò & virtute hyoscyamo magis conveniat. < Maslag minoris & majoris apparatus.> Maslaga hæc, sive opium sive Bangue pro basi agnoscat, duplicis generis est, vel minoris vel majoris appara- Ita addunt arecam, opium, camphoram, caryophyllos, nucem moschatam & macim; Imò si hilares esse volunt & faceti, & præsertim in venerem procliviores, ambram quoque & moschum. Vid. Baubin. l. c. p. 450. Sed tùm de compositione ipsâ, tum de usu & abusu pluribus differet DD. Fogelius, quò Lectoris cupidi desiderium differemus, non aliter ac Socrates apud Xenophontem l. de admin. domest. p. 651. Si quis, ait, ignis vel aquæ petendæ ad me veniat causâ, atque illis qui- dem carerem, alio tamen ducerem, unde petere posset. Incîsi

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170. LIB. II. SECT. IV. CAP. I. AN ORIUM SIT MASLACH TUR. < A doubt about hyoscyamus is explained.> The only remaining doubt is this: that Beng, or Bengi and Bangue, (for these are the same letters, by which each is written in the East) is hyoscyamus according to the lexicons of the Arabs, the Copts, and Avicenna, unless we say that this very term indeed denotes hyoscyamus, and at the same time also belongs to this plant; or that it has been referred by others to species of hyoscyamus, because of a kindred effect, the very same plant being called so, since from its external resemblance it is cannabis, but in effect and virtue it more nearly agrees with hyoscyamus. < The apparatus of Maslaga, the lesser and the greater.> This Maslaga, whether it acknowledges opium or Bangue as its basis, is of two kinds, either of a lesser or of a greater apparatus. Thus they add areca, opium, camphor, cloves, nutmeg, and mace; indeed, if they wish to be cheerful and witty, and especially inclined to venery, amber too and musk. See Baubin, loc. cit., p. 450. But both regarding the composition itself, and regarding its use and abuse, Dr. Fogelius will speak at greater length, to which we shall defer the reader’s eager desire, not otherwise than Socrates in Xenophon, l. de admin. domest. p. 651: “If anyone comes to me, he says, for the sake of obtaining fire or water, and I should happen to be without them, I would nevertheless lead him to another place, from which he could get them.” Incîsi

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Neisi furdunt capitella papaveris ex se somniferas lachrymas, Opii sub nomine claras: Illud restituit lapsas in pristina vires exhibitum cautè, & cluet anchora sacra Me- dentum: Sin minus, est gladius, quem gestat dextra furentis. Hic unxan O imòs doctissima pectora torsit hactenus: an caleat, vel frigeat, ardualis est: Afflictis tutò num sumi possit ab ægris? An calidum exstinguat vitale? vel irritatum sopiat Archæum, rabidum mulcendo furorem? More venenorum num lædat corpora? vel quâ parte suæ massæ narcotica munia præstet? An agat occultis virtutibus, an manifestis? His insudatum est tot secula perpetenisu: Nemo tamen certâ potuit ratione docere, mansurum & concors circa meconia verum. Eruit è latebris æternô nomine dignus omnia VVEDELIUS: præclaris ejus Apollo ausibus adplaudit: Medicorum splendidus Ordo debet eimultum, & victricem porrigit herbam. Te DEUS incolumem servet, precor, inclute Fautor, Ut commune bonum, multi curentur & ægri. Nobilissimo & Excellentissimo DN. D. G W. WEDELIO, in illustri Salanæ Professori P. famigeratissimo, S. Rom. Imp. Acad. Naturæ Curiosorum Collegæ gravissimo, Fau- tori suo plurimum honorando, Opiologiam cum adplausu edenti, paucis hisce raptim gra- tulabatur Erfordiæ d.27. Septembr. An.1674. Georgius Christophorus Petri, D. Med. Electoral. Mog. & Erfurtens. Ordin. Fac. Med. p.1. Decanus. I 2 Ad

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For this does not bring forth from the poppy’s head the sleep-giving tears, famous under the name of Opium: That restores those fallen back to their former strength when administered cautiously, and is called the sacred anchor of physicians: if not, it is a sword which the raging hand bears. This has so far twisted the most learned minds: whether it be warm or cold is a difficult question: Can it safely be taken by those afflicted and ill? Does it extinguish the vital heat? or, when excited, does it lull the Archæus, soothing its mad fury? Like poisons, does it injure bodies? or in what part of its mass does it perform its narcotic office? Does it act by hidden powers, or by manifest ones? On these things labor has been spent through so many ages: yet no one has been able to teach with certain reasoning the truth that shall remain and agree concerning meconium. From its hiding-place WEDELIOUS, worthy of eternal name, has drawn it forth: Apollo applauds his noble boldness: the brilliant Order of Physicians owes him much, and extends to him the victorious herb. May GOD preserve you safe and sound, I pray, illustrious Patron, that the common good may be served, and many sick be cared for. To the most noble and most excellent Lord D. G. W. WEDEL, most renowned Professor of the illustrious University of Halle, most distinguished Fellow of the Sacred Roman Imperial Academy of the Curious about Nature, to his much-honored Patron, publishing Opiology with applause, these few lines were hastily sent as congratulations at Erfurt, 27 September, 1674, by Georgius Christophorus Petri, Doctor of Medicine, Electoral Moguntine and Erfurt Ordinarius, Dean of the Medical Faculty, p.1.

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Ad Excellentissimum DN. D. VVEDELIUM, Amicum & Collegam pl. hono- randum, Vid sit, quâ fiat methodo, qvem præbeat usum Sal, qvod vocant volatile Plantarum, tenus hac scito meletemate mon- stras Pro more, Fautor Optime. Qvæ natura Opii, qvæ concinnatio, & usus Qvi sit, labor nunc hic probat. Ingenium redolet, cum Opio Sal jungere nosse Ut artis est, volatile. Iudicium sapit, in praxi usurpare remista, Ægris & hinc mederier. Utroque excellis. Sic laudem fama parabit, Ægrotus & fostrum dabit. Festinab. scrib. Gorlicij Lusat. Ehrenfridus Hagendorius, Med. D. Acad. Curios. FINIS. BIBLIOTICA NAZ. ROMA VITTORIO Emanuele

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To the Most Excellent DN. D. WEDELIUS, most honorable friend and colleague, See by what method, what use the volatile salt, as it is called, of plants affords, and by this little poem you will show according to custom, most favorable patron. What the nature of opium is, what its composition, and its use, what it is, labor now proves here. It smells of genius, when to know how to join salt with opium, as it is the art, the volatile. It savors of judgment, to employ the mixed remedy in practice, and thereby to heal the sick. You excel in both. Thus fame will bring praise, and the sick will give you thanks. Written in haste at Görlitz in Lusatia, Ehrenfridus Hagendorius, M.D. Acad. Curios. FINIS. BIBLIOTICA NAZ. ROME VITTORIO Emanuele