On the Labors of Slaves

Creator: Titus Popma | Date: 1608 | Notes: Original title: De operis servorum liber A compact Latin treatise on the labors of Roman slaves, belonging to the late-humanist genre of the antiquarian lexicon of Roman realia. Proceeding headword by headword, Popma grounds each term of servile function in a precise juridical definition drawn chiefly from the Digest and the Codex, then layers classical-literary, patristic, antiquarian, and epigraphic testimony atop that legal foundation. From a foundational definition of operae as daily service, the work builds outward through a nested taxonomy—public versus private, urban versus rustic—and a vertical intra-servile hierarchy descending from the ordinarii to the lowly mediastini, cataloguing the individual offices of the household and closing with the special legal statuses of penal, fugitive, and bound servants (including the servus poenae, the penal slave treated in law as civilly dead). It concludes with an Index auctorum and a subject-register of servile offices. 👉 <a href="https://tryleo.ai/collections/exlatinis/popma-roman-slave-labor-1608">Read our introductory primer, full report, and finding guide here</a> 📜 <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y93USUjzXr4C">View the original source file</a> This text was transcribed and translated as part of the ExLatinis project—an effort by Leo to make English translations of every published text in Latin in early modern Europe (between 1450 and 1750) available to the public for free online.

Title: On the Labors of Slaves
Creator: Titus Popma
Date: 1608
Notes: Original title: De operis servorum liber A compact Latin treatise on the labors of Roman slaves, belonging to the late-humanist genre of the antiquarian lexicon of Roman realia. Proceeding headword by headword, Popma grounds each term of servile function in a precise juridical definition drawn chiefly from the Digest and the Codex, then layers classical-literary, patristic, antiquarian, and epigraphic testimony atop that legal foundation. From a foundational definition of operae as daily service, the work builds outward through a nested taxonomy—public versus private, urban versus rustic—and a vertical intra-servile hierarchy descending from the ordinarii to the lowly mediastini, cataloguing the individual offices of the household and closing with the special legal statuses of penal, fugitive, and bound servants (including the servus poenae, the penal slave treated in law as civilly dead). It concludes with an Index auctorum and a subject-register of servile offices. 👉 <a href="https://tryleo.ai/collections/exlatinis/popma-roman-slave-labor-1608">Read our introductory primer, full report, and finding guide here</a> 📜 <a href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y93USUjzXr4C">View the original source file</a> This text was transcribed and translated as part of the ExLatinis project—an effort by Leo to make English translations of every published text in Latin in early modern Europe (between 1450 and 1750) available to the public for free online.

Document notes

Original title: De operis servorum liber A compact Latin treatise on the labors of Roman slaves, belonging to the late-humanist genre of the antiquarian lexicon of Roman realia. Proceeding headword by headword, Popma grounds each term of servile function in a precise juridical definition drawn chiefly from the Digest and the Codex, then layers classical-literary, patristic, antiquarian, and epigraphic testimony atop that legal foundation. From a foundational definition of operae as daily service, the work builds outward through a nested taxonomy—public versus private, urban versus rustic—and a vertical intra-servile hierarchy descending from the ordinarii to the lowly mediastini, cataloguing the individual offices of the household and closing with the special legal statuses of penal, fugitive, and bound servants (including the servus poenae, the penal slave treated in law as civilly dead). It concludes with an Index auctorum and a subject-register of servile offices. 👉 Read our introductory primer, full report, and finding guide here 📜 View the original source file This text was transcribed and translated as part of the ExLatinis project—an effort by Leo to make English translations of every published text in Latin in early modern Europe (between 1450 and 1750) available to the public for free online.

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TITI POPMÆ PHRYSII DE OPERIS SERVORVM LIBER. Editio novissima, ab innumeris mendis expurgata, & diversitate characterum exornata. OPTIMI CONSULTORES MORTVI. AMSTELODAMI Apud ANDREAM FRISIYM, M. DC. LXXII.

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TITI POPMÆ PHRYSII ON THE WORKS OF SERVANTS BOOK. Latest edition, purged of innumerable errors, and adorned with a variety of type. THE BEST COUNSELORS ARE DEAD. AMSTERDAM At ANDREW FRISIUS', 1672.

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17 17

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17 17

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TITI POPMÆ PHRYSII DE OPERIS SERVORVM LIBER. OPERA sunt diurnum a officium, b quæ in actu consistunt, & per singulos dies dantur; nec ante in rerum natura sunt, quam is dies venit, quo præstandæ sunt. Itaque si quis c operas sit stipulatus, ante peractum diem operam ejus diei petere non potest. Operarum aliæ officiales, quæ in officii præstatione consistunt, & à libertis patronis obsequii ratione præstantur: aliæ, quæ in artificio, artificiales vocantur, veluti fabriles, pictoriæ, & his similes. d Fabriles autem vel alterius artis operæ, quæ quasi A 2 2 Lib.1. ff. de oper. libert. b l.1. ff. de oper. servor.8. c leg.3. ff. de oper. libert. d Lib.6 ff. de oper. libert.

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TITI POPMÆ PHRYSII ON THE WORK OF SERVANTS BOOK. WORKS are a daily a duty, b which consist in action, and are rendered on individual days; nor are they in nature of things before the day arrives on which they are to be performed. Therefore if anyone c has stipulated for services, before the day has been completed he cannot demand the service of that day. Some services are official, which consist in the performance of a duty, and are rendered by freedmen to patrons as a matter of obedience; others, which are in a craft, are called artisanal, such as those of smiths, painters, and the like. d Smiths however, or the services of another craft, which as if A 2 2 Lib.1. ff. de oper. libert. b l.1. ff. de oper. servor.8. c leg.3. ff. de oper. libert. d Lib.6 ff. de oper. libert.

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4 T I T I P quasi in pecuniæ præ ad hæredem extrane cuivis voluntate domi sunt: quæ non d contractu, & per bitæ solutæ repetu les natura debentur soli patrono debet, in alium transeunt, functo deberi coep dictæ, aut petitæ: que juratæ, neque vantur, non repetu artificio sint, juben aliis edi possunt. Q operis servi restituen ductis necessariis in boni viri eas æstima ætatis, vel valetudini jus nullæ operæ apu poterant, nulla fiet a etionis quoque, Q

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4 TITIP as if in the case of money, the to an extraneous heir by the will of anyone at home are: which are not due by contract, and by payment if paid, are to be reclaimed they are owed by nature to the patron alone, pass to another, having begun to be owed to the deceased, called, or claimed: which are sworn, nor demanded, are not to be reclaimed; if by artifice they are, they are ordered to be given to others. Q for the restitution of a servant’s services with the necessary deductions in a good man would estimate them according to age, or health, no services being due to him there could be no action; and also of action, Q

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De operis Servorum. 5 nem non haberi a Vlpianus existimat, veluti si dominus dilexerit servum, aut eum in dilitiis habuerit: quæ affectio in sola delectatione domini consistit, nullam habens admixtam utilitatem. Secus est, si cum voluptate, aut delectatione utilitas, & lucrum haberi possit, ut est in citharcoedo, in histrione, vel alterius voluptatis artifice. Servi autem alii publici, alii privati; quorum varia officia, & ministeria erant. Vnde apud Plautum in Capteiveis, Act. II. Sc. II. Optimum, ait, atque æquissimum oras, optimusque hominum es homo: Sed is privatam illic servitutem servit, an publicam? HEG. Privatam medici Menarchi. P V B L I C I servi dicebantur, qui officium, & ministerium publicum sacerdotibus, aut magistratibus, & populo exhibebant. De quibus Liviis lib. xxvi: Scipio victa Carthagine nova opifices ad duo millia A 3 homi- 2 L. 6. ff. de oper. servor.

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On the services of slaves. 5 Ulpian thinks that this is not to be considered, such as when a master has loved a slave, or has kept him in luxury; for such affection consists only in the master’s delight, having no utility mixed with it. The case is otherwise if, together with pleasure or delight, utility and profit can be obtained, as is the case with a cithara-player, an actor, or a practitioner of some other amusement. Slaves, moreover, were some public, others private; and their offices and services were various. Hence in Plautus, in the Captives, Act II, Scene II: “You ask excellently and most justly, and you are the best of men: But does he serve there in private servitude, or public?” Heg. “Private, that of the physician Menarchus.” PUBLIC slaves were called those who performed public office and service for priests, magistrates, and the people. Concerning these, Livy, book xxvi: “After Carthage was conquered, Scipio sent to New Carthage as many as two thousand artisans...” A 3 homi- 2 L. 6. ff. de oper. servor.

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6 TITI bominum publicos edixit, cum spe pro ad ministeria belli vassent. Habebam municipia, societa publicos, quos bant, impositis à servo publico civ epistola ad Trajan quit, per publico quod usque adhuc fi tes adservare custo hæc Trajanus: consuetudine quæ ist per publicos servos municipali idem Agrum ex meis long blico mancipavi. Et qui in municipio à Hi ut in municipi sic & in urbe Rom præstabant, & ad forenes, & ad Livius lib. IX. P

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6 TITI of public men announced, with hope that they would be sent to the duties of war. I had municipalities, associations, public slaves, whom they were binding, with penalties imposed by a public slave of the city. A letter to Trajan asks whether, by public authority, those things which up to now have been kept and guarded should be preserved; to this Trajan says: “By the custom which exists through public slaves of the municipality, the same land from my property I assigned in public conveyance. And those who in the municipality from a... Thus, both in the municipality and in the city of Rome they performed, and for the foreign, and for the Livius book IX. P

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De operis Servorum. 7 cujus ad aram maximam Herculis familiare sacerdotium fuerat, servos publicos ministerii delegandi causa so- lemnia ejus sacri docuerat. Tacitus lib. XVII: Piso in ædem Vestæ per- vasit, exceptusque misericordia publici servi, et contubernio ejus abditus, non religione, nec ceremoniis, sed latebra imminens exitium differebat. Qui omnibus magistratibus apparuerunt, ut Censoribus, de quibus Livius: Censores, signatis tabellis publicis, clau- soque tabulario, et dimissis servis pu- blicis negaverunt se quidquam publici negotii gesturos. Ædilibus, de quibus Varro: Ædiles stipati servis publicis non modo præhendi non possunt, sed et ultro summovent populum. Quæsto- ribus, quos idem Varro tradit neque lectorem habuisse, neque viatorem. nam & publico ministerio populi Roma- ni fuere lectores, viatores, apparito- res, Brutiani, & scribæ. Cicero Philipp. XIII: Quos Antonius, in- quit, deliciarum causa loris in convi- vio A 4

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On the services of slaves. 7 whose familiar priesthood had belonged to the great altar of Hercules, had taught the solemn rites of that cult for the purpose of assigning public slaves to the service. Tacitus, book XVII: Piso forced his way into the temple of Vesta, and, received through the compassion of a public slave, and hidden in his quarters, not by religion nor by ceremonies, but by concealment he delayed the impending destruction. Those who appeared to all magistrates, as the Censors, of whom Livy says: The censors, after sealing the public tablets and closing the records office, and dismissing the public slaves, declared that they would transact no public business. The aediles, of whom Varro says: The aediles, surrounded by public slaves, can not only not be seized, but even drive the crowd back of their own accord. The quaestors, whom the same Varro relates had neither a lector nor a viator. For there were also in the public service of the Roman people lectors, viatores, apparitors, Brutiani, and scribes. Cicero, Philippics XIII: Those whom Antony, he says, for the sake of pleasure, with straps at a banquet A 4

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8 TITI P vio cædi jubebat à serv leius Paterculus lib collum loro in carce sium jussu duumvir quem interficiendum in servus publicus natio Valerius Maximus lib. II. cap. v: Mis occidendum in priva nis clausum, servus Cimber, & senem & lore obsitum. Servos alios fuisse à lictorib tus-consultum vetus in libro de aquæ du PLACERE SE QVI AQVIS PV ESSENT, CVME SA EXTRA VRE LICTORES BIN VOS PUBLICOS CHITECTOS SI SCRIBAS, ET ACCENSOS, PR TOTIDEM HA HABENT II, PE MENTVM PLEB

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8 TITI P... ... ordered to be beaten by a servant ... Velleius Paterculus, book ... ... with a rope in the prison ... ... by order of the duumvir ... ... whom [he ordered] to be put to death ... a public slave ... Valerius Maximus book II, ch. v: Mis... ... to be killed in a private ... ... shut up in a prison cell, the servant Cimber, and both the old man and covered with a rope. Others were [taken] by the lictors ... an ancient senatus consultum in the book on water conduits: “IT IS DECREED THAT THOSE WHO ARE AT THE WATERS ... ... OUTSIDE THE CITY ... THE LICTORS, TWO PUBLIC ... ARCHITECTS, THE SCRIBES, AND THE ACCENSI, JUST AS MANY ... HAVE II, PER... ... PLEB...

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De operis Servorum. Vsus autem scribarum fuit, ut in tabulas actiones referrent; accensorum, ut citarent, & horam esse tertiam, aut meridiem admonerent; lictorum, ut coërcerent, aut lummoverent. Quibus annua quædam ad victum & vestem respublica præstabat. Plinius lib. x. Epist. In plerisque civitatibus, maxime Nicomediæ & Niceæ, quidam vel in opus damniati, vel in ludum, similiaque his genere poenarum publicorum servorum officio, ministerioque funguntur, atque etiam ut publici servi annua accipiunt. Erant autem ordinis libertini, quod præter b Varronem c Tacitus lib. xiii. refert: Quippe late fusum id corpus: hinc plerumque tribus, decurias, ministeria magistratibus, & sacerdotibus; cohortes etiam in urbe conscriptas. Itaque liberati servitute, manuque missi jam erant, antequam apparebant, & serviebant magistratibus; A 5 ma- a Carolus Sigenius de Prætoribus Lib. 1. cap. 7. b Lib. 7. de ling. lat. ad sinem. c Cap. 27.

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On the duties of slaves. The practice of the scribes was to enter proceedings in the records; of the accensi, to summon, and to give notice that it was the third hour, or noon; of the lictors, to restrain, or remove them. For these the commonwealth provided certain annual allowances for food and clothing. Pliny, book X, Epistles: In most cities, especially at Nicomedia and Nicaea, some, whether condemned to labor, or to the arena, and punishments similar to these, perform the office and service of public slaves, and also receive annual allowances as public slaves. But they were of the freedman order, as, besides Varrro, Tacitus, book XIII, relates: For that body was spread far and wide: hence for the most part tribes, decuries, and services were assigned to magistrates and priests; cohorts even were enrolled in the city. And so, having been freed from slavery and manumitted, they were already such before they appeared, and they served the magistrates;

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10 TITI P manumissi vero ad dominorum, à quib & in eorum nomi bant. Hi, ut com possent, à provincii appellabantur, ut vel à personis, qui adduxerant, ut Cor Brutiani autem dicti tiis essent, qui etsi li bus tamen in provin rebant, & præmin rum vice, illosqu Apud prætorem ver pupillus absens sit, sit, servus public Vlpianus: Si pupil fari non possit, servu tur; si servum non eiemendus est; sed si tur, aut non sit expe fecto dicemus servum Prætorem stipulari d publicus populi R

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10 TITI P But freedmen took the names of their masters, by whom they had been manumitted, and in whose names they used to be called. These, in order that they might be distinguished, were called from the province, as from the persons who had brought them there, as Cor... Brutiani, however, were so called because, although they were freedmen, they nevertheless remained in the province, and performed the duties and services of slaves in place of their masters. Before the praetor, if a ward is absent, if a slave is absent, a public slave Ulpian: If the ward cannot speak, a slave may be admitted; if a slave is not available, he must be chosen; but if he is absent, or it is not expedient, then we shall certainly say that a slave is to stipulate for the praetor. A public slave of the Roman people

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De operis Servorum. 11 ipse non civis Romanus, sed tantum liber esset, olim pro parte bonorum dimidia testamenti factionem a habebat. Servi publici quoque obligationes rebuspublicis b acquirebant; & c tabulariam olim administrabant. Quod ab d Arcadio, Honorio, & Theodosio postea prohibitum fuit. PRIVATI servi, qui usus sui causa à domino parati, & ad ejus corpus tuendum, atque ipsius cultum destinati erant: quo in genere urbanorum & rusticorum familiæ, quæ non loco, sed genere distinguuntur. c Pomponius lib. v 1. ad Sabinum: Urbana familia, ò rustica non loco, sed genere distinguitur. Potest enim aliquis dispensator non esse urbanorum servorum numero, velutiis, qui rusticarum rerum rationes dispenset, ibique habitat, ò non multum abest à A 6 vil- 2 Petrus Faber lib. 11. semest. cap. 24. b Leg. 11. ff. de usuris. c leg. 18. ff. de adept. leg. 2. Cod. cod. leg. ult. Cod. de servis Reipub. d leg. 3. Cod. de tabellariis. e leg. 166. ff. de verb: signif.

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On the works of slaves. 11 if he were not a Roman citizen, but only free, formerly he had, in part of his property, a half share in making a will. Public slaves also acquired obligations for the commonwealth; and formerly administered the tabularium. This was later prohibited by Arcadius, Honorius, and Theodosius. PRIVATE slaves, who were prepared by the master for their own use, and assigned to the protection of his person, and to his service: in which category are the urban and rural households, which are distinguished not by place, but by kind. c Pomponius lib. v 1. ad Sabinum: An urban household, or rural, is distinguished not by place, but by kind. For one may be a steward not counted among the urban slaves, as is one who manages the accounts of rural matters, and lives there, or is not far from A 6 vil- 2 Petrus Faber lib. 11. semest. cap. 24. b Leg. 11. ff. de usuris. c leg. 18. ff. de adept. leg. 2. Cod. cod. leg. ult. Cod. de servis Reipub. d leg. 3. Cod. de tabellariis. e leg. 166. ff. de verb: signif.

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12 T I T I P villico. Et a Marcia est ex mancipiis urban villam nutriendus, constituerant. Vrbam quos paterfamilias in merare solitus sit, qui bellis familiæ, item poterit, id est diari Servi enim ex deme postea dicemus. H Epistola XIV. Cum servis urba mavis. Alfenus: Servis, legatis eos solos in e quos paterfamilias circ cultus causababeret. ad Terentiam: Fun poteris uti cum famili na carior fuerit. Fam decim servi confici Apolog. I. Quindecim

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12 TITIPI to the steward. And from Marcia it is from the urban slaves to be brought up on the farm, they had established. The city whom the head of the household was accustomed to to hire, who for the household’s duties, likewise he will be able, that is, daily For the slaves from the household, for we shall speak later. H Letter XIV. With city slaves you prefer. Alfenus: To slaves, having assigned them alone in the work which the head of the household would have assigned for the sake of cultivation. to Terentia: You will be able to use a household when it has become dearer. The family fifteen slaves were made up Apolog. I. Fifteen

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De operis Servorum. 13 populus est, totidem servi familia, totidem vincti ergastulum. Plinius libro XXXIII. cap. 1. Natural. Hist. tradit priscos Romanos singulis servis contentos fuisse: Singuli, inquit, Marcipores, Luciporesve dominorum gentiles, victum in promiscuo habebant: qui Marcipores, quasi Marci pueri vocabantur: quod in numerosa familia postea fieri non potuit. Quin-tilianus lib. primo Orat. Instit. In servis jam intercidit genus illud nominis, quod ducebatur à domino, unde Marcipores, Publiporesque. A diversis autem operis, & ministeriis diversa olim fuit servorum ejusdem familiæ conditio, & ut a poëta ait: discrimina quædam Sunt famulis splendorque suus. aut enimb ordinarii erant, aut c Vicarii, vel a Mediastini, & quales quales. ORDINARII qui aliis Iervis A 7 præ- a Claudianus lib. 1. in Entrop. b Leg. 17. 18. 19. ff. de peculio. c leg. 5, ß. 1. ff. de tribut, att. d L. 15. ß. 44. ff. de injuriis. e leg. citata.

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On the works of slaves. 13 the people is so much a slave household, so much the chained ergastulum. Pliny in book XXXIII, chap. 1 of the Natural History says that the ancient Romans were content with single slaves: Each, he says, had Marcipores, or Lucipores, as the members of the master's household, and they had their food in common: those called Marcipores, as if the children of Marcus, were so named; which in a large household could not afterwards continue. Quintilian book I of the Institutes of Oratory. In slaves there has now disappeared that kind of name, which was derived from the master, whence Marcipores and Publipores. But from the different works and services there was formerly a different condition of the slaves of the same household, and, as the poet says: there are certain distinctions for servants, and their own splendor. either they were ordinary, or Vicarii, or Mediastini, and such like. ORDINARII, who among other slaves A 7 pre- a Claudian, book I in Entrop. b Law 17, 18, 19. ff. on peculium. c law 5, § 1, ff. on tribut, att. d Law 15. § 44, ff. on injuries. e the cited law.

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14 T I T I præpositi sunt, & ministerium, offici exercent. Theop servum Vicarius enim el joris in familia. M certo ministerio de cum penè infimum quos sordidioris ope Quales quales, & , & miserrimæ cond vos erant, qui ner bus vincti, villaru num ergastulis con hanc servorum differ in Paradoxis Cicero magna stultorum fa sunt alii lautiores, ut vi, sed tamen servi, piarii: pari stultitia f quos tabulæ, quos cæla Corinthia opera, quos ficanimio opere delect inquunt, principes

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Those who are appointed over [them], and exercise ministry and offices. Theop a slave Vicar, indeed, the second in the household. But with a certain ministry, nearly the lowest among those of the meanest work. Whatever they are, and of the most wretched condition, those were who were bound with chains, in the farm barracks of slaves. I find this distinction of slaves in Cicero’s Paradoxes . There is a great folly of fools: some are more splendid, as stewards, but still slaves; by the same folly are those whom panels, whom ceilings, Corinthian works, whom works of refined craftsmanship delight, princes

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De operis Servorum. 15 vero ne conservorum quidem vestrorum principes estis: sed ut in familia, qui tergunt, qui ungunt, qui verrunt, qui spargunt, non honestissimum locum servitutis tenent: sic in civitate, qui se istarum rerum cupiditatibus dediderunt, ipsius civitatis locum penè infimum obtinent. Et Aristoteles lib. I. Politicorum: τὰ μὴ πιτιμήτερα ἐγγε, τὰ ἐπαγκατερε, καὶ κατὰ τὴν παρομίαν, δὲ λογὸν περὶ δὲ λογον, δεσπότης περὸ δεσπότης: id est, quædam ministeria honoratiora, quædam autem magis necessaria: ὅ juxta proverbium, Heroque herus, servoque servus est prior. ὅ Vlpianus etiam tres vilus est servorum differentias posuisse, cum ait: Etenim multum interest, qualis servus sit, bona frugi, ordinarius, dispensator; an vero vulgaris, vel mediastinus, an qualis, qualis; sic quidem ut alios contenderit ordinarios esse, alios vulgares, vel mediastinos, alios quales quales. Idem 2 Leg. 15. ß. 44. ß. de injuriis.

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On the duties of slaves. 15 indeed, you are not even chiefs of your fellow-servants: but as in a household, those who wipe, those who anoint, those who sweep, those who sprinkle, do not hold the most honorable place of servitude: so in a city, those who have given themselves over to the desires of those things hold almost the lowest place in the city itself. And Aristotle, book I of the Politics: τὰ μὴ πιτιμήτερα ἐγγε, τὰ ἐπαγκατερε, καὶ κατὰ τὴν παρομίαν, δὲ λογὸν περὶ δὲ λογον, δεσπότης περὸ δεσπότης: that is, some ministries are more honorable, others are more necessary: ὅ according to the proverb, lord over lord, and slave over slave is first. ὅ Ulpian also appears to have laid down three kinds of slaves, when he says: For indeed it makes a great difference what sort of slave one is, a good and thrifty one, an ordinary one, a steward; or else a common slave, or a mediastinus, or whatever sort, whatever sort; so that in fact he reckons some as ordinary, others as common, or mediastini, others as whatever sort they may be. The same 2 Leg. 15. ß. 44. ß. de injuriis.

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16 T I T I Idem lib. xviii. ficienter autem alem secundum ordinem cipiorum. Ex ordin alii actores diceb[us] ratores, dispensat lentiarii, cubiculari ses, & triumphales viano perspicuum providentia Dei sic vicariis servis scri servos non miseriæ ta cia compellunt. Pa res, pavent silentiari ratores: prope ut int lorum minus servi su rum suorum: ab omni omnibus conteruntur. dici potest? Multi sc nos fugiunt, dum c Vnde illorum fugam debemus referri qui f

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16 TITI Same, book XVIII. sufficiently, however, by a certain order of offices. From the orders other officials are called actors, business managers, stewards, chamberlains, and triumphal [officials]. It is clear from Viano that by the providence of God, thus through vicarious servants [they] write that servants are compelled not by misery but by necessity. ... they fear the chamberlains, the business managers: almost as if the less their servants are [worthy], the more their own servants [are oppressed]; by all things they are crushed by all. Can it be said? Many flee us, while we ... Whence their flight ought to be attributed to those who ...

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De operis Servorum. 17 eos qui fugere compellunt. Vim patiuntur infelicissim; famulari optant, & fugere coguntur: discedere à servitio dominorum suorum omnino nolunt; & conservorum suorum crudelitate non permittuntur, ut serviant. Mendaces quoque esse dicuntur; ad mendacium nihilominus atrocitate præsentis supplicii coarctantur. Siquidem dum tormentis se volunt eximere, mentiuntur. Quid autem mirum, si positus in metu servus, mentiri mavult, quam flagellari? Hæc Salvianus. De quibus omnibus ordine deinceps dicendum. Ac primum quidem. ACTORES servi, quibus rerum omnium summa commissa; quique villicis rebus, & rationibus domesticis præpositi, honestissimo præservis reliquis loco, & gradu fuerunt. Hi, interdum absolute actores appellantur, interdum actores rerum, actores bonorum, actores prædiorum, fundorumque. de quibus Columella lib. 1.

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On the works of slaves. 17 those who compel them to flee. They suffer the most unhappy violence; they wish to serve, and are forced to flee: they are altogether unwilling to depart from the service of their masters; and they are not allowed by the cruelty of their fellow slaves to serve. They are also said to be liars; nevertheless, they are driven to lying by the severity of the present punishment. For while they wish to escape the torments, they lie. And what wonder is it, if a slave, placed in fear, prefers to lie rather than be whipped? These are the words of Salvian. Concerning all these matters, I shall in due order speak hereafter. And first indeed. ACTORES: slaves to whom the management of all affairs was entrusted; and who, being set over the affairs of the estate and domestic accounts, held among the other slaves the most honorable place and rank. These are sometimes called simply actores, sometimes actores rerum, actores bonorum, actores prædiorum, and fundorum; concerning whom see Columella, book 1.

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18 TITI POP lib. I. cap. VII. de re ru fit, ut & actor, & famili Et cap. VIII: Idemque a piendum est, ne convictum stico, multoque minus cum beat. Plinius Epist. ad lib. III. epist. XIX. & mul nostris mentio. eadem ra rem summarum eum vo nus, qui rationibus dis præerat, easque observab vo actore Plautus in Asina sc. IV. Nam si sciet noster sene esse huic habitam, Succenseat, qui omn ipsus summam credi Irenæus adversus hærese Quis igitur erit fidelis acto sapiens, quem præponet do familiam ad danda eis cib pore. Et Apuleius de lib. VIII: Servus quidam cunctam familiæ tutelam d

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18 TITI POP lib. I. cap. VII. on the matter it is fitting that both the actor and the household And in cap. VIII: And likewise must be taken care of, lest he become acquainted with the secret in a stoic way, and much less with be supported. Pliny, Epistles to lib. III. epist. XIX. and much mention in our writings. the same ra the manager of the highest things him he called one, who was in charge of accounts, and observed them the actor in Plautus, in the Asinaria sc. IV. For if our old man shall know to have been entrusted to this one, Let him resent it, who in every way he himself thought the sum to be credited Irenaeus against heresies Who then will be a faithful manager, wise, whom he will set over the house hold to give them food time. And Apuleius on lib. VIII: A certain slave the whole guardianship of the household to be given

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De operis Servorum. 19 miserat suus, quicq[ui]e possessionem maximam, illam in quam deverteramus, villicabat, habens ex eodem famulitio conservam conjugem, liberæ cujusdam extraneæque mulieris flagrabat cupidine. Salvianus lib. IV. de Providentia divina: Pavent quippe actores, pavent silentiarios, pavent procuratores; prope ut inter istos omnes nullorum minus servi sint, quam dominorum suorum. Ab actore differt procurator, differt etiam dispensator. *PROCURATOR servus, qui mandato domini negotia ejus administrat, cui supellectilem & cellaria credi consuevisse, auctor est idem Salvianus de providentia Dei lib. III. Sicut servi hominum divitum aut procuratores, quibus vel suppellectilis copiosa, vel cellaria opulenta creduntur, fideles absque dubio dici non queunt, si res traditas devorarent; sic profecto etiam Christiani homines fideles non sunt, si bona sibi à Deo assignata corrum- perent. * Leg. 25. ß. 3. ß. de ædilit. edict.

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On the labors of slaves. 19 his own man, whoever managed the largest estate, that one into which we had turned aside, had as a fellow servant from the same household a wife, and he burned with desire for the daughter of some freeborn and foreign woman. Salvian, book IV, On Divine Providence: Indeed agents fear, stewards fear, silentarii fear, procurators fear; nearly so that among all these none are less slaves than their own masters’ slaves. The procurator differs from the agent, and differs also from the steward. * A PROCURATOR is a slave who, by his master’s command, administers his affairs, to whom household goods and storerooms are customarily entrusted, says the same Salvian in book III On the Providence of God. Just as the slaves of wealthy men, or their procurators, to whom either abundant household goods or rich storerooms are entrusted, can by no means be called faithful if they were to consume what was handed over to them; so certainly Christians too are not faithful, if they corrupt the goods assigned to them by God. * Leg. 25. ß. 3. ß. de ædilit. edict.

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20 TITI POPMÆ perent. Moris autem Romani, ut domi suppellex, penusque omnis annulo signaretur; ne quid negligentia, vel furto periret. Hinc apud Plautum materfamilias: Obsignate cellas, referte annulum ad me, Ego huc transeo in proximum ad meam vicinam. Et alibi servus: Isti parcipromi qui salinum servis obsignant cum sale. Q. Cicero lib. xvi. Epist. ad Tironem: Plane te rogo, sicut olim ma:rem nostram facere memini, quæ lagenas etiam inanes obsignabat, ne dicerentur inanes aliquæ fuisse, quæ furtim essent exsiccatæ. Plinius lib. xxxiii. cap. I. Natural. Hist. At nunc cibi quoque potus annulo vindicantur à rapina. Plautus peni procuratorem inter lautiores servos connumerat, Pseudolo, Act. II. Sc. II. ----- Ha. Quid istud verbi est? Pleu. Condus, promus, procurator peni. Vlpiæ-

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20 TITI POPMÆ perent. The Roman custom, however, was that at home all the household goods and provisions should be sealed with a ring, so that nothing might be lost through negligence or theft. Hence in Plautus the mistress of the house: Seal the storerooms, bring back the ring to me, I am going over here to my next-door neighbor. And elsewhere a slave: Those miserly stewards who seal up the salt-cellar for the servants with salt. Q. Cicero, book xvi, Letters to Tiro: I plainly ask you, just as I remember our mother used to do long ago, who even sealed empty jars, so that it would not be said that there had been any empty ones which had been secretly drained dry. Pliny, book xxxiii, ch. 1, Natural History. But now food and drink too are protected by a ring against plunder. Plautus numbers the steward of provisions among the more luxurious slaves, in Pseudolus, Act II, Sc. II. ----- Ha. What is the meaning of that word? Pleu. Condus, promus, procurator of provisions. Vlpiae-

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De operis Servorum. 21 a Vlpianus: Senatus censuit, ne fugitivi admittantur in saltus, neque proiegantur à villicis, vel procuratori- bus possessorum. CELLARIVS servus est, qui ideo præpositus est cellæ, ut res & rationes salvæ sint. Vlpianus lib. xx. ad Sabinum: Cellarium quoque, id est, ideo præpositum, ut rationes salvæ sint, item ostiarium, mulionemque in- strumenti esse constat. Cella autem si- ve cellarium à reponendis, cælandis- que rebus esculentis, & potulentis dicitur, ut tradit Donatus ad Te- rentium. DISPENSATOR servus, qui familiæ rationes dispensat, & pecu- lii administrationem habet. Cicero apud Nonium in verbo Æra: Quid tu, inquam, soles, cum rationem à di- spensatore accipis, si æra singula proba- sti, summam quæ ex his confecta sit, non probare? Quintilianus lib. VI. cap. IV. Di- a L. 1. in princ. ff. de servis fugit. b Leg. 12. §. 9. ff. de instr. vel instr. leg.

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On the duties of slaves. 21 from Ulpian: The Senate decreed that runaways are not to be admitted into the woods, nor sent out by the estate managers or the procurators of the owners. CELLARIUS is a slave who is set over the cellar for this reason, that the goods and accounts may be kept safe. Ulpian, book xx on Sabinus: The cellarer also, that is, the one set over it so that the accounts may be kept safe, likewise the doorkeeper and the muleteer are held to be part of the equipment. But the cella or cellarium is so called from the storing away and keeping of edible and drinkable things, as Donatus teaches on Terence. DISPENSATOR is a slave who distributes the household accounts and has charge of the administration of the peculium. Cicero in Nonius on the word Æra: Why, I said, do you usually, when you receive an account from the dispensator, if you have approved each item of the money, not approve the sum made up from them all? Quintilian, book VI, chapter IV. Di- from L. 1. in princ. ff. de servis fugit. b Law 12. §. 9. ff. de instr. vel instr. leg.

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22 TITI POPMÆ Dispensatori, qui cum ad reliqua non responderet, dicebat subinde. Non comedi. Idem Declamatione 353. Dispensatorem supra rationes positum esse ait. Iuvenalis Sat. I. XCI. Prælia quanta illic dispensatore vt devis Armigero? Et Martialis lib. VI. LXXIII. Dispensatoris nobile cernis opus. Paulus lib. IX. ad Edictum: Dispensatori, qui ignorante debitore remotus est ab actu, recte solvitur, ex voluntate enim domini ei solvitur: quam quinescit mutatam, qui solvit, liberatur. b Idem lib. VIII. ad Plautium: Dispensatorem meum testamento liberum esse jussi, et peculium ei legavi. is post mortem meam à debitoribus pecunias exegit. an hæres meus retinere ex peculio ejus quod exegit, possit, quæritur. a Leg. 51. ß. de solut. b Leg. 62. ß. cod.

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22 TITI POPMÆ To a steward, who, when he could not account for the remainder, kept saying again and again: I did not eat it. The same in Declamation 353. He says that the steward is placed above the accounts. Juvenal, Sat. I. XCI. How great the battles there, with the steward as with an armiger? And Martial, book VI. LXXIII. You behold the noble work of the steward. Paul, book IX, on the Edict: To a steward who was removed from office without the debtor’s knowledge, payment is rightly made; for it is made by the will of the master: he who pays, not knowing that this will has been changed, is discharged. b The same, book VIII, on Plautius: I ordered by my will that my steward should be free, and I bequeathed to him his peculium. After my death he collected money from the debtors. the question is whether my heir can retain from his peculium what he collected. a Leg. 51. ß. de solut. b Leg. 62. ß. cod.

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De operis Servorum. 23 tur. a Pomponius: Idem urbanis servis tibi legatis, si mihi dispensator legatus sit. Dispensatoris vero officium erat, servis reliquis usitata quædam per canonem certum stipendia, certos- que frumenti modios in mensem præstare. Ex quo illud Terentii in Phormione: Quod ille unciatim vix demenso suo Suum defraudans genium comparsit miser. Id illa universum abripiet. At quaternos frumenti modios servi quolibet mense à dominis suis accipiebant; & id Demensum dicebatur, verum à dimetiendo, non à mense: quamvis Donatus demensum à mense, an à metiendo appellatum sit, incertum esse scribit, non recte. Veteris certe hujus moris in b Plauto sunt non obscura quoque vestigia, qui sic Antiphonem servos suos allo- quen- a Leg. 1. ß. de auro. & arg. leg. b In Sticho. act. 1. sc. 2.

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On the Works of Slaves. 23 tur. Pomponius: The same applies to urban slaves who are bequeathed to you, if my steward is bequeathed to me. But the duty of a steward was to provide the other slaves, by a fixed rule, with certain wages and a certain number of measures of grain each month. From this comes that line of Terence in the Phormio : What, by saving grain little by little, scarcely reckoned out from his own allowance, the poor man has deprived his appetite of. She will carry off the whole of that. But the slaves used to receive four measures of grain from their masters each month; and this was called the demensum , not from the month, but from measuring out: although Donatus writes that it is uncertain whether demensum is so called from the month or from measuring, which is not correct. Certainly, in Plautus also there are not obscure traces of this old custom, who thus has Antipho addressing his slaves a. Law 1. §. on gold and silver. b. In Stichus . act. 1. sc. 2.

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24 TITI POPMÆ quentem introducit: Vos meministis quot Calendis petere demensum cibum; Qui minus meministis, quod opus sit facto, facere in ædibus. Vbi, quot Calendis, pro quot mensibus positum, id est, in menses singulos meministis petere demensum cibum, quem dia- ria appellarunt. Martialis: Sed Lupus usuram, puerique diaria poscunt. Seneca lib. ix. Controversiar. Cum introductus esset è carcere in Senatum, postulaturus ut diaria acciperet. Justa Columella vocat: Diligenter, inquit, dominus, cum & ab ipsis tum & absolutis, quibus major est fides, quærat, an ex sua constitutione justa percipiant: atque ipse panis, potionisque bonitatem gustu exploret. Canonem Salvianus de providentia Dei lib. iv. Ac primum servi, si fures sunt, ad furandum egestate coguntur; quia etiamsi iis stipendia usitata præstentur, consuetudini hæc magis quam sufficien- tiæ

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24 OF POPMÆ introduces the following: You remember how on the Kalends one asked for the daily ration of food; those who remember less, what needs to be done at home in practice. Here, the phrase “on the Kalends,” used for “for so many months,” means, that is, that you remember requesting each month the ration of food, which they called the daily allowance. Martial: But Lupus demands interest, and the boys their daily allowance. Seneca, book ix of the Controversiae. When he had been brought from prison into the Senate, to ask that he be given his daily allowance. Columella calls this just: “Carefully,” he says, “let the master inquire, both from the slaves themselves and also from those who have been released, and who are more trustworthy, whether they receive the proper allowance according to his arrangement; and let him himself test by taste the quality of the bread and drink.” Salvian, on the providence of God, book iv. And first, slaves, if they are thieves, are driven to theft by necessity; because even if they are given the customary rations, this is more in keeping with habit than with sufficiency

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De operis Servorum. 25 tia satisfaciunt, & ita implent cano- nem, ut non expleant satietatem. Nam servorum victus constabat pa- ne tantum, aqua, sale, & aceto. Horatius ad demensum servorum eleganter & festive sic alludit: Millia frumenti tua triverit area centum, Non tuus hinc capiet venter plus, quam meus, ut si Reticulum panis venales inter onu- sto Forte vehas humero, nihilo plus ac- cipias, quam Qui nil portarit. Nam qui viaticum inter venalitios servos portabant, ideo non plus in alimentum accipiebant quam cæteri; quia servi ex demenso vivebant, & demensum illud singulis æquales portiones tribuebat. Per dispensa- tores etiam olim nomina faciebant. B Quin-

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On the labor of servants. 25 they satisfy to a certain extent, and thus fill the allowance, though they do not satisfy their appetite. For the food of servants consisted of nothing but bread, water, salt, and vinegar. Horace, in a graceful and playful way, alludes thus to the servants’ ration: Though your threshing floor have ground a hundred thousand bushels of grain, Your belly will take no more from this than mine, as if you were perhaps carrying A little net of bread among goods for sale, on a loaded shoulder, you would receive no more than the one who had carried nothing. For those who were carrying provisions among the servants for sale therefore received no more for food than the others; because servants lived on a fixed ration, and that ration distributed equal portions to each. In former times they also kept accounts through the stewards. B Quin-

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26 TITI POPMÆ Quintilianus Declamatio. 345. Satis sit vobis, ô divites, hoc vestras præstare fortunas, quod per dispensatores foeneratis. Itaque Theophilus Dispensatorem definit [con]i[n]et[ur] [n]o[n] [con]i[n]aver[es] t[ame]n [con]de[con]st[anti]ot[em] [n]o[n] [con]n[on]i[n]at[ur]. Dispensatores vero, qui pecuniarum administrationem habebant, ab antiquo pecuniæ appendendæ more a dicti, ut Varro, Sex. Pompeius & Isidorus tradunt. Et qui principum pecunias curant, thesaurorumque administrationem habent, in constitutionibus dispensatores b vocantur: qua in reservorum quoque ministerio Imperatores usi sunt. De Cæsare Macrobius libro II. Saturn. cap. III. Sentio omnium risu Dispensatorem Cæsar vocavit, [n]o[n] centum festertia Græculo numerari jussit. Suetonius in Augusto, cap. LXVII. Diomedem dispensatorem, à quo simul ambulante, incurrenti repente fero apro per metum objectus 2 In S. recte. Institut. mandat. b Leg. 1. cod. si advers. fisc. 1 4. c. de side instru.

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26 TITI POPMÆ Quintilian Declamation 345. It is enough for you, O rich men, that your fortunes should confer this benefit, that you lend through stewards. Thus Theophilus defines a steward: “one who has charge of accounts” although he does not hold them as a constant administrator. Stewards, however, who had the management of money, were so called from the ancient custom of counting out money, as Varro, Sextus Pompeius, and Isidore relate. And those who manage the money of princes and have charge of treasuries are called stewards in the constitutions; and the emperors have also used them in the service of their household. Macrobius, in book II of the Saturnalia, chapter III, says that Caesar, amid general laughter, called a steward and ordered that a Greek be counted out a hundred sestertii. Suetonius, in Augustus, chapter LXVII, says that Diomedes the steward, while walking with him, was suddenly confronted by a wild boar charging at him, and was made a shield of by fear. 2 In S. correctly. Institut. mandat. b Law 1, Cod. si advers. fisc. 1 4. c. de side instru.

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De operis Servorum. 27 objectus est, maluit timiditatis arguere, quam noxa. Nerone: Mox tribus urbanas ad sacramentum citavit, ac nullo idoneo respondente, certum domi- nis servorum numerum indixit: nec nisi ex tota cujusque familia probatissi- mos, ne dispensatoribus quidem, aut amanuensibus exceptis, recepit. Et Vespasiano: Admonente dispensato- re quemadmodum summam rationibus vellet inferri. Plinius lib. VII. cap. xxxIX. à Nerone dispensato- rem HS. CXX. M. manumissum refert. Idem lib. xxxIII. cap. XI. Servus Claudii Drusillanus, nomine Rotun- dus, dispensator Hispaniæ citerioris, quingenariam lancem habuit. Tacitus in Galbæ historia: Corpus, dispensa- tor Argius è primoribus servis, humili sepultura in privatis ejus hortis con- texit. NEGOTIATORES servi, qui præpositi sunt negotii exercendi causa, veluti qui ad emendum, locandum, conducendum præpositi. B 2 "Mar-

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On the Works of Slaves. 27 when this was brought against him, he preferred to accuse them of timidity rather than fault. Under Nero: Soon after he summoned the urban cohorts to the oath, and when no suitable person answered, he fixed a certain number of slaves for the masters: and he admitted none except the most approved from each whole household, not even stewards or clerks being excepted. And under Vespasian: When the steward warned him in what way he wished the sum to be entered in the accounts. Pliny, book VII, chapter xxxix, reports that under Nero a steward was freed for 120,000 sesterces. The same author, book xxxiii, chapter XI. The slave of Claudius Drusillanus, named Rotundus, steward of Further Spain, had a silver dish weighing five hundred pounds. Tacitus in the history of Galba: Argius, the steward, one of the chief slaves, arranged the body with humble burial in his private gardens. NEGOTIATORES: slaves who are placed in charge for the purpose of carrying on business, as those appointed to buy, lease, or hire out. B 2 "Mar-

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28 TITI POPMÆ Marcianus: Legatis servis, exceptis negotiatoribus; Labeo scripsit, eos le- gato exceptos videri, qui præpositi es- sent negotii exercendi causa, veluti qui ad emendum, locandum, conducendum præpositi essent. CONTVRBATORES servi ve- teribus dicebantur, qui domini pe- cuniam invertunt, & partem li- bi servant. Hinc b Vlpianus: Si quis pistor, ait, servum suum solitus fuit ad certum locum mittere ad pa- nem vendendum, deinde conturbave- rit. Et illud Martialis lib VII. Epi- gram. XXVI. Conturbator aper, vilius esurio. Nam qui non sunt solvendo, neque se extricare nominibus possunt, & ærealieno, illi conturbant. Contur- bare etiam pro decoquere Jure-con- sulti accipiunt. Martialis lib. IX. Epigram. IV. Con- 1 Leg. 65. ß. de leg. 3. b Leg 5. ß. idem La- beo ß. de instr. act. & Leg. 16. ß. de in rem verso.

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28 TITI POPMA Marcianus: For slave legacies, except negotiators; Labeo wrote that those are considered excepted from the legacy who were placed in charge for the purpose of conducting business, such as those appointed to buy, lease, or hire. CONTURBATORES among the ancients were slaves who turn their master’s money around, and keep part hidden. Hence Ulpian: If someone, he says, was accustomed to send his slave to a certain place to sell bread, and then he becomes a conturbator. And that of Martial, book VII, Epigram XXVI: Conturbator aper, vilius esurio. For those who are not able to pay, nor can extricate themselves from their debts and liabilities, are called conturbant. The jurists also take conturbare in the sense of to ruin. Martial, book IX, Epigram IV. Con- 1 Leg. 65. §. de leg. 3. b Leg. 5. §. idem Labeo §. de instr. act. & Leg. 16. §. de in rem verso.

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De operis Servorum. 29 Conturbabit Atlas, & non erit unica tota. Decidat tecum qua pater ipse Deum. Nvtricii servi, qui Cæsares, vel patriciorum & equitum pueros à juventute educabant, & instruebant; qui & educatores, & pædagogi dicebantur. Cæsar libro primo Civi- lis belli: Interim dissensione orta inter Achillam, qui veterano exercitui præerat, & Arsinoën regis Ptolomæi minorem filiam, cum uterque utrique insidiaretur, & summam imperii ipse obtinere vellet, præoccupat Arsinoë per Ganymedem eunuchum nutricium sum, atque Achillam interficit. Idem libro III. belli Civilis: Nutricius ejus pueri eunuchus. Et Hero- dianus sub finem lib. III. historiæ Augustæ: Nam & medicos supplicio affecit, quod sibi parum obtemperaverant, jubenti senis maturare necem, nutriciosque suos juxta & fratres, quod de reconciliandis egissent, ne B} uno

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On the work of slaves. 29 Atlas will be disturbed, and the whole will not be one. Let it fall with you, what the father himself of God. Nurturing slaves, who educated and instructed from youth the children of the Caesars, or of the patricians and knights; who were called both instructors and pedagogues. Caesar, in the first book of the Civil War: Meanwhile, when dissension had arisen between Achillas, who commanded the veteran army, and Arsinoë, the younger daughter of King Ptolemy, since each was plotting against the other, and each wished to obtain the supreme command himself, Arsinoë takes the lead through Ganymede the eunuch, her nurse, and kills Achillas. The same author, in book III of the Civil War: His nurse, a eunuch. And Herodian, toward the end of book III of the History of the Emperors: For he also punished the physicians, because they had not obeyed him sufficiently when he ordered the old man’s death to be hastened, and his nurses, along with his brothers, because they had acted on reconciling them, so that no one...

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30 TITI POPM uno quidem reliquo suæ crudelitati fa- cto, ex eo ordine hominum, qui in hono- re aliquo fuerant, quique ipsius paren- tem observaverant. a Scævola: Prædia maritima cum servis, qui ibi erunt, & reliquis colonorum, nutritori suo lega- vit. Tacitus lib. XIII. Nam ut proximus quisque Britannico neque fas, neque fidem pensi haberet, olim provi- sum erat. Primum venenum ab ipsis educatoribus accepit, transmititque exoluta alvo parum validum, sive tem- peramentum inerat, ne statim sæviret. Capitolinus in Pio: Inter argumenta pietatis ejus & hoc habetur, quod cum Marcus mortuum educatorem suum fleret, vocareturque ab aulicis ministris ab ostentatione pietatis, ipse dixerit: Permitte, inquit, illi ut homo sit: neque enim vel philosophia, vel imperium tollit affectus. Apuleius lib. x: Ad quendam compertæ gravi- tatis educatorem suum protinus refert. Et Justinianus Imperator: Veluti si quis a Leg. 27. ß. de instr. vel instrum. legat.

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30 TITI POPM to the one remaining, devoted to his own cruelty, from that class of men who had held some office of honor and who had respected his father. By Scaevola: He bequeathed to his tutor the seaside estates, together with the slaves who would be there, and the rest of the colonists. Tacitus, book XIII: For, as each person nearest to Britannicus would have regarded neither duty nor loyalty, it had long since been foreseen. First he received poison from his very tutors, and he passed it on through an emptied belly, being still too weak, either because his constitution was weak, or so that he might not rage at once. Capitolinus in Pius: Among the proofs of his devotion this also is counted, that when Marcus was weeping for his dead tutor, and the courtiers were calling him away from such an outward display of affection, he himself said: Allow him, he said, to be a human being; for neither philosophy nor power removes feelings. Apuleius, book X: He immediately refers to his own tutor, a man of recognized seriousness. And the Emperor Justinian: As if someone a. Leg. 27, § de instr. vel instrum. legat.

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De operis Servorum. 31 quis patrem, aut matrem, filium, filiamve, aut fratres, sororesve naturales, aut pædagogum, aut nutricem, aut educatorem, alumnium alumnamve, aut collactaneum manumittat. MEDICOS servos sanitatis causa etiam ditiores Romani habuerunt, qui artem medendi norant. a Scævola: Lucius Titius ita testamento cavit: Medicos tibi commendo illum, & illum in tuo judicio erit, ut habeas bonos libertos, & medicos. quod si ego libertatem eis dedissem; veritus sum, quod sororimæ charissimæ fecerunt medici servi eju manumissi ab ea: qui salario expleto reliquerunt eam. Plautus in Aulularia: Nummo sum conductus, plus jam medico mercede opus est. SILENTIARII servi, ut Seneca quadam epistola refert, qui in familia cæterorum servorum murmur cohibebant. De quibus Salvianus lib. IV. de providentia Dei: Pa- B 4 vent a Leg. 41. ß. 6. ß. de fideicom. libertat.

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On the tasks of slaves. 31 who would manumit a father, or mother, a son, or daughter, or natural brothers and sisters, or a tutor, or nurse, or educator, a foster-brother or foster-sister, or a fellow-nursling. DOCTOR-slaves were also kept by the wealthier Romans for reasons of health, men who knew the art of healing. from Scaevola: Lucius Titius thus provided in his testament: I commend the physicians to you, this one & that one shall be in your judgment, so that you may have good freedmen and physicians. But if I had given them freedom, I feared what happened to the very dear sister of one: the physicians, slaves manumitted by her, after their term of service was ended, left her. Plautus in the Aulularia : I was hired for a coin; now more pay is needed for the doctor. SILENTIARII, as Seneca relates in one of his letters, were slaves who in a household restrained the murmur of the other slaves. Concerning whom Salvian, book IV, On the Providence of God : Pa- B 4 vent from Law 41, § 6, § de fideicommissary freedmen.

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32 TITI POPMÆ vent quippe actores, pavent silentiarios, pavent procuratores. Silentiariorum, qui murmur voce compescunt, scho- la erat in aula Constantinopolita- na, ut ex Nicephoro lib. xvi. cap. xxiv. perspicuum. Procopius lib. XI. de bello Persico testatur hos in palatio imperatoris fuisse ad ea quæ sunt quietis ministros; etenim Ado- lium scribit Acatii filium genere Ar- menium, in palatio Imperatoris fuisse ad ea quæ sunt quietis, ministrum: Quod, inquit, munus, Romani si- lentiarium vocant: & quia principis arcanorum essent conscii, sunt qui Au- riculares item vocent. De his silen- tiariis sacri palatii viris spectabilibus Justinianus C. tit. de Silentariis: Viros clarissimos sacri nostri palatii si- lentiarios circa latus nostrum militan- tes, de tutelis & curationibus excusari sancimus. Et D. Ambrosius in ora- tione de morte Valentin. : Vesperi profectus est silentiarius, tertio die mane quærebat, jam ne remorasset. CVR-

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32 TITI POPMÆ Indeed, the actors are afraid; the silentiarii are afraid, the procurators are afraid. There was a school of the silentiarii, who restrain murmuring by voice, in the Constantinopolitan court, as is clear from Nicephorus, book xvi, chapter xxiv. Procopius, book XI of the Persian War, testifies that these men were in the emperor’s palace as ministers of those things that concern quiet; indeed, Adolius writes that Acatius, the son of an Armenian family, was in the emperor’s palace as a minister of those things that concern quiet: which office, he says, the Romans call a silentiarius; and because they were aware of the prince’s secrets, there are those who also call them Auriculares. Concerning these silentiarii of the sacred palace, men of rank, Justinian, C. title de Silentariis: “We decree that the most illustrious men, the silentiarii of our sacred palace, serving around our side, be excused from guardianships and curatorships.” And St. Ambrose, in the discourse on the death of Valentinian: “He set out in the evening; the silentiarius, on the third day in the morning, was asking whether he had perhaps delayed.” CVR-

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De operis Servorum. 33 CUBICULARIVS servus, qui cubiculum domini observabat. Quintilianus: Servum Tarsi cubicu- -larium ejus, qui occisus est. Apuleius lib. x. de asino: Confest: m cubicu- -lariis mulieris attractis ut tormento- rum, veritatem eruit. Et a Marcianus: Cubiculares autem, vel obsonatores, vel eos qui piscatoribus præpositi sunt, non videri negotiationis appellatione contineri. b Alphenus hos numerat inter eos quos usus sui causa paterfa- miliashabet. Cicero V. in Verrem: Hunc vestri janitores, hunc cubicu- -larii diligunt. Suetonius in Do- mitiano cap. xvii: Et Saturius decurio cubiculariorum. Præpositum etiam cubiculo c legimus apud Sue- tonium in Domitiano, & d Ti- berio. VILICVS servus, qui præposi- tus est rationibus rusticis, fructibus B 5 per-

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On the work of slaves. 33 CUBICULARIVS, a slave who watched over his master’s chamber. Quintilian: the cubicularius of Tarsus, his slave, who was killed. Apuleius book x. of the ass: At once the cubicularii of the woman were brought in, so that by means of tortures he drew out the truth. And Marcianus: But cubicularii, or stewards, or those who are in charge of the fish-suppliers, do not seem to be included under the term of business/trade. b Alfenus numbers these among those whom a householder has for his own use. Cicero, V. Against Verres: Your doorkeepers love this man, your cubicularii love him. Suetonius in Do- mitian, chapter xvii: And Saturius, decurion of the cubicularii. A superintendent of the chamber also c we read in Sue- tonius in Domitian, & d Ti- berius. VILICVS, a slave who is placed in charge of rural accounts, the produce B 5 per-

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34 TITI POPMÆ percipiendis, universoque operi rustico. Varro lib. 1. dere Rust. Villicus agricolendi causa constitutus, atque appellatus à villa, quod ab eo in eam convehuntur fructus, & evehuntur, cum veneunt. a Vlpianus: Homines qui agrum colunt, & qui eos exercent, præpositive sunt his: quorum in numero sunt villici: itaque Plautus villicum inter lautores servos connumerat, Casina, Act. II. Sc. ult. --------hinc illud est quod hic Olimpionem fecit istum, villicum. Horatius lib. 1. Epist. XIV. Villice sylvarum, & mihi me reddentis agelli. Meminere ejusdem Scævola, Papi-nianus, b alii. Columella lib. II. Villicus semper caveat, ne improvidus ab opere vincatur, res est agrestis, insi-diosa a Leg. 8. ff. de instr. vel instrum. leg. b Leg. 16. ff. de instit. act. l. 8. de instr. leg l. 203. de verb. signific.

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34 TITI POPMAE for the collection of produce, and for the whole work of the farm. Varro, lib. 1, de Re Rust. The villicus, appointed for the purpose of husbandry, is so called from villa, because to it the fruits are brought in by him, and carried out when they are sold. a Ulpian: Those who cultivate the field, and those who manage them, are placed before these; among whom are the villici: and thus Plautus reckons the villicus among the pampered slaves, Casina, Act. II. Sc. ult. --------hinc illud est quod hic Olimpionem fecit istum, villicum. Horace, lib. 1, Epist. XIV. Villice sylvarum, & mihi me reddentis agelli. The same is mentioned by Scaevola, Papinian, b and others. Columella, lib. II. The villicus should always take care lest he be caught off guard by his work; the matter is rustic, insidious. a Leg. 8. ff. de instr. vel instrum. leg. b Leg. 16. ff. de instit. act. l. 8. de instr. leg l. 203. de verb. signific.

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De operis Servorum. 35 diosa cunctanti. Sed poëtæ Villici appellationem ad præfectos quoslibet transferunt, a Juvenalis ad præfectum Vrbi, de Pegaso jurisconsulto scribens: Pegasus attonitæ positus modo villicus Vrbi. Inscriptio Patavina ad præfectum ærarii: Villicus ærari quondam, nunc cultor agelli. Villica autem uxor villici. Martialis lib. I. Pinguis inæquales onerat cui villica mensas. Juvenalis Sat. II: Asperagi, posito quos legit villica fuso. FABER servus, qui villæ reficien- B 6 2 Satyra IV.

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On the works of slaves. 35 to the hesitant goddess. But the poets transfer the name villicus to any kind of prefect; Juvenal, writing about Pegasus the jurist, says: Pegasus, now placed as the astonished City’s villicus. An inscription from Padua to the prefect of the treasury: Once villicus of the treasury, now cultivator of a small field. And villica means the wife of the villicus. Martial book I: The villica, for whom the heavy tables are spread unevenly, burdens [them]. Juvenal, Satire II: Asparagus, which the villica gathers after the spindle has been laid aside. FABER, a slave who was refitting the country house... B 6 2 Satire IV.

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36 TITI POPMÆ ciendæ causa paratus est. Vlpianus: Item fabrum, qui villæ reficienda causa paratus sit. Cicero pro Plancio: Si pro fabro, aut textore emimus. b ATRIENSES servi, qui atrium observant, & custodiunt, ne quid ex imaginibus, stemmatibus, ac cæteris quæ in atrio reponi solent, deperiret; & qui supellectilem ædium, aut villæ exponunt, simulque atrium omni ex parte mundum, & nitidum ut sit, procurant. Columella lib. XII. cap. III. Tum insistere atriensibus, ut supellectilem exponant, & ferramenta detersanitidentur, atque rubigine liberentur. Itaque hos Cicero & Plautus inter lautiores servos connumerant. Pseudolo, Act. II. Scen. II. Quid istuc verbi est? P S. condus, promus sum procurator peni. HA. a Leg. 12. 5. 5. ff. de instr: vel instrum. legat. b Varro lib. 7. de line. Lat. Plinius lib. 35. nat. hist. cap. 2. Vicruvius lib. 6. cap. 4. ubi de alriis. c. Parad.

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36 TITI POPMAE prepared for the purpose of repairing. Ulpian: Likewise, a craftsman who is prepared for the purpose of repairing a villa. Cicero, Pro Plancio : If we buy in place of a craftsman, or a weaver. b ATRIENSES, slaves who watch over and guard the atrium, so that nothing should be lost from the portraits, family trees, and other things that are usually kept in the atrium; and who display the household furnishings of the house, or villa, and at the same time take care that the atrium is clean and neat on every side. Columella, book XII, ch. III: Then he should insist on the atrienses displaying the furnishings, and seeing to it that the tools are wiped clean and freed from rust. Therefore Cicero and Plautus count these among the more refined servants. Pseudolus , Act II, Scene II: What does that word mean? P.S. condus, promus sum procurator peni. HA. a Leg. 12. 5. 5. ff. de instr: vel instrum. legat. b Varro lib. 7. de line. Lat. Plinius lib. 35. nat. hist. cap. 2. Vitruvius lib. 6. cap. 4. where on atria. c. Parad.

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De operis Servorum. 37 HA. Quasi te dicas atriensem. PS. Imo atriensi ego impero. Et Aunaria, Actu II. Sc. II. Extemplo facio facetum me, Atque magnificum virum, Dico me esse atriensem. Ad hos respexit Virgilius: Fit strepitus tectis, vocemque per ampla volutant Atria. Nam ut ait Cato, & in atrio, & duo- bus ferculis epulabantur antiqui. Vnde Juvenalis Sat. I. -------- quis fercula septem Secreto coenavit avus?-------- Vbi etiam pecunias, & cætera pre- ciosiora habebant Romani; unde qui honoratiores erant, liminum cu- stodes adhibebant. Hinc servus ad limina dictus pro atriensi apud A- puleium in secundo de almo: B7 & apud

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On the tasks of servants. 37 HA. As if you were speaking of a doorkeeper. PS. Nay, I give orders to the doorkeeper myself. And in Aunaria, Act II, Sc. II. At once I make myself witty, and a magnificent man, I say that I am a doorkeeper. Virgil had this in mind: There is a clamor in the roofs, and the voice rolls through the wide halls. For, as Cato says, the ancients dined in the atrium, and on two courses. Whence Juvenal, Sat. I. -------- what grandfather dined in secret on seven courses? -------- Where they also kept money and the other more precious things, as the Romans did; whence those who were of higher rank employed guardians of the threshold. Hence a slave appointed to the threshold is called, in place of an atriensi, by A- puleius in the second book of De almo: B7 and also by

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38 T I T I P O P M A & apud Virgilium libro IX. Æneidos: --- hic Dardanio Anchise Armiger ante fuit, fidusque ad li- mina custos. Meminit hujus generis servorum Cicero in Pisonem: Servi sordidati ministrant, nonnulli etiam senes, idem coquus, idem atriensis. Atrienses autem non Vrbe tantum, sed si villa cultior, etiam in villis erant. Vnde a Vlpianus ait, fundo instructo legato, non modo instrumenta fundi, sed si villa cultior est, etiam atrienses accedere legato. Hi & b Atriarii dicti; quos tamen alios esse ab atriensibus cum doctissimo Petro c Fabro crediderim: illos honestioris conditionis, hos minus honestos, veluti quosdam illorum vicarios, qui ad atrium tanquam ad ostium ejus observandi gratia a Leg. 8. ff. de instr. leg. 1. 15. ß. 1. ff. usufr. 1. 203. de verb. signif. b Leg. 1. ß. caupones. ff. nant. caup. stab. c Lib. 2. Semest. cap. 12.

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38 T I T I P O P M A & as in Virgil, book IX of the Aeneid: — here there was before, a shield-bearer of Dardanian Anchises, and a faithful keeper at the thresholds. Cicero mentions this class of servants in In Pisonem : dirty servants minister, some even old men; one is the cook, another the doorkeeper. Doorkeepers, however, were found not only in the city, but, if the villa was more elegant, also in villas. Hence Ulpian says, in a bequeathed well-furnished estate, not only the equipment of the estate, but, if the villa is more elegant, also the doorkeepers are included in the legacy. These were also called Atriarii ; yet I should believe them to be different from the atrienses, with the learned Peter Fabri: the former of a more honorable condition, the latter less honorable, as it were certain substitutes for those who watched over the atrium, as over the entrance, for the sake of guarding it. a Leg. 8. ff. de instr. leg. 1. 15. §. 1. ff. usufr. 1. 203. de verb. signif. b Leg. 1. §. caupones. ff. nant. caup. stab. c Lib. 2. Semest. cap. 12.

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De operis Servorum. 39 tia starent, qui id tergerent, qui ver- rerent, qui spargerent. TRIUMPHALIS servus, qui triumphantis aureum currum seque- batur. Pollio in Claudio Cæsare: Factus, inquit, miles barbarus, & co- lonus ex Gotho: nec ulla fuit regio, quæ Gothum servum triumphalem quo- dam servitio non haberet. Meminere hujus Appianus Alexandrinus in Li- byco, & Plutarchus in Æmilio: Et servus triumphalis, qui in curru eodem supra triumphantis verticem coronam ex auro tenebat à tergo, cui annulus in digitoferreus erat. Plinius lib. xxxIII. cap. 1. Et cum corona ex auro He- trusca sustineretur à tergo, annulus ta- men in digito ferreus erat, æque trium- phantis, & servi fortasse coronam su- stinentis. Zonaras refert publicum ministrum in eodem curru coronam au- ream sustinuisse à tergo supra trium- phantis verticem, & dixisse subinde: Respice futura, & hominem te esse co- gita. Atque hæc de servis ordinariis. VICA-

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On the duties of servants. 39 those who would stand there, those who would wipe it, those who would sweep it, those who would scatter it. TRIUMPHAL servant, who followed the golden chariot of the triumphant general. Pollio in Claudius Caesar: He was made, he says, a barbarian soldier and a colonist from the Goth; nor was there any region that did not have a Goth as a triumphal servant in some service. Appian of Alexandria in the Libyca, and Plutarch in Aemilius, make mention of this: and the triumphal servant, who in the same chariot behind the triumphant man’s head held the crown of gold, with a iron ring on his finger. Pliny, book XXXIII, chapter 1. And when the Etruscan crown was upheld from behind, the ring nevertheless was of iron on the finger, that of both the triumphant man and perhaps of the servant who sustained the crown. Zonaras reports that a public attendant in the same chariot upheld the golden crown from behind above the triumphant man’s head, and kept saying: Look to the future, and think that you are a man. And these things concerning ordinary servants. VICA-

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40 TITI POPMÆ VICARIVS est servus servi majoris in familia, qui nimirum servit servo ordinario. Auctor est enim a Vlpianus ordinarios servos sub se vicarios habuisse, iisque velut dominos sic imperasse, ut vicarii essent cum suis peculiis in peculio ordinariorum: Si servus meus, inquit, ordinarius vicarios habeat; id quod vicarii mihi debent, an deducam ex peculio servi ordinarii? Proculus, & Attilicinus existimant, sicut ipsi vicarii sunt in peculio, ita & peculiaeorum. Et id quidem quod mihi dominus eorum, id est, ordinarius servus debet, etiam ex peculio eorum detrahetur: id vero quod ipsi vicarii debent, duntaxat ex ipsorum peculio. Inde vicarios servos, peculiares nuncupatos esse idem b Vlpianus refert: Miles, inquit, manumittendo servum peculiarem suum facit libertum, & ad legitimam hæreditatem ejus admittetur. Et a Lib. 17. ß. de pecu. 10. b Leg. 3. ß. miles. ß. de suis & legit.

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40 TIT. POPMÆ A VICARIUS is the servant of a more important servant in a household, that is, one who serves an ordinary servant. For Ulpian says that ordinary slaves had vicarii under them, and commanded them as if they were masters, so that they were vicarii with their own peculia within the peculia of the ordinary slaves: “If my slave,” he says, “an ordinary slave, has vicarii; what my vicarii owe me, shall I deduct from the peculium of the ordinary slave?” Proculus and Attilicinus think that, just as the vicarii themselves are in peculium, so too are their own peculia. And indeed what the master of those vicarii, that is, the ordinary slave, owes me shall also be deducted from their peculium; but what the vicarii themselves owe shall be taken only from their own peculium. Hence the same Ulpian reports that vicarii slaves are also called peculiares: “A soldier,” he says, “by manumitting his own peculiar slave makes him a freedman, and he will be admitted to his lawful inheritance.” And a Book 17. §. de pecu. 10. b Law 3. §. miles. §. de suis & legit.

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De operis Servorum. 41 Et a Scævola: Si Sticho manumisso peculium legatum sit, & Titio servus peculiaris: quantum peculio detraetum erit ob id quod domino debetur, tantum ei accedere, cui vicarius legatus est, Iulianus ait. Suetonius Iulium Cæsarem tradit servos peculiares præposuisse monetæ, publicisque vectigalibus: qua re multorum offensionem Cæsar contraxit, quod monetæ, cui triumvir monetales præerant, & vectigalibus servos suos præfecerat: ubi peculiares servos, ut b Turnebus ait, servos Cæsaris proprios intelligit; quomodo & Plautus in prologo Capteivor. : Hic postquam hunc emit, dedit eum huic gnato suo peculiarem. Apud Vlpianum vero Pomponius scribit eum qui in servitute peculiaria mancipia prostituta habuit, infamia notari post libertatem: dubium enim non est, quin de servis ordinariis vicaria mancipia sua pro- 3 Leg. 21. ff. peculc. b Lib. 11. Adversar. cap. 27. b Leg. 4. s. 3. ff. de bis qui not. infam.

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On the acts of slaves. 41 And from Scaevola: If a peculium be bequeathed to Stichus when manumitted, and a slave belonging to Titius is a peculium, whatever is deducted from the peculium on account of what is owed to the master shall be added to him to whom the substitute slave was bequeathed, says Julian. Suetonius reports that Julius Caesar appointed slaves belonging to his household over the mint and the public revenues; by this Caesar incurred the displeasure of many, because he had put his own slaves in charge of the mint, over which the triumvirs of the mint presided, and of the revenues. Here, by household slaves, as Turnebus says, he understands Caesar’s own private slaves; as in Plautus, in the prologue to the Captives: “After he bought this man, he gave him to this son of his as a household slave.” But in Ulpian, Pomponius writes that a man who, while in slavery, had owned private slave-girls for prostitution is marked with infamy after his freedom: for there is no doubt that the substitute slaves belong to ordinary slaves, that he had them as his own. 3 Leg. 21. ff. peculc. b Lib. 11. Adversar. cap. 27. b Leg. 4. s. 3. ff. de bis qui not. infam.

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42 TITI POPMÆ prostituentibus, senserit hoc in loco Pomponius. Eadem ratione & vicariorum vicarii erant: nam ut a Vlpianus ait, si servus, & vicarius ejus liberiesse jussi sunt, eisque peculia sua legata sint; verba secundum voluntatem testatoris exaudienda, tanquam de duobus separatisque peculiis testatore locuto: & secundum hæc vicarius vicarii non communicabitur, nisi hæc mens fuit testantis. Et b Cellus: Si servus liber esse jussus sit, eique peculium legatum sit; vicariorum ejus vicarii legato continentur. Atque hoc est, quod Horatius ait: Serm.lib.11. Sive vicarius est, qui servo paret, uti mos Vester, ait, seu conservus: Et Martialis Epigrammatum secundo: Esse sat est servum, jam nolo vicarius esse: Qui 2 Leg.6.5.3. ff. de pecul. legat. b Leg.25. ff. de pecul. legat.

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42 TITLES OF POPMÆ for those being prostituted, Pomponius may have understood this in this place. The same reasoning applied to the vicarii of vicarii: for as Ulpian says, if a slave and his vicarius have been ordered to be free, and their peculia have been bequeathed to them; the words are to be taken according to the will of the testator, as though the testator were speaking of two separate peculia; and according to this the vicarius of a vicarius shall not be included, unless this was the intention of the testator. And Cellus: If a slave has been ordered to be free, and his peculium has been bequeathed to him; the vicarii of that slave are included in the bequest of the vicarius. And this is what Horace says: Serm. lib. 11. Whether he is a vicarius who serves a slave, as is your custom, he says, or a fellow slave: And Martial in the second book of Epigrams: It is enough to be a slave; now I do not wish to be a vicarius: Who 2 Leg. 6. 5. 3. ff. de pecul. legat. b Leg. 25. ff. de pecul. legat.

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De operis Servorum. 43 Qui rex est, regem, Maxime, non habeat. Peculiatus autem servus dicitur, qui a peculio est instructus, ut & apud Apuleium peculiatus libertus, cui contrarius expeculiatus apud Plautum. Porro inter vulgares, sive vicarios servos lecticarii, capsarii, librarii, anteambulones, cursores, topiarii, viridarii, pastores, saltuarii, diætarii, aquarii, obsonatores, structores, vocatores, pistores, & coci numerandi sunt. LECTICARII servi, qui lecticam humeris subeuntes portabant, quæ hexaphoros dicebatur, cum à sex servis ferebatur. Martial. lib. II. in Zoilum Epigram. lxxxI. Laxior hexaphoris tua sit lectica licebit: Dum tamen hæc tua sit, Zoile, sandapila. Idem a Leg. 13. ß. 4. ß. de act. empt.

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On the work of Servants. 43 He who is a king, Maximus, should not have a king. A peculiated slave, however, is called one who is furnished with a peculium, as in Apuleius, peculiatus libertus , opposed to expeculiatus in Plautus. Moreover, among the common, or subordinate, slaves, the litter-bearers, satchel-bearers, librarians, footmen, couriers, gardeners, greenskeepers, shepherds, forest-keepers, day-workers, water-carriers, caterers, arrangers, criers, bakers, and cooks are to be counted. The lecticarii were slaves who carried the litter on their shoulders; it was called a hexaphoros , when it was borne by six slaves. Martial, Book II, Epigram 81, To Zoilus: You may indeed have a roomier litter, carried by six men; provided always that, Zoilus, this is still your sandapila . The same from Law 13, § 4, § de act. empt.

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44 T I T I P O P M Æ Idem lib. VI. Epigr. LXXVII. Invidiosa tibi quam sit lectica requiris? Non debes ferri mortuus hexaphoro. Vnde Iuvenalis: cum jam sexta cervice fera- tur. Cum ab octo, octophoros: illa viris & foeminis communis; hæc foeminis & ægrotis magis in usu. Sue-tonius Caligula: Iter confecit modo festinanter, & rapide: interdum adeo segniter, & delicate, ut octophoro vecheretur. Martialis lib. VI: Octophoro sanus portatur, Avite, Philippus: Hunc tu si sanum credis, Avite, furis. Idem Epigr. II. Octo Syris suffulta datur lectica puellæ. Apu-

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44 T I T I P O P M Æ The same, Book VI, Epigr. LXXVII. How envious is the litter to you, you ask? You ought not to be carried dead in an eight-mule litter. Whence Juvenal: when now he is borne on the sixth neck of the beast. With eight, an octophorus: the one is common among men and women; the latter is more commonly in use among women and invalids. Suetonius, Caligula: He made his journey sometimes very hastily and quickly; at other times so sluggishly and delicately that he was carried in an octophorus. Martial, Book VI: You are carried sound in an octophorus, Avitus, Philippus: If you think this man is sound, Avitus, you are mad. The same, Epigr. II. An eight-Syrian-supported litter is given to a girl. Apu-

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De operis Servorum. 45 Apuleius in Apologia II: Vectabatur octophoro Lecticariorum meminere Pomponius, b Scævola, c Vlpianus, alii: Legato continentur mancipia, puta lecticarii, qui solam matrem familias portabant. Servius Sulpitius ad Ciceronem: Coactus sum in eadem illa lectica, qua ipse delatus eram meisque lecticariis in urbem eum referre. Senecalib. IV. Ep. XXIX. Non turba servorum lecticam tuam per itinera urbana, ac peregrina portantium. Suetonius in Othone: Muliebri sella in castra contendit, ac deficientibus lecticariis cum descendisset, cursumque cepisset, laxato calceo restitit. Idem Caligula cap. LVIII. Ad primum tumultum lecticarii cum asseribus in auxilium accurrerunt. Tacitus cum Galbæ Cæsaris necem describit: Omnes, ait, diffugerant, præter unum centurionem, nomine Sempronium, qui nullo privatim b Leg. 8. G. 2. ff. de leg. 3. leg. 65. ff. de leg. 2. b Leg. 13. ff. de auro & arg. leg. e leg. 49. ff. de leg. 3. bene-

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On the works of slaves. 45 Apuleius in Apology II: He was carried in an octophore. Lecticarii are mentioned by Pomponius, b Scaevola, c Ulpian, and others: by the bequest are included slaves, such as lecticarii, who carried only the mistress of the house. Servius Sulpitius to Cicero: I was compelled in that same litter in which I myself had been conveyed, and by my own lecticarii, to carry him back into the city. Seneca, book IV, Ep. XXIX. Not the crowd of slaves carrying your litter through urban and foreign roads. Suetonius in Otho: He hurried to the camp in a woman’s sedan-chair, and when the lecticarii failed, after he had descended and set off on foot, he stopped when his sandal came loose. The same, Caligula, chap. LVIII. At the first uproar the lecticarii ran up to help, with poles in hand. Tacitus, when describing the death of Galba Caesar: “All,” he says, “had fled, except one centurion named Sempronius, who in no private manner b Leg. 8. G. 2. ff. de leg. 3. leg. 65. ff. de leg. 2. b Leg. 13. ff. de auro & arg. leg. e leg. 49. ff. de leg. 3. bene-

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46 TITI POPMÆ beneficio à Galba affectus, sed honestati, majestatique imperatoriæ opem ferens, solus stetit ante lecticam: sublataque voce centuriali, jubebat milites irruentes parcere Imperatori; cum diu repugnasset, tandem corrunt. Tunc Galba trepidatione lecticariorum pro- jectus est sella. Porro delicatioribus curæ erat, ut hi splendide amicti, & formosi essent, vestiti fere ut calones, & militariter pænulati. Seneca Epist. cx. Hoc ipsi mihi dico, quotiens tale aliquid præstrinxerit oculos meos, quotiens occurrit domus splendida, cohors culta servorum, formosis imposita calonibus. Idem de Beneficiislib. III. cap. xxviii. Quo tandem ab istis gerulis raperis, cubile istud tuum circumferentibus? quo te penu- lati isti, in militum, cum quidem non vulgarem cultum subornati? quo, inquam, te isti efferunt? ad ostium alicujus ostiarii, ad hortos alicujus ne ordinarium quidem habentis officium. Et sic divites Romani vehi solebant, quod Ter-

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46 TITI POPMÆ benefited by Galba, but giving aid to the honor and majesty of the emperor, he alone stood before the litter; and, raising his centurial voice, he ordered the soldiers who were rushing on to spare the Emperor; when he had long resisted, at last they ran in. Then Galba, through the confusion of the litter-bearers, was thrown from the chair. Moreover, the more refined concern was that these men, splendidly dressed and handsome, were clothed almost like camp-servants, and wore military cloaks. Seneca, Epist. cx. “I say this to myself, whenever something of the sort has caught my eyes, whenever a splendid house comes into view, a well-appointed retinue of slaves, mounted on handsome camp-servants.” The same, On Benefits, book III, chap. xxviii. “Whither at last are you carried off by those porters, who bear your little couch around? Whither do those cloak-wearing men take you, equipped, indeed, not with ordinary dress, but in the fashion of soldiers? Whither, I say, do those men carry you? To the door of some doorkeeper, or to the gardens of someone who does not even have an ordinary office.” And thus the rich Romans used to be carried, because Ter-

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De operis Servorum. 47 Tertullianus quoque in libro ad uxorem testatur. Lectorarii servietiam qui lecticas faciunt. a Marcianus: Si ex officio quis ad artificium transierit, quidam recte putant legatum extingui: quia officium artificio mutatur. Non idem è contrario cum lecticarius cocus postea factus est. Si vero unus servus plura artificia sciat, & alii coci legati fuerint, alii textores, alii lecticarii, eicedere servum dicendum est, cui legati sunt, in quo artificio plerumque versabatur. Cicero pro Sexto Rocio: Mitto hasce artes vulgares, coquos, pistores, lecticarios. Inscriptio vetus Romæ trans Tiberim ad D. Cæciliæ: DIS. M. TI. CLAUDIO. AVG. LIB. TIGRANO. EX. CORPORE. LECTICARIORVM. CAESARIS. VIX. ANNIS. LXXXV. M. LICINIVS. ATIMETVS. ET. SEXTIA FELIX. BENEMERENTI. POSVERVNT. Erant & lecticarii olim, qui effe- rendis 2 Leg. 65. s. 2. ff. de leg. 3.

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On the works of slaves. 47 Tertullian also bears witness in the book To His Wife . There are also lecticarii , who make litters. And Marcian says: If someone has passed from an office to a craft, some rightly think that the legacy is extinguished, because the office is changed into a craft. The opposite is not the same when a litter-bearer has later become a cook. But if one slave knows several crafts, and others have been left to cooks, others to weavers, others to litter-bearers, the slave must be said to be excluded to whom they have been left, in which craft he was generally engaged. Cicero, For Sextus Roscius : I pass over these common trades, cooks, bakers, litter-bearers. An ancient inscription at Rome beyond the Tiber, near S. Cecilia: DIS. M. TI. CLAUDIO. AVG. LIB. TIGRANO. EX. CORPORE. LECTICARIORVM. CAESARIS. VIX. ANNIS. LXXXV. M. LICINIVS. ATIMETVS. ET. SEXTIA FELIX. BENEMERENTI. POSVERVNT. There were also once lecticarii , who were for carrying out 2 Leg. 65. s. 2. ff. de leg. 3.

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48 T I T I P O R MÆ rendis cadaveribus a deserviebant, qui & appellantur Ἷκινοῦν πλῖνας ἀγοντες. Lecticis enim, & Sandapilis mortuorum corpora efferebantur; at sandapila à quatuor tantum servis portata. Martialis lib. viii. Epigram. lxxv: Quatuor inscripti portabant vile cadaver, Accipit infelix qualia mille rogus. Et populus in sandapila efferebatur. Idem lib. viii. Epigram. lxxv: Permutatur onus, stipataque tollitur altè Grandis in angusta sarcina sandapila. Suetonius Domitiano, cap. xvii: Cadaver ejus populari sandapila per vespillones exportatum. Servi etiam testamento manumissi, qui liberti Orcini 2 Novell. Constitut. 43.

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48 T I T I P O R MÆ They served the corpses for the dead, who are also called Ἷκινοῦν πλῖνας ἀγοντες. For in lecticae, and in sandapilae, the bodies of the dead were carried out; but a sandapila was borne by only four servants. Martial, book viii, Epigram lxxv: Four inscribed men carried the poor corpse, An unlucky pyre receives such as a thousand. And the people were carried out in a sandapila. The same, book viii, Epigram lxxv: The burden is changed, and the crowded great load is lifted high in the narrow sandapila. Suetonius, Domitian, chap. xvii: His body was carried out by undertakers in a public sandapila. Slaves also manumitted by testament, who are the freedmen of Orcus. 2 Novell. Constitut. 43.

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De operis Servorum. 49 Orcini dicti sunt, certum & proprium quoddam landapilæ genus habebant. Martial. lib. x. Epigr. v. Vocet beatos, clamitetque felices, Orciniana qui feruntur in sponda. Lecticarios autem Catullus epigr. x. ad lecticam homines vocat, originem lecticarum referens ad Bithynos: At certe tamen, inquit, quod illic Natum dicitur esse, comparasti Ad lecticam homines. Et Cicero lib. v. in Verrem: Nam ut mos fuit Bithyniæ regibus, lectica octophoro ferebatur. Laxa vero lectica potentiorum fuit; minuta, & arcta tenuiorum: quarum usum Domitianus Imperator probrosis foeminis ademit, ut Suetonius, cap. VIII. refert. POLLINCTOR, servus, qui mortuorum corpora lavat, ungit, & curat. a Vlpianus: Si libitinarius, quos C Græci a Leg. 5. ff. de Institor Act.

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On the Works of Servants. 49 They were called Orcini; they had a certain and proper kind of landapila. Martial, book X, Epigram V: “Let him call them blessed, and cry them happy, who are borne on the Orcinian bed.” But Catullus, epigram X, calls men “lecticarii” in relation to the lectica, tracing the origin of lecticae to the Bithynians: “But certainly,” says he, “that which is said to have been born there, you have matched with the lectica of men.” And Cicero, book V against Verres: “For as was the custom among the kings of Bithynia, he was carried in an eight-poled lectica.” A roomy lectica, indeed, belonged to the more powerful; a small and narrow one to the humbler classes: the use of these Emperor Domitian took away from disgraceful women, as Suetonius relates, chapter VIII. POLLINCTOR, a servant who washes, anoints, and tends the bodies of the dead. By Ulpian: “If the undertaker, whom the Greeks call ...” a. Law 5, ff. On the Action of an Agent.

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50 TITI POPMÆ Græci vngodæpias vocant, servum Pollinctorem habuerit, isque mortuum spoliaverit. Varro in Satyra: Mutuum muli scabunt, sive περὶ αφοεποῦς. Itaque plures dies inter medicidiscessum, & adventum pollinctoris interfuerunt. Plautus Poënulo: Carthaginienses fratres duo fuerunt, Eorum alter vivit, alter est mortuus: Propterea apud vos dico confidentius, Quia mihi pollinctor dixit, qui eum pollinxerat. Et parasitus Plautinus Demænetum uxoris minis auditis, metu esse exanimatum, & ferè mortuum significaturus, festive ait: Ecquis currit pollinctorem accersere? Martialis lib. x. epigr. cxvii. Iam scrobe, jam lecto, jam pollinctore parato. Cujus 2 Asinaria act. 5. sc. 2.

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50 TITI POPMÆ The Greeks call it ungodæpias; he shall have had a slave pollinctor, and he shall have stripped the dead man. Varro in the Satire: Mutuum muli scabunt, sive περὶ αφοεποῦς. Therefore several days passed between the physician’s departure and the arrival of the pollinctor. Plautus, Poenulus : There were two Carthaginian brothers; one of them lives, the other is dead: For that reason I speak more confidently among you, because the pollinctor told me, who had prepared him for burial. And the Plautine parasite, when Demænetus, having heard his wife’s threats, was signified to be faint from fear, and almost dead, says wittily: Who runs to fetch the pollinctor? Martial, book x, epigram cxvii. Now the grave, now the bier, now the pollinctor prepared. Cujus 2 Asinaria act. 5. sc. 2.

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De operis Servorum. 51 Cujus moris meminit Arnobius libro primo adversus gentes: Vnus fuit e nobis, qui redire in corpora jamdu- dum animas præcipiebat efflatas? pro- dire ab aggeribus conditos? & post diem funeris tectos pollinctorum vela- minibus expediri? Apuleius in Her- magora: Pollinctor ejus funeri dum unctionem parat. Ante unctionem corpora lavari ab amicis mos erat. Virg. vi. Æneid. ccxviii. Per calidos latices & abena undan- tia flammis Expediunt, corpusque lavant fri- gentis, & ungunt. Hujus tamen muneris curam ad mu- lieres pertinuisse Muretus Variarum Lectionum lib. III. cap. xix. docet hoc versu Ennii: Tarquinii corpus bona foemina lavit, & unxit. Vnde Tertullianus in Apologetico, mortuis parari silicernium, obbam, pol- lincto- C 2

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On the works of servants. 51 Arnobius makes mention of this custom in the first book Against the Nations: “Was there one among us who long ago used to bid souls that had been sent forth return into bodies? that had been laid away beneath the mounds come out? and after the day of burial, covered with the veils of the embalmers, be released?” Apuleius in Hermagoras: “The embalmers for his funeral prepare the anointing.” Before the anointing, it was the custom for bodies to be washed by friends. Virg. Aeneid VI, 218. “Through warm streams and water-giving basins glowing with flames They cleanse and wash the cold body, and anoint it.” Yet Muretus, in Variarum Lectionum, book III, chapter xix, shows from this verse of Ennius that the care of this duty belonged to women: “The good woman washed Tarquinius’ body, and anointed it.” Whence Tertullian, in the Apologetic, says that for the dead there are prepared a silicernium, an obba, the pollinct- C 2

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52 TITI POPMÆ lintorem scripsit: qua de re fu- lius tractant doctissimi viri Joannes Meursius, & Joannes Kirchmannus in libris De Funeribus Romano- rum. Quæ autem ad pollincturam pertinebant, à Libitinariis in templo Libitinæ vendebantur. CAPSARIOS servos Paulus nominat, qui mercede servanda in balneis vestimenta suscipiunt, quod capsis ea includant: Adversus, in- quit, capsarios quoque qui mercede ser- vanda in balneis vestimenta suscipiunt, judec est constitutus, ut si quid in ser- vandis vestimentis fraudulenter admi- serint, ipse cognoscat. Hi ad fores stare solebant, id quod Epiphanius aperte indicat, dum Adamitarum mores pessimos describit; quos in- ter cætera etiam nudis corporibus con- ventus habuisse in hypocaustis refert, & ad fores adstitisse ipsis quosdam ca- psariorum instar, quicorum vestimenta susci- a Leg. 3. ß. n't. ff. de offic. præf. vigil. b In Panat. iii. IX.

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52 TITI POPMÆ he wrote about the undertaker; on this matter the most learned men Johannes Meursius and Johannes Kirchmannus treat at length in their books De Funeribus Romanorum . But those things which pertained to embalming were sold by the Libitinarii in the temple of Libitina. Capsarii are slaves, as Paulus calls them, who receive garments in the baths for safekeeping for a fee, because they place them in capsae . “Against the capsarii also,” he says, “who receive garments in the baths for safekeeping for a fee, a judge is appointed, so that if they have fraudulently done anything in the keeping of the garments, he himself may investigate.” These used to stand at the doors, which Epiphanius clearly indicates when he describes the very wicked customs of the Adamites; among other things, he says that they also held assemblies in the hypocausts with naked bodies, and that at the doors there stood certain persons in the manner of capsarii , who received their garments. a Leg. 3. §. n.t. ff. de offic. præf. vigil. b In Panat. iii. IX.

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De operis Servorum. 53 susciperent, & custodirent. Vlpianus capsarios vocat, qui pueris euntibus in scholam libros portant: Si colla- etaneus, ait, si educator, si pædagogus ipsius, si capsarius, id est qui portat li- bros. De his Suetonius in Nerone, cap. xxxvi. Constat quosdam cum pæ- dagogis & capsariis uno prandio pari- ternecatos. Iuvenalis Satyr.x. cxvi. Quisquis adhuc uno partam colit asse Minervam, Quem sequitur custos angustæ ver- nula capsæ. Erant insuper capsarii Romanis di- cti, qui caplæ nummariæ apud ar- gentarios, & numularios præpositi erant; & capsarii capsarum opifices; quibus aliquam vacationem mune- rum graviorum conditio tribuit; ut sunt mensores, optiones, valetudi- narii medici, capsarii artifices, & qui fossam faciunt. Præterea hi & Arcarii ab arcanominabantur, qui non lolum vesti- C 3 à Leg. ult. ß. de jure immunit.

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On the works of slaves. 53 they might receive and keep. Ulpian calls those capsarii who carry books for boys going to school. If, he says, a playmate, if an attendant, if his paedagogus, if a capsarius, that is, the one who carries the books. Concerning these Suetonius in Nero, ch. xxxvi. It is known that some were killed together with their paedagogi and capsarii at one and the same banquet. Juvenal, Sat. x. 116. Whoever as yet cultivates Minerva with a single as, Whom follows the servant, the slave of the narrow book-bag. Moreover, among the Romans capsarii were also called those who were set over the money-chests at the bankers and money-changers; and capsarii were makers of caps; to whom some exemption from heavier duties was granted by their condition, such as the mensores, optiones, medical attendants in the infirmary, craftsmen-capsarii, and those who make the ditch. Besides, these were also called arcarii, from arca, who not only vesti- C 3 from the last law, § on the law of immunities.

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54 TITI POPMÆ vestimenta ad balnea portabant, verum etiam reliqua omnia genera vestimentorum adservabant. 4 Scævolæ Arcarium servum dicere videtur, cui arcæ, in qua domini pecunia condita, procuratio commissa est, idem qui dispensator. Stichus, inquit, arcarius probante domino, nomina fecit, & rationes à domino scriptas exhibet. SACCVLARII, qui vetitis, & magicis artibus ex alienis sacculis, aut subducunt pecuniam, aut subtrahunt, quos 1 Vlpianus ait plus quam fures puniendos. nam subducere est elicere pecuniam ad se arte, vel qua alia ratione illicita; subtrahere, est manu auferre. Ejusmodi præstigias Synesius in epist. Euthalii cujusdam describit, quem & , id est Saccularium vocat, qui cum in mulcta solvenda unum sacculum osten- 2 Leg. 41. ß. 17. ß. de fideicom. libertat. b Leg. saccularii ß. de extraord. crimineb. & leg. 1. ß. 2. de effractorib.

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54 TITI POPMAE They carried clothing to the baths, but also stored all the other kinds of garments. 4 Scævola seems to speak of a slave named arcarius, to whom the care of the chest in which the master’s money is kept has been entrusted; he is the same as the dispensator. “Stichus,” he says, “the arcarius, with the master’s approval, made entries, and produces the accounts written by the master.” SACCVLARII are those who, by prohibited and magical arts, from other people’s purses either draw out money or stealthily take it away; Ulpian says they are to be punished more severely than thieves. For subducere is to draw money to oneself by artifice, or in some other unlawful way; subtrahere is to take it away by hand. Synesius describes such tricks in an epistle of a certain Euthalius, whom he also calls a Saccularius, that is, one who, when he had to pay a fine, showed one purse

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De operis Servorum. 55 ostentasset, in quo aurei nummi erant, & alium huic simillimum occultaret, in quo ærei; numerata pecunia aurea, & suo reddita sacculo, mox clam alterum pro altero subposuit, & tradidit. VESTISPICI appellantur vestium custodes servi, quod frequenti diligentia vestes inspiciant, ut tradit Nonius. Plautus Trinummo: act. II. sc. II. -----ducitur familia tota, Vestispici, unctor, auricustos, Afranius Vopisco: Novi non inscitulam ancillulam vespere, & vestispicam. Vestispicam autem quam hic Afranius dicit, aliter Latini à veste vocant; ut pueros à potione, à supellectile, à pedibus, à rationibus. Ostendit lapis Romanus: C4 M. VI-

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On the works of servants. 55 had displayed a pouch in which there were gold coins, and hidden another very like it, in which there were copper coins; the counted gold money, and having been returned to its own pouch, soon secretly substituted one for the other, and handed it over. VESTISPICI are called the servants who are guardians of clothing, because with frequent diligence they inspect garments, as Nonius relates. Plautus, in the Trinummus: act. II. sc. II. -----the whole household is led away, Vestispici, unctor, auricustos, Afranius to Vopisco: I have lately known a not unpretty little maidservant by evening, and a vestispica. A vestispica however, as Afranius here says, is otherwise called by the Latins from veste; as boys from drink, from household goods, from feet, from accounts. A Roman stone shows it: C4 M. VI-

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56 TITI POPMÆ M. VLPIO. AVG. LIB. PHAEDIMO DIVI TRAIANI AVG. A. POTIONE. ITEM. A. LAGVNA. ET TRICLINARCH. LICTORI. PROXIMO. ET A COMMENT. BENEFICIORVM. VIXIT. ANN. XXVIII. ABSCESSIT. SELINVTE. PRI. IDVS. AVGVST. NIGRO. ET. APRONIANO. COS. RBLIQVIAE. TREIECTAE. EIVS III. NONAS FEBR. EX PERMISSV. COLLEGII. PONTIFICVM. PIACVLO. FACTO. CATVLLINO. ET APROCOS. DVLCISSIMAE. MEMORIAE. EIVS. VALENS. AVG. LIB. PHEDIANVS. A VESTE. BEN. MER. FECIT. Et in antiqua inscriptione appellantur Advestem, ut Ad cyathos, Ad pedes: T. STATILIVS. MALCHIO. AD VESTEM. ORNATRICES puellæ quæ mulieribus comas exornabant. de quibus a Vlpianus: Item mancipia alia: puellæ fortassis queis sibi comas mulieres exornant. Et b Marcianus: Ornatricibus legatis, Celsus scripsit, eas, quæ duostantum menses apud magistrum fuerunt, legato non cedere: a Leg. 49 ff. de leg. 3. b Leg. 65. ff. de leg. lib. 3.

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56 TITI POPMÆ M. VLPIO. AVG. LIB. PHAEDIMO DIVI TRAIANI AVG. A. POTIONE. ITEM. A. LAGVNA. ET TRICLINARCH. LICTORI. PROXIMO. ET A COMMENT. BENEFICIORVM. VIXIT. ANN. XXVIII. ABSCESSIT. SELINVTE. PRI. IDVS. AVGVST. NIGRO. ET. APRONIANO. COS. RBLIQVIAE. TREIECTAE. EIVS III. NONAS FEBR. EX PERMISSV. COLLEGII. PONTIFICVM. PIACVLO. FACTO. CATVLLINO. ET APROCOS. DVLCISSIMAE. MEMORIAE. EIVS. VALENS. AVG. LIB. PHEDIANVS. A VESTE. BEN. MER. FECIT. And in an ancient inscription they are called Ad vestem, as Ad cyathos, Ad pedes: T. STATILIVS. MALCHIO. AD VESTEM. ORNATRICES, girls who adorned women’s hair. Concerning whom Ulpian says: likewise other slaves, girls perhaps by whom women adorn their own hair. And Marcian says: with legacies to ornatrices, Celsus wrote that those who had been with the master for only two months do not give way to the legatee: a Leg. 49 ff. de leg. 3. b Leg. 65. ff. de leg. lib. 3.

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De operis Servorum. 57 cedere: alii & has cedere: ne necesse sit, nullam cedere: cum omnes adhuc discere possunt: & omne artificium incrementum recipit; quod magis obtinere debet: quia humanæ naturæ congruum est. Ovidius: Tuta sit ornatrix. Vetus inscriptio: CINERIBVS HAMILLAE ALBIONIAE QVINTAE ORNATRICI FESTVS M. SEPTIMI GALLI DISPEN. CONTVBERNALIB. M. F. ET SIBI. Acus autem, qua ornatrix utitur, acus comatoria Petronio, Acus crinalis Apuleio dicitur. a TONSORES servi, qui familiæ rusticæ causa parati sunt, & TONSTRICES ancillæ in familia Romanorum resecandis crinibus, & ungribus. Valerius Maximus lib. III. c. II. Egresso cubiculum Bruto culiellum tonsorium quasi unguium resecandorum causa poposcit; eoque velut forte clapso se vulneravit: clamore deinde C 5 ancul-

Transcription: Translated (English)

On the work of slaves. 57 to yield: others, and these too to yield: lest it be necessary for none to yield: since all can still learn: and every craft receives improvement; which it ought rather to attain: because it is fitting to human nature. Ovid: Let the dressmaker be safe. An old inscription: CINERIBVS HAMILLAE ALBIONIAE QVINTAE ORNATRICI FESTVS M. SEPTIMI GALLI DISPEN. CONTVBERNALIB. M. F. ET SIBI. But the needle, which a dressmaker uses, is called acus comatoria by Petronius, acus crinalis by Apuleius. The TONSORES are slaves, who are prepared for the sake of the rural household, and the TONSTRICES are female servants in the Roman household for cutting the hair, and the nails. Valerius Maximus, book III, ch. II. When Brutus had left the bedroom, he asked for a barber’s razor, for the purpose of trimming the nails; and when it, as if by chance, slipped, he wounded himself: then with a cry C 5 ancul-

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58 TITI POPMÆ ancillarum in cubiculum revocatus Brutus, objurgare eam coepit, quod tonsoris præripuisset officium. a Vlpianus: Tonsores, & fullones, & focariæ, non agri sunt instrumentum, sed instrumenti. Plaut. Truculento: Nam mihi dividia est tonstricem meam sic multatam male. Ibidem: Ancillas duas tonstrices ducet; alteram tonstricem hujus, alteram ancillam suam. EXACTORES servi, qui pecunias dominorum exigebant, de quibus b Scævola: Si qui minus solvendo fuerint debitores, quibus aliis exactores erant applicati, nondum videatur conditioni satisfactum. Et qui dominorum loco ædificiis reficiendis, rebusque omnibus interfuerre; quorum mentionem faciunt vetustæ inscri- a Leg. 12. ß. 6. ß de instr. vel instru. legat. b Leg. 41. ß. 17. ß. de fideicom. libertas.

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58 TITI POPMÆ called back into the women’s quarters Brutus began to reproach her because she had anticipated the barber’s office. Ulpian says: Barbers, and fullers, and kitchen-women, are not an instrument of the estate, but of the instrument. Plautus, in the Truculentus : For I am vexed that my hairdresser has been so badly fined. There also: He will take two maidservants as hairdressers; one hairdresser of this woman, the other his own maidservant. EXACTORES, slaves who collected their masters’ money, concerning whom Scævola says: If there were any debtors less able to pay, to whom other exactores had been assigned, it does not yet seem that the condition has been satisfied. And those who, in the masters’ place, were concerned with repairing buildings and with all other matters; mention of whom is made by ancient inscriptions a Leg. 12. §. 6. §. de instr. vel instru. legat. b Leg. 41. §. 17. §. de fideicom. libertas.

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De operis Servorum. 59 scriptiones, quarum altera Romæ; altera Veronæ reperta est: Romæ: D. M. S. M. AVRELIVS. AVGG. N. N. LIB EPAPHRODITVS EXACTOR OPERVM DOM. N. N. CORVM ET LABERIA FELICI: FECERVNT SIBI. ET SVIS. Veronæ: BLANDVS C. AFINI ASCLAE SER. MVRRANVS. P. CLODI TVRPIONIS SER. AVCTVS M. FABRICI SER. CON- VITIVM. REFECERVNT TECTVM. PA- RIETES. ALEVARVNT. VALVAS. LI- MEN. DE SVA PECVNA LARIBVS DANT. COSSO CORNELIO LENTVLO L: PISOONE AVGVRE COSS. EMISSARII servi, qui juveni- bus amasias, & equos generosos per- quirebant, quos Pædianus conciliato- res furtorum vocat: itemque hi qui rapinas, & divitum bona quæ pote- rant proscribi, a investigabant. Ho- rum meminit Cicero IV. Verr. Pe- tit Nævius Turpio quidam istius ex- C 6 cur- 2 Wolfangus Lazius lib. 12. cap. 5. Commenta- riorum. Reipub. Rom.

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On the works of slaves. 59 inscriptions, one of which was found at Rome; the other at Verona: At Rome: D. M. S. M. AVRELIVS. AVGG. N. N. LIB EPAPHRODITVS EXACTOR OPERVM DOM. N. N. CORVM ET LABERIA FELICI: FECERVNT SIBI. ET SVIS. At Verona: BLANDVS C. AFINI ASCLAE SER. MVRRANVS. P. CLODI TVRPIONIS SER. AVCTVS M. FABRICI SER. CON- VITIVM. REFECERVNT TECTVM. PA- RIETES. ALEVARVNT. VALVAS. LI- MEN. DE SVA PECVNA LARIBVS DANT. COSSO CORNELIO LENTVLO L: PISOONE AVGVRE COSS. Emissarii were slaves who sought out for young men mistresses and fine horses, whom Pædianus calls conciliators of thefts; and likewise those who investigated robberies and the property of the rich that could be advertised for sale. Cicero mentions them in Verr. IV. Petition by Naevius Turpio, one of those whom this man sent out on errands. 2 Wolfangus Lazius, book 12, chapter 5, Commentaries on the Roman Commonwealth.

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60 T I T I P O R M A E cursor, & emissarius. Idem V. in Verrem: Dubitaturum quemque existimas, quin illis emissariis hæc tibi omnis pecunia quæsita sit? Et rursus: Magni sua putabant interesse, publice porius quamvis magno emi, qui in aliquem istius emissarium incideret. Et in Epist ad M. Marinum: Hic simiolus animi causa, me, in quem inveheretur, delegerat: persuaseratque nonnullis invidis meis, se in me emissarium semper fore. a Suetonius in Galba: Quin etiam populo Romano deposcente, supplicium Haloti, & Tigillini, solos ex omnibus Neronis emissariis vel maleficentissimos. incolumes præstitit. Ammianus Marcellinus: Per emissarios quosdam fallendi, perstringendique gnarus Persarum sciscitabatur consilia. Emillariorum etiam mentio in sacris literis lib. 1. Regum: Ex emissariis qui circumstabant eum. N O M E N C V L A T O R E S servi, qui nomina transeuntium, salutantiumve

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60 T I T I P O R M A E cursor, and emissarius. The same, V. in Verres: Do you think that anyone would doubt that all this money was sought for you by those emissaries? And again: They thought it of great importance that publicly rather than at great cost, one should be bought who would fall in with someone of that man’s emissaries. And in Epist. ad M. Marinum: This little ape, for the sake of causing trouble, had chosen me, against whom he might vent himself: and he had persuaded certain of my envious men that he would always be an emissary against me. a Suetonius in Galba: Moreover, when the Roman people demanded the punishment of Halotus and Tigellinus, of all Nero’s emissaries only those most wicked he spared unharmed. Ammianus Marcellinus: Through certain emissaries, skilled in deceiving and misleading others, the Persian king was inquiring into their plans. There is also mention of emissarii in sacred scripture, book 1 of Kings: From the emissaries who stood around him. N O M E N C L A T O R E S slaves, who repeat the names of passersby, or of those greeting them

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De operis Servorum. 61 tiumve domino suggerebant; & unumquemque nominatim poterant vocare. De his Cicero pro Muræna, & libro IV. Epist. ad Atticum: Ad urbem ita veni, ut nemo illius ordinis homo nomenclatori notus fuerit, qui mihi obviam non venerit. Seneca libro II. Epist. XIX. Alioquin habebis convivas, quos ex turba salutantium nomenclator digesserit. Et lib. III. Epist. XXVII. Nemo vetulus nomenclator, qui nomina non reddidit, sed accepit. Suetonius Caligula: Misit circum fora & basilicas nomenclatores, ad invitandos ad libidinem juvenes. Quintilianus lib. VI. Institut. Orat. cap. IV. Afer ingrato litigatori conspectum ejus vitanti in foro, per nomenclatorem missum ad eum: Amas me, inquit, quod te non vidi. a Venuleius: Potest tamen & impubes operas dare; veluti si nomenclator sit, vel histrio. Et b Plinius. Hoc profecere mancipiorum legiones, & in domo turba C 7 a Leg. ult. ff. de liberali causa. b lib. 33 cap. 1.

Transcription: Translated (English)

On the works of slaves. 61 or they would suggest them to the master; & they could call each one by name. Of these Cicero, in Pro Murena , and in book IV of the Epistles to Atticus : “I came to the city in such a way that no man of that order was known to the nomenclator, who did not come to meet me.” Seneca, book II, Epistle XIX: “Otherwise you will have guests whom the nomenclator has sorted out from the crowd of those greeting.” And book III, Epistle XXVII: “No old nomenclator, who did not return the names but received them.” Suetonius, Caligula : “He sent nomenclators around the forums and basilicas, to invite the young men to debauchery.” Quintilian, book VI, Institutes of Oratory , ch. IV: Afer, to an ungrateful litigant avoiding his appearance in the forum, sent to him by a nomenclator: “You love me,” said he, “for I did not see you.” And Venuleius: “Yet a boy may also perform services; for example, if he is a nomenclator, or an actor.” And Pliny: “The legions of slaves have accomplished this, and in the house the crowd C 7 a Last law, ff. on the cause of freedmen. b book 33, ch. 1.”

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62 TITI POPMÆ turba externa, ac servorum quoque causa nomenclator adhibendus. Nomenclatorum vero laus erat, quam plurimos nosse; unde elegans extat Scipionis minoris apophthegma, cum Appius Claudius, qui Scipioni in ambienda censura competitior erat, jactaret se, quod ipse citra no- menculatorem cives omnes nomina- tim citaret, cum Scipio propemo- dum nosset neminem. Vera narras, inquit Scipio, nam mihi studio fuit, ut non nossem multos, sed ne cuiquam essem ignotus. Nomenclatorum laus est, quamplurimos nosse. at egregii ducis est, ob egregia in rempublicam merita nulli civium ignotum esse. Ho- rum opera apud Romanos candidati in consequendis suffragiis uteban- tur, qui nomina civium suggererent. Vnde Cato laudatur, quod per se ipsum sine nomenclatore nomina- tim salutaret cives Romanos, & le- gem servaverit, quæ candidato no- menculatores adesse vetat. Adria- num

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62 TITUS POPMAE a crowd of outsiders, and for the sake of slaves too a nomenclator must be employed. The praise of nomenclators was, indeed, that they knew as many people as possible; whence there stands out the elegant saying of Scipio the younger, when Appius Claudius, who was Scipio’s rival in seeking the censorship, boasted that, without a nomenclator, he himself would call all the citizens by name, while Scipio knew scarcely anyone. “You speak truly,” said Scipio, “for it has been my aim not to be ignorant of many, but that I should not be unknown to anyone.” The praise of nomenclators is to know as many as possible. But it is the mark of an outstanding general, on account of distinguished merits to the commonwealth, to be unknown to no citizen. Among the Romans, candidates made use of their services in obtaining votes, so that they might suggest the names of citizens. Hence Cato is praised, because of his own accord, without a nomenclator, he greeted Roman citizens by name, and observed the law, which forbids a candidate to have nomenclators in attendance. Adrianus

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De operis Servorum. 63 num etiam Cæsarem adeo singulari memoria præditum fuisse tradunt, ut nomina singulis suæ nomenclaturæ redderet, & nomenclatores sæpe errantes emendaret. Nomenclatorum meminere a Vlpianus, b Venuleius, & antiqua inscriptio Romæ: C. EGNATIVS C. L. EVRIPVS NOMENCULATOR. & alia Tiburiapud S. Georgium: D. M. AVRELIAE PRIMITIVAE CONIVGI CARISSIMAE FECIT ZOSIMIANVS AVG. LIBERT. NOMENCLATOR A CENSIBVS SIBI SVISQVE LIBERTIS LIBERTABVSQ. EORVM. H. M. H. N. S. Plutarchus in Catone vocat, Cicero in Muræniana, monitorem: Nam si nomine, inquit, ap- pel- a Leg. 7. S. dabitur. ff. de oper, lib. b leg. ult. in sin. ff. de liber. causa.

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On the works of slaves. 63 they even relate that Caesar was endowed with such singular memory that he would recall the names of each one in his own roll and often correct the nomenclators when they made mistakes. Ulpianus and Venuleius make mention of nomenclators, and an ancient inscription at Rome: C. EGNATIVS C. L. EVRIPVS NOMENCULATOR. And another at Tibur near St. George: D. M. AVRELIAE PRIMITIVAE CONIVGI CARISSIMAE FECIT ZOSIMIANVS AVG. LIBERT. NOMENCLATOR A CENSIBVS SIBI SVISQVE LIBERTIS LIBERTABVSQ. EORVM. H. M. H. N. S. Plutarch in Cato calls him a monitor; Cicero in the Muræniana, for if by name, he says, ap- pel- a Leg. 7. S. dabitur. ff. de oper, lib. b leg. ult. in sin. ff. de liber. causa.

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64 TITI POPMÆ pellari abs te cives tuos honestum est, turpe est eos notiores esse servo tuo, quam tibi. Si etiam noris, tamen per monitorem appellandi sunt. Qui & fartores dicti, quod obviorum nomina, ut Festus ait, velut infarcirent petito- rum auribus. HISTRIONES servi, artifices ludiones, qui personati in scenis fabulas agunt. Cicero lib. iv. Tulculan. Aguntur ista præclare, & ab oratore quidem melius (si modo est orator) quam ab ullo histrione. Et a Vlpianus: Nambujus, ait, quoque est ministerium, si forte vel librarius, vel nomenclator, vel calculator sit, vel histrio, vel alterius voluptatis artifex. A militia autem Romana legibus servt, histriones, & capite censi arcebantur. SYMPHONIA c 1 servi musicam tenentes, qui & in conviviis, & in classe adhibebantur, per quos cani remigibus celeuma solebat, de qui- bus a Leg. 7. ß. ff. de oper. libert. & leg. ult. ß. de literal. cau. leg. 15. ß. 1. de usufruct. & quemad.

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64 TITUS POPMAE It is honorable to be greeted by your fellow citizens, but it is disgraceful that they should be better known to your slave than to you. Even if you know them, still they are to be summoned by the announcer. Those who are called fartores , because, as Festus says, they as it were stuffed the ears of those seeking office with the names of the passers-by. HISTRIONES are slaves, performers, actors, who, wearing masks, act out plays on the stage. Cicero, book IV of the Tusculan Disputations : These things are performed excellently, and indeed better by an orator—if he is truly an orator—than by any actor whatever. And by Ulpian: Nambujus, he says, is also this sort of service, if perhaps he is a copyist, or a herald, or an accountant, or an actor, or an artist of some other amusement. But from the Roman army, by law, actors, along with the census-classed poor, were excluded. SYMPHONIA signifies slaves who handle music, who were employed both at banquets and on ships, through whom the chant for the rowers used to be sung, about whom a. Law 7, § ff. de oper. libert. and the last law, § de literal. cau. law 15, § 1, de usufruct. and quemad.

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De operis Servorum. 65 bus a Vlpianus: Si librarium rus mittat, & qualum, & calcem portare cogat, vel histrionem balneatorem faciat; vel de symphoniaco atriensem, vel de palæstra stercorandis latrinis præponat, abuti videbitur proprietate. Cicero pro Milone: Milo tum casu pueros symphoniacos uxoris ducebat. Idem in Verrem: Ab hac præfectus Antonii quidam symphoniacos servos ducebat per injuriam, quibus se in classe utivelle dicebat. Nam ut Pædianus tradit, can remigibus celeuma per symphoniacos servos solebat per assam vocem, id est ore prolatam, & per citharam; & ad hoc symphoniacos capi solere, ut in classe pugnantibus classicum canant. Duris Samius auctor est in Alcibiadis navi ab exilio redeuntis Chrysogonum fuisse quendam modulatorem, qui tanta arte remigum manus dirigebat, ut cum illi remorum pulsum cum Chrysogoni cantu conjugerent, jucundam audientibus redderent harmoniam. CAL- 2 Leg. 15. S. 1. Æ. de usufr. & quemad.

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On the works of servants. 65 by Ulpian: If he sends a bookkeeper into the country, and makes him carry a basket and lime, or makes an actor work as a bath attendant; or from a symphoniacus makes him an atrium servant, or appoints him from the palestra to clean latrines, he will be seen to abuse ownership. Cicero, in the speech for Milo: Milo then, by chance, was leading the boys of the symphonia with his wife as guide. The same, in the speech against Verres: From this man, a certain prefect of Antony was leading along symphoniacus slaves by force, whom he said he intended to use in the fleet. For, as Paedianus reports, the signal call for the rowers used to be given through symphoniacus slaves by a clear voice, that is, spoken from the mouth, and by the cithara; and for this reason symphoniacus slaves are usually taken, so that in the fleet they may sing the battle signal for those fighting. Duris of Samos is authority for the statement that on the ship of Alcibiades, returning from exile, there was a certain Chrysogonus, a musician, who directed the hands of the rowers with such skill that, when they joined the beat of the oars to Chrysogonus' song, they produced a harmony pleasing to those listening. CAL- 2 Leg. 15. S. 1. Æ. de usufr. & quemad.

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66 TITI POPMÆ CALCULATORES servi, qui per lapillos, aut lapillorum signa computabant, & expensa, & per- cepta in rationes referebant; quo- rum meminit a Vlpianus: Nam hujus quoque est ministerium, si forte vel librarius, vel nomenclator, vel calculator sit, vel histrio, vel alterius voluptatis artifex. b Idem: Ludi quoque litterarii magistris, licet non sint professores, tamen usurpatum est, ut his quoque jus dicatur. Iam & libra- riis, & notariis, & calculatoribus, sive tabulariis. c Modestinus: Neque lib- rarios, neque calculatores, quos vulgo rationarios dicimus, habere immunitatem dicunt Divorum constitutiones. Martialis lib. x. Epigram. IXII. Nec calculator, aut notarius velox, Majore quisquam circulo coronetur. Et D. Augustinus lib. II. contra Academ. Quibus duobus repertis nata est a Leg. 7. ff. de oper. libert. b Leg. 1. S. 6. ff. de extra. cogn. c Leg. 15. S. 5. ff. de excusat.

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66. SONS OF TITIUS POPMÆ CALCULATORES: slaves who, by means of pebbles, or signs of pebbles, made computations, and entered both expenditures and receipts in the accounts; they are mentioned by Ulpian: “For this too is his service, if perhaps he is a clerk, or a herald, or a calculator, or an actor, or a performer of some other amusement.” b The same author: “To teachers of elementary schools also, although they are not professors, it has nevertheless been customary that justice be also administered to them. And now also to scribes, notaries, and calculators, or record-keepers.” c Modestinus: “Neither scribes nor calculators, whom we commonly call account-keepers, are said by the constitutions of the Emperors to have immunity.” Martial, Book X, Epigram 92: “Nor let any one with swift calculator or notary Be crowned with a larger circle.” And St. Augustine, Book II against the Academics: “With these two things discovered, there arose...” a Law 7, ff. concerning the work of freedmen. b Law 1, § 6, ff. concerning extraordinary cognizance. c Law 15, § 5, ff. concerning exemptions.

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De operis Servorum. 67 est illa librariorum, & calculatorum professio velut quædam Grammaticæ infantia. Quos & tabularios appella- tos fuisse testatur a Vlpianus. Anti- qua inscriptio Veronæ: V. F. P. CAECILIVS EMPI- RODIVS VI. VIR. AVG. CAL- CVLATOR IVSTINAE SALE- NAE VXORI ET SIBI. *LIBRARII servi vel à stu- diis, 1 vel à bibliotheca erant libro- rum scriptores; vel aliorum scripto- rum notarii, qui notis quibusdam dictata scriberent. Cicero III. de Orat. Neque librariorum notis; sed verborum, & sententiarum modo. Et pro lege Agraria: Aliquando tan- dem me designato, lex in publicum proponitur: concurrunt jussu meo plu- res uno tempore librarii, descriptam le- gem ad me adferunt. Idem lib. IV. Epi- 2 Leg. 1 6. ludi. ff. de extra. cogn. * Petrum Fabrum vide ad leg. si librarius, ff. de div. regul. jur. antiq.

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On the works of slaves. 67 That is the profession of copyists and calculators, as it were a kind of infancy of grammar. Ulpian testifies that they were also called tabularii. An ancient inscription at Verona: V. F. P. CAECILIUS EMI- RODIVS VI. VIR. AVG. CAL- CVLATOR IVSTINAE SALE- NAE VXORI ET SIBI. * LIBRARII were slaves who, either from studies, 1 or from the library, were writers of books; or notaries of other writers, who would write down dictated matter with certain shorthand signs. Cicero, III De Orat.: Not with the notes of copyists, but with those of words and sentences. And in the speech Pro lege Agraria: At last, when I had been elected, the law is proposed to the public; at my order several copyists gather at one time, and bring me the law copied out. The same, book IV. Epi- 2 Leg. 1 6. ludi. ff. de extra. cogn. * See Petrus Faber, ad leg. si librarius, ff. de div. regul. jur. antiq.

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66 TITI POPMÆ CALCULATORES servi, qui per lapillos, aut lapillorum signa computabant, & expensa, & per- cepta in rationes referebant; quo- rum meminit a Vlpianus: Nam hujus quoque est ministerium, si forte vel librarius, vel nomenclator, vel calculator sit, vel histrio, vel alterius voluptatis artifex. b Idem: Ludi quoque litterarii magistris, licet non sint professores, tamen usurpatum est, ut his quoque jus dicatur. Iam & libra- riis, & notariis, & calculatoribus, sive tabulariis. c Modestinus: Neque lib- rarios, neque calculatores, quos vulgo rationarios dicimus, habere immunitatem dicunt Divorum constitutiones. Martialis lib. x. Epigram. IXII. Nec calculator, aut notarius velox, Majore quisquam circulo coronetur. Et D. Augustinus lib. II. contra Academ. Quibus duobus repertis nata est a Leg. 7. ff. de oper. libert. b Leg. 1. s. 6. ff. de extra. cogn. c Leg. 15. s. 5. ff. de excusat.

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66 TITI POPMÆ CALCULATORS, slaves who computed by means of pebbles, or the signs of pebbles, and entered both receipts and expenditures into accounts; of whom Ulpian makes mention: For this also is his office, if perchance he be either a copyist, or a name-collector, or a calculator, or an actor, or an artificer of some other pleasure. b The same: Likewise it has been customary that judgment be given also to teachers of the elementary schools, although they are not professors. And now also to copyists, and notaries, and calculators, or accountants. c Modestinus: The imperial constitutions say that neither copyists nor calculators, whom in common speech we call accountants, have immunity. Martialis, book x, Epigram IXII. Neither let any one be crowned with a larger wreath than a swift calculator or notary. And St. Augustine, book II, against the Academics: When these two things had been found, there arose a Leg. 7. ff. de oper. libert. b Leg. 1. s. 6. ff. de extra. cogn. c Leg. 15. s. 5. ff. de excusat.

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On the works of servants. 67 That is the profession of scribes and calculators, as it were a certain infancy of grammar. Ulpian testifies that they were also called tabularii. An ancient inscription at Verona: V. F. P. CAECILIVS EMPIRODIVS VI. VIR. AVG. CALCULATOR IVSTINAE SALENAE VXORI ET SIBI. *LIBRARII were slaves either from studies, 1 or from the library; writers of books, or notaries for other writers, who would write down dictation in certain shorthand signs. Cicero, III De Orat. “Neither by the notes of scribes; but by the very words and thoughts.” And in Pro lege Agraria: “At last, when I had been designated, the law is proposed in public: at my command more than one scribe at the same time come together, they bring to me the law as written down.” The same, book IV. Epi- 2 Leg. 1 6. ludi. ff. de extra. cogn. * See Petrus Faber on the law Si librarius, ff. de div. regul. jur. antiq.

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68 TITI POPMÆ Epistol. ad Atticum: Et jam velim mihi mittas de tuis librariolis duos. Et Cicero filius libro xvi. Epistolar. Peto à te, ut quam celerrime mihi librarius mittatur, maxime quidem Græcus. multum enim mihi eripitur opera in exscribendis hypomnematis. Horatius in Arte Poëtica: Vt scriptor si peccat, idem librarius usque, Quamvis sit monitus, venia caret. Plinius de insigni memoria Iulii Cæsaris libro VII. cap. xxv: Epistolas vero tantarum rerum quaternas pariter librarius dictare, aut si nihil aliud age- ret, septenas. a Vlpianus: Nam si librarium rus mittat; et quatum, et calcem portare cogat: histrionem, balneatorem faciat: vel de symphoniaco atriensem: vel de palæstra stercorandis latrinis præponat: abuti videbitur proprietate. b Scævola: Si librarius in a Leg. 15. 1. ff. de usur. et quemad. b Leg. si librarius 102. ff. de div. reg. Iur. 1. 7. 5. 5: ff. de oper. libert.

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68 TITI POPMAE Epist. to Atticus: And now I would like you to send me two of your scribes. And Cicero the son, in book xvi of the Letters: I ask you that a scribe be sent to me as quickly as possible, especially indeed a Greek one. for much labor is taken from me in copying notes. Horace in the Art of Poetry: As a writer, if he errs, the same scribe likewise, Though he is warned, is without pardon. Pliny, on the remarkable memory of Julius Caesar, book VII, ch. xxv: For letters indeed of so great matters, a scribe could dictate four at once, or if he were doing nothing else, seven. a Ulpian: For if he send a scribe to the country; and make him carry both quatum and lime: make him a stage-actor, a bath-attendant: or from a musician make him a doorkeeper: or from the wrestling-school put him in charge of cleaning the latrines: he will seem to be abusing property. b Scaevola: If a scribe in

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De operis Servorum. 69 in transcribendis stipulationis verbis errasset, nihil nocere, quo minus & reus, & fidejussor tenerentur. Et Justinianus Imperator cum de veteri jure enucleando ita sanxit: Ipse autem librarius, qui ea inscribere ausus fuerit, non solum criminali poena (secundum quod dictum est) plectetur: sed etiam æstimationem in duplum domino reddet, si ipse dominus ignorans talem librum, vel comparaverit, vel confici curaverit. Meminit librariorum & D. Hieronymus in epistola ad Lucinium, & ad Niciam, his verbis: Nam & rudes illi Italiæ homines, quos Cascos Ennius appellat, qui sibi ritu ferino victum requirebant, ante chartæ & membranarum usum, aut in dedolatis è ligno codicillis, aut in corticibus arborum mutuo epistolarum alloquia missitabant. Vnde & portatores earum Tabellarios, & scriptores, à libris arborum Librarios voca-

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On the works of servants. 69 if he had erred in transcribing the words of the stipulation, it would do no harm, so that both the defendant and the surety should be held liable. And Emperor Justinian, when clarifying the old law, thus decreed: The copyist himself, who shall have dared to write those things down, shall not only be punished with criminal penalty (according to what has been said): but shall also pay the value in double to the owner, if the owner himself, not knowing, shall either have bought such a book, or have caused it to be made. St. Jerome also makes mention of copyists in the letter to Lucinius, and to Nicia, in these words: For even those rude men of Italy, whom Ennius calls Caski, who sought their sustenance in a savage manner for themselves, before the use of paper and parchment, either on tablets cut from wood, or on tree-bark, used to send messages back and forth in exchange by letters. Hence also the carriers of these, tabellarii, and the writers, from the books of trees, were called librarii,

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70 T I T I P O P M A E vocavere. Librarii inter castrensis officia dicti etiam, qui rationes ad milites pertinentes in libros referebant, ut Vegetius lib. II. cap. VII. refert; de quibus & Paternus meminit. Itemque hi qui cujusque possessionem in tabulas publicas. Cicero II. in Rullum, de xv. viris loquens, quos ille agris dividundis instituere conabatur: Ornat eos apparitoribus, scribis, librariis, præconibus, architectis. Alius igitur hic scriba, alius librarius. Librarii tamen nomen generalius est, quo promiscue etiam pro scriba Cicero utitur, ut librarii manu epistola. Hinc librarius ad manum, pro amanuensi, in veteri inscriptione. N O T A R I I, qui acta & dictata in judicio, vel extra judicium notis, vel litteris excipiebant: Seneca lib. XIV. Epist. Quid verborum notas, quibus quamvis citata excipitur oratio, & celeritatem linguæ manus sequi- a Leg. ult ß, de jure immunit.

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70 T I T I P O P M A E They were also called vocavere. Librarii were likewise among the camp officers, who entered into books the accounts pertaining to soldiers, as Vegetius, book II, chapter VII, relates; and Paternus makes mention of them. Also those who entered each person’s possession into the public records. Cicero, in the second speech against Rullus, speaking of the fifteen men whom he was trying to appoint for the division of the lands: he equips them with attendants, clerks, copyists, heralds, architects. Thus here one is a scriba, another a librarius. However, the name librarius is more general, which Cicero also uses indiscriminately for scriba, as in librarii manu epistola. Hence librarius ad manum, meaning amanuensis, in an ancient inscription. NOTARII , who received and recorded in court, or outside of court, what was done and dictated, by means of notes or letters: Seneca, book XIV of the Epistles, “What shorthand signs of words, by which even the swiftest speech is taken down, and the hand follows the rapidity of the tongue—” a. Leg. ult. §, de jure immunit.

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De operis Servorum. 71 sequitur. De quibus eleganter Basilius in Epistolis: οι λόγοι τὴν Φύσιν υπόπιερον ἐχεσι διὰ τῶτο σημεῖν χεῦζων, ικα ἀπλαμένων ἀυτῶν λάτον τὰχ[.] ο γεάφων. Notæ autem non sunt literæ, sed σημεῖα γεαμικῶν πρὸς τὰχ[.] ο ἐξαρθέντα: quorum inventionem alii Tullio Tyroni, alii Mæcenati tribuunt. quare literas à notis separat Manilius, cumait: --- Cui litera verbum est, Quique notis linguam superet. De his Martialis lib. XI. Epigr. LXII. Nec calculator, aut notarius velox. a Scævola: Sejo auri libras tres, & Stichum notarium, quem peto manumittas. b Paulus lib. II. Responsum: Lucius Titius miles notario suo testamentum scribendum notis dictavit, & antequam literis perscribere— tur vita defunctus est. Hujusmodi no— tis a Leg. 41. 5. Sejo, ff. de fideicom. libert. b Leg. 40. ff. de testam. militis.

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On the works of servants. 71 follows. Of these, Basil elegantly says in the Epistles: οι λόγοι τὴν Φύσιν υπόπιερον ἐχεσι διὰ τῶτο σημεῖν χεῦζων, ικα ἀπλαμένων ἀυτῶν λάτον τὰχ[.] ο γεάφων. But notae are not letters, but σημεῖα γεαμικῶν πρὸς τὰχ[.] ο ἐξαρθέντα: the invention of which some attribute to Tullius Tiro, others to Maecenas. Wherefore Manilius separates letters from notae, when he says: --- For whom a letter is a word, And who may surpass language by notae. Of these Martial, book XI, epigram LXII: Neither a calculator nor a swift notarius. a From Scaevola: “I leave to Seius three pounds of gold, and Stichus the notary, whom I ask that you manumit.” b Paulus, book II, Responsum: Lucius Titius, a soldier, dictated his testament to his own notary in notae, and before it could be written out in letters— he died. Such no— tae a Leg. 41. 5. Sejo, ff. de fideicom. libert. b Leg. 40. ff. de testam. militis.

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T I T I P O P M A E tis olim pleni erant jureconsultorum libri; sed Justinianus in libris suis quicquam notis scribi vetuit: de quibus vide Cujacium libro XII. cap. XI. Observationum. A M A N V E N S E S servi, qui excipiunt, quorum opera in scribendo, perinde ac scribarum, utimur. De quibus Suetonius in Nerone: Ne dispensatoribus quidem, aut amanuensibus exceptis. Tito, cap. III. Cum amanuensibus sui per lusum, jocumque certaniem. Hi & A manu dicuntur. Idem "Cæsare: Philemonem, à manu servum, qui necem suam per venenum inimicis promiserat, non gravius quam simplicimorte punit. Augusto, cap. LXVII: Thallo à manu, quod pro epistola prodita denarios quin- gentos accepisset, crura effregit. Alii fuisse videntur servi, quos ad manum vocabant, qui præsto paratique semper erant. nam ad manum Hesychius interpretatur, quæ sunt prompta, & parata: 2 Cap. LXXIV.

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T I T I P O P M A E There were once books of jurists full of these things; but Justinian forbade anything whatsoever to be written in his books with notes. See Cujacius, Book XII, chap. XI, of the Observationes. A M A N V E N S E S: slaves who take dictation, whose services in writing we use, just as those of scribes. Of these Suetonius, in Nero: “Not even the stewards or the amanuenses having been excepted.” In Titus, chap. III: “With his amanuenses, in sport and jest, contending with each other.” These are called from a manu . The same, in Caesar: “Philemon, a slave à manu , who had promised his enemies his own death by poison, he punished no more severely than by a simple death.” In Augustus, chap. LXVII: “He broke the legs of Thallus à manu , because he had received five hundred denarii for betraying a letter.” Others seem to have been slaves whom they called ad manum , who were always at hand and ready. For Hesychius interprets ad manum as those things which are prompt and ready: 2 Cap. LXXIV.

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De operis Servorum. 73 parata: & servum ad manum, ad multa utilem: μὴν χεῖρος, ἐτοιμα, ευχεῖν[.] η [n]o[n] νῦν πρὸς χεῖρος, [n]o[n] εἰς πολλὰ χεῖσμον δικέτην[.] Cicero lib. III. de Oratore: Gracchus Licinius servum sibi habuit ad manum. Erant & ab Epistolis servi, & à libellis, & ab ephemeride, qui dies Nonarum, Idium, & Calenda- rum ex ephemeride suppeditabant, & à domino conceptas literas scri- bebant: de quibus meminere hæc vetustæ inscriptiones, quæ Romæ extant: BASSO AVG. LIB. PROX. AB EPISTOLIS GRAECIS PROC. TRA- CTVS CARTHAGINENSIS FABIA. Q.F. PRISCILLA MARITO PIISSIMO. D. M. M. AVRELIO AVG. LIBERTO A LIBELLIS. ADIVTORI FABIA AE- GENIA CON. B. M. F. TABELLARIVS servus literarum gerulus, ut Cassiodorus ait. Hujus D memi-

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On the duties of servants. 73 prepared; and a servant at hand, useful for many things: μὴν χεῖρος, ἐτοιμα, ευχεῖν[.] η [n]o[n] νῦν πρὸς χεῖρος, [n]o[n] εἰς πολλὰ χεῖσμον δικέτην[.] Cicero, book III, On Oratory : Gracchus Licinius had a servant at hand. There were also servants ab Epistolis , à libellis , and ab ephemeride , who supplied from the diary the days of the Nones, Ides, and Calends, and wrote out the letters conceived by the master: of whom the following ancient inscriptions, which are extant at Rome, make mention: BASSO AVG. LIB. PROX. AB EPISTOLIS GRAECIS PROC. TRA- CTVS CARTHAGINENSIS FABIA. Q.F. PRISCILLA MARITO PIISSIMO. D. M. M. AVRELIO AVG. LIBERTO A LIBELLIS. ADIVTORI FABIA AE- GENIA CON. B. M. F. TABELLARIVS, a servant, bearer of letters, as Cassiodorus says. Of this D memi-

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74 TITI PORMÆ meminit Labeo: Simiseris, inquit, ad me tabellarium tuum, & ego rescribendi causa literas tibi misero, simul atque tabellario tuo tradidero, tuæ fient. Cicero ad Brutum: Statim extrusi tabellarios, literasque ad Ciceronem, ut etiamsi in Italiam venisset, ad te rediret. Idem ad Terentiam lib. xiv. Epist. Nos quoridie tabellarios nostros expectamus. Et D. Hieronymus ad Niciam: Ante chartæ, & membranarum usum, aut in dedolatis è ligno codicillis, aut in corticibus arborum mutuo epistolarum alloquia missitabant. Vnde & portatores earum Tabellarios, & scriptores, à libris arborum Librarios vocavere. Tabellarius etiam pro eo accipitur, qui rationes conficit, & data acceptaque in tabulas refert. Sidonius ad Petrejum: Sed & ille suscipiebat hunc granditer, habens eum consiliarium in judiciis, vicarium in Ecclesias, procuratorem in negotiis, villicum in prædiis, tabellarium in tributis, 2 Leg. 65. ß. de acquir. rer. dom.

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74 FORMS Labeo mentions: If you send your messenger to me, he says, I shall send you a letter in reply for the sake of answering, as soon as I have handed your messenger the letter, it shall be yours. Cicero to Brutus: I at once sent off the messengers, and letters to Cicero, so that even if he had come into Italy, he might return to you. The same to Terentia, book xiv. Epistles. We are daily awaiting our messengers. And St. Jerome to Nicias: Before the use of paper and parchment, they used to send mutual communications by letter either on tablets hewn from wood, or on the bark of trees. Hence those who carried them they called Tabellarii, and those who wrote them, Librarii, from the books of the trees. Tabellarius is also taken for one who makes up accounts and enters the items given and received in ledgers. Sidonius to Petreius: But he also received this man with great respect, having him as adviser in lawsuits, deputy in churches, agent in business, steward on estates, messenger in matters of tribute, 2 Leg. 65. § de acquir. rer. dom.

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De operis Servorum. 75 butis, in lectionibus comitem, in expositionibus interpretem, in itineribus contubernalem. CALATORES servi à calandis, id est convocandis comitiis curiatis, & centuriatis dicebantur; qui in veteribus glossis non modo πλήτορες, sed etiam δῶλοι δημόσιοι, hoc est, servi publici appellantur; & libertini erant, ut ex Tacito perspicuum: Quippe late fusum, inquit, id corpus; hinc plerumque tribus, decuria, ministeria magistratibus, & sacerdotibus, cohortes etiam in urbe conscriptas. Et his, utpote publicis populi Romani servis, testamenti pro parte bonorum dimidia faciundi jus fuisse, multæ, & reconditæ lectionis vir a Petrus Faber recte existimat: Horum ministerio Pontifices usi, qui sacrificaturi calatores suos præmittebant, qui populum monebant, ut Feriis publicis opere abstinerent. Servius in Commentariis ad librum primum D 2 Geor-

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On the Labors of Slaves. 75 būtis, a companion in reading, an interpreter in explanations, a fellow-traveler on journeys. CALATORES were slaves, so called from calare, that is, to summon the curiate and centuriate assemblies; in the old glosses they are called not only πλήτορες, but also δῶλοι δημόσιοι, that is, public slaves; and they were freedmen, as is clear from Tacitus: “For,” he says, “that body was widely diffused; hence, for the most part, tribes, decuriae, and ministries were assigned to magistrates and priests, and cohorts also were enrolled in the city.” And Peter Faber rightly thinks that, as public slaves of the Roman people, they had the right to make a testament for half of their goods, a point of much and recondite learning. The Pontiffs used the service of these men, and those about to sacrifice sent their calatores ahead, who warned the people to abstain from work on public festivals. Servius, in his Commentary on the first book of the Geor-

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76 TITI POPMÆ Georgicorum: Sunt enim aliqua, inquit, quæ si Festis diebus fiant, ferias polluant. Quapropter & Pontifices sacrificaturi præmittere Calatores suos solent, ut, sicubi viderent opifices affidentes, opus fieri prohibeant, ne pro negotio suo, & ipsorum oculos, & Deorum ceremonias contaminent: feriæ enim operæ deorum creditæ sunt. Suetonius in libro de illustrib[us] grammaticis: Cornelius Epicadius, inquit, L. Cornelii Sylla Dictatoris libertus calatorque sacerdotio augurali, filioque ejus Fausto, gratissimus fuit: quare nunquam non utriusque se libertum edidit. Antiqua inscriptio Romæ: Q. CAECILIO FEROCI KA- LATORI SACERDOTI TI- TIALIVM. FLAVIALIVM. STUDIOSO ELOQVENTIAE. VIXIT. ANNIS. XV. MENSE. I. DIEBVS XXIII. FILIO. OPTV- MO. AC. REVERENTISSIMO. M. GAVIVS. CHARINVS. AN-

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76 TITI POPMAE Of the Georgics: For there are some things, he says, which, if done on feast days, pollute the holy days. For this reason the Pontiffs, when about to sacrifice, are accustomed to send their criers ahead, so that, if anywhere they see workmen at work, they may forbid the work to be done, lest, on account of their business, they contaminate both the eyes of the people and the ceremonies of the gods: for holy days are believed to be the gods’ work. Suetonius in the book On Illustrious Grammarians: Cornelius Epicadius, he says, the freedman of L. Cornelius Sylla the Dictator and crier attached to the augural priesthood, was very dear to his son Faustus as well: wherefore he never failed to describe himself as the freedman of both. An ancient inscription at Rome: TO Q. CAECILIUS FEROX, THE CRIER OF THE PRIESTS OF THE TITIALIA, THE FLAVIALIA, A STUDENT OF ELOQUENCE. HE LIVED 15 YEARS, 1 MONTH, 23 DAYS. TO HIS EXCELLENT AND MOST REVERED SON. M. GAVIUS CHARINUS. AN-

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De operis Servorum. 77 ANTEAMBULONES servi, qui honoris gratia in itinere solebant præcurrere dominos, & turbam submovere. Suetonius in Vespasiano: Ea demum extudit magis convitio, quam precibus, vel auctoritate, dum eum identidem per contumeliam anteambulonem patris appellat. Seneca Epistola lxxxvii: O quam vellem Catoni nunc occurreres, & aliquem ex his trossulis in via divitibus cursores, & Numidas, & multum ante se pulveris agentem. Vnde & Martialis hunc morem indicans, ait: Sum comes ipse tuus, tumidique anteambulo regis. Idem lib. x. Anteambulones, & togatulos inter Centum merebor plumbeos die toto. Acron in lib. 1. Epist. Horat ii scribit, servos quoqe officiosos in turba hunc, & illum in latus fodiendo, discere solitos, DATE LOCVM DOMINO MEO, D 3 ut

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On the offices of slaves. 77 ANTEAMBULONES are slaves who, out of respect, used to run ahead of their masters on a journey and clear the crowd away. Suetonius in Vespasian: He finally extorted it more by abuse than by entreaties or authority, while repeatedly calling him, in insult, his father's anteambulo. Seneca, Epistle 87: Oh, how I would wish that you would now meet Cato, and some of those dandies in the road, rich men’s runners, and Numidians, driving a great cloud of dust before them. Whence also Martial, indicating this custom, says: I am myself your companion, and I walk before the swollen king. The same, book 10. Among anteambulones and little togate fellows I shall deserve a hundred leaden ones all day long. Acron in book 1 of Horace’s Epistles, 2 writes that compliant slaves, too, were accustomed in the crowd to learn by jostling this man and that man’s side, MAKE WAY FOR MY MASTER, D 3 so that

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78 TITI POPMÆ ut clarissimus jurisconsultus Barnabas Brissonius de formulis lib. VIII. observavit. Præterea moris fuit, ut fine ancillarum comitatu materfamilias aut matrona ordinis honestioris non prodiret in publicum. Itaque apud Plautum Murrhina Alcesimi uxor in ædes vicinas transitura ancillas subsequi sese jubet: Sequimini comites in proximum hinc me. Et D. Hieronymus in Epistola ad Furiam, Romanam nobilem viduam sic ait: Noli ad publicum subinde procedere, & spadonum exercitu præeunte viduarum circumferri libertate. Et in alia epistola de institutione filiæ differens, quam pia mater Christo, & virginitati consecraverat: Placeat ei, inquit, comes non compta, neque formosa, atque lasciva, quæ liquido gutture carmen dulce moduletur; sed gravis, pallens, sordidata, subiristis. Et ad Demetriadem vir- ginem:

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78 Titi Popmae as the most distinguished jurist Barnabas Brissonius observed in De formulis , book VIII. Moreover, it was customary that a matron of the household, or a woman of a more honorable rank, would not go out in public without the company of maidservants. And so in Plautus, the wife of Murrhinus Alcesimus, when she is about to go over to the neighboring house, orders the maidservants to follow her: “Follow me as companions from here to the next place.” And St. Jerome, in the letter to Furia, a noble Roman widow, says thus: “Do not keep going out in public, and let not the freedom of widows be carried about with a troop of eunuchs going before them. And in another letter, speaking of the upbringing of a daughter whom her pious mother had consecrated to Christ and virginity: “Let her,” he says, “be pleased by a companion who is not adorned, nor beautiful, nor wanton, but who with a clear throat sings a sweet song; but one who is serious, pale, plainly dressed, and somewhat rustic.” And to the virgin Demetriade:

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De operis Servorum. 79 ginem: Graves foeminæ, & maximè viduæ, ac virgines tibi comites eligantur, quarum probata est conversatio, sermo moderatus, sancta verecundia. Et paulo post: Mores enim & studia uominarum plerumque ex ancillarum, & comitum moribus judicantur. Et idcirco non levem injuriam eisdem fieri ab iis qui comites earum abducunt, auctor est a Vlpianus. Ad quem morem relpexisse quoque visus est Plautus in b Amphitruone, ubi Alcumenam sic loquentem facit: Valeas, tibi habeas restuas, reddas meas: Iubenire mihi comites? IVP. Sa- nan'es? AL. Sinon jubes, Ibo egomet; comitem pudicitiam duxero. Et in c Mostellaria alludit, cum apud eundem argutè sic loquitur Tranio: D4 ---- Sine 2 Leg. 15. 5. 15 & 16. f. de Injur. 6 act 3 sc. 2. c act. 1. sc. 1.

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On the conduct of servants. 79 Women of gravity, and especially widows and virgins, should be chosen as your companions, whose conversation is proven, whose speech is modest, whose shamefacedness is holy. And a little later: for the manners and inclinations of women are generally judged from the manners of their maidservants and companions. And therefore it is not a slight injury done to them by those who carry off their companions, as Ulpian authoritatively states. To which custom Plautus also seems to have had regard in the Amphitryon, where he makes Alcmena speak thus: Farewell; keep yours, return mine: Do you bid me stay? JUP. Are you ashamed? AL. If you do not bid it, I myself will go; I shall have taken modesty as my companion. And in the Mostellaria he alludes to it, when Tranio, speaking wittily in the same play, says: D4 ---- Without 2 Leg. 15. 5. 15 & 16. f. de Injur. 6 act 3 sc. 2. c act. 1. sc. 1.

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80 TITI POEMÆ -----Sine modo adveniat senex, Sine modo venire salvom, quem absentem comes. TR. Nec versimile loquere, nec verum, frutex, Comesse quemquam ut quispiam absentem possiet. Erant autem servi filiorum familias plerumque & comites, & inspectores vitæ totius, ac morum. Vnde Nævius in Triphalo: Si unquam quicquam filium rescivero Argentum amoris causa sumse mutuum: Extemplo illo te ducam, ubi non despuas. Nam pater familias minatur gravem multam servo, si filius vel ipsius opera, vel alterius instinctu argentum mutuetur ab aliquo. ADVERSITORES servi, quorum ministerium est ire ad herum foris

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80 TITI POEMÆ -----Let the old man come whenever he likes, Let him come safely at once, the one you are missing. TR. Do not speak impossibly, and do not speak the truth, blockhead, that anyone can be eaten by someone else while absent. But the slaves of the sons of families were for the most part companions, and inspectors of the whole way of life and of morals. Hence Naevius in the Triphalus : If ever I find out that my son has borrowed money for love’s sake: At once I shall take you off there, where you will not spit. For the father of a household threatens a heavy fine to a slave if the son, either by his own efforts or by another’s instigation, borrows money from someone. ADVERSITORES: slaves whose duty it is to go to the master outside

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De operis Servorum. 81 foris coenitantem, & eum domum reducere, accomitari. Plautus Mo- stellaria: Solus eo nunc advorsum hero ex plurimis servis. Hanc rem die crastini quom herus resciverit, Mane castigabit eos exuviis bubulis. Idem Casina Act. II. Sce. ult. Idem me pridem, quom ei advor- sum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat sub ja- nua. Idque præter Plautum testatur etiam Terentius in Adelph: Neque servulorum quisquam ad- versum ierat. Vbi Donatus ait proprielocutum Te- rentium, dicendo, adversum: nam inde adversitores dici. Hos etiam di- tiores habebant, ut ab iis moneren- tur D 5

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On the works of Servants. 81 foris coenitantem, & him to the house bringing back, accompanying. Plautus, Mo- stellaria: I alone now go toward my master out of many servants. When my master learns this matter on the next day, He will punish them in the morning with ox-hide lashes. The same, Casina, Act. II. Scene last. The same man long before, when I had gone toward him, Had wished me to serve as porter under the doorway. And this, besides Plautus, is also testified by Terence in the Adelphi: And none of the little slaves had gone toward him. Where Donatus says that Terence spoke properly, saying, adversum: for from this adversitores are so called. These also they had as richer men, so that they might be warned by them D 5

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82 TITI POPMÆ tur per vias de lapidibus, ad quos offendere possent. Quo respicit Apuleius Metamorph. libro II: Sed cum primam plateam vadimus, vento repentino lumen, quo nitebamur, extinguiur; ut vix improvidæ noctis caligine liberati, digitis pedum detunsis ob lapides, hospitium defessi rediremus. ASSECLÆ dicti, quod omni- bus jussis dominorum adsint, & præ- sto sint, ut Nonius ait, qui sequuntur potentiores. Cicero lib. II de Divinatione: Is quum ei Troginorum tetrarchiam eripuisset, & asseclæ suo Pergameno nescio cui dedisset. Idem Actione III. in Verrem: Ostendit munus illud suum non esse, secum suæ partes essent hospitum recipiendorum, tum ipsos tamen Prætores, & Consules, non Legatorum asseclas recipere solere. Livius libro v: Et eo devolvirem, ut aut Patricii, aut Patriciorum asseclæ habendi Tribuni plebis sint. De quibus & D. Hieronymus in quadam epistola ad Furiam Roma- nam

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82 Titi Popmæ through streets paved with stones, against which they might stumble. To which Apuleius refers, Metamorphoses, book II: But when we went down the first street, a sudden wind extinguished the light by which we were guided; so that, scarcely freed from the darkness of the unforeseen night, with the toes of our feet bruised against the stones, we at last, worn out, returned to the lodging. ASSECLÆ are so called because they attend to all the orders of their masters, and are always at hand, as Nonius says, those who follow the more powerful. Cicero, book II On Divination: He, when he had taken the tetrarchy of the Trogini from him, and had given it to some Pergamenian of his retinue, I know not whom. The same, Action III against Verres: He showed that that gift of his was not his own; with him, his share was to receive guests, yet even then the Praetors and Consuls themselves were accustomed to receive not the attendants of legates. Livy, book V: And it came to such a pass, that Tribunes of the Plebs are to be considered either as Patricians, or as the attendants of Patricians. Concerning whom also St. Jerome, in a certain letter to Furia the Roman

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De operis Servorum. 83 nam nobilem viduam sic memenit: Nec procurator calamistratus, nec for- mosus collactaneus, nec candidulus, rubicundus assecla adhæreat lateri tuo. Assecla autem à comite distinguitur, quod comes is dicitur, qui una iter facit; assecla, qui sequitur poten- tiorem. Ita ut comes comiti securi- tatem; assecla vero officii jus præ- stet superiori. CALONES servi militum castra sequentes, qui clavas ligneas, & fu- stes gerebant. Festus lib. III. Calo- nes, inquit, militum servi dicti, quod ligneas clavas gerebant; nam Græci liga nulæ vocant, & Calas, teste Servio, Latini vocarunt fustes, quos servi portabant, dum cum dominis in expeditione essent; inde Calo- nes dicti. Nam consuetudo erat mi- litis Romani, ut ipse sibi arma por- taret, & vallum; vallum autem di- cebant Calas. Lucilius: Scinde puer calam, ut caleas; D 6 id

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On the services of servants. 83 for he thus mentions the noble widow: “Let neither a foppish steward, nor a handsome foster-brother, nor a pale, ruddy attendant cling to your side. Now an assecla is distinguished from a companion ( comes ) in this, that the one who goes on a journey with another is called a comes ; the one who follows a more powerful man is an assecla . Thus the comes affords security to his companion; but the assecla renders to his superior the duty of service.” CALONES were the servants of soldiers who followed the camp, and carried wooden clubs and staves. Festus, book III: “ Calones , he says, were so called because they were the servants of soldiers, since they carried wooden clubs; for the Greeks call them liga , and with calas , as Servius testifies, the Latins named the staves which servants carried while they were with their masters on campaign; hence they were called Calones . For it was the custom of the Roman soldier to carry his own arms and the palisade ( vallum ); and the palisade they called calas .” Lucilius: “Cut the staff, boy, so that you may be warm.” D 6 id

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84 T I T I P O R MÆ id est frange fustem, & focum accende, ut calefias. De his Horatius: Hunc perminxerunt calones. — Quidam tamen Calones à calando derivant, quod ad ministerium advocarentur; alii à calendis, quod Calendarum die cibaria acciperent pro toto mense; non recte. Hujusmodi servos & Caculas appellari Festus ex Plauto tradit, & in veteri Glossario scriptum: Cacula, Sicut autem calones militibus ligna, ita Lixæ exercitum sequuti, quæstus caussa, aquam, quam veteres lixam dixere, militibus subministrabant. Antiqui etiam servos habebant, qui dominorum arma, & scutum gerebant, eos sequentes, qui ARMIGERI dicebantur. De servo armigero Plautus Casina: Potius, quam illi servo nequam, armigero, nihili, atque improbo, Quo homini bodie peculi nummus non est plumbeus. Eundem

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84 T I T I P O R MÆ that is, break a stick, and light the fire, so that you may warm yourself. Of these Horace says: Hunc perminxerunt calones. — Some, however, derive calones from calando, because they were summoned for service; others from calendis, because on the Kalends they received provisions for the whole month; not correctly. Servants of this kind are also called Caculae, as Festus relates from Plautus, and in the old Glossary it is written: Cacula, Just as calones carried wood for soldiers, so lixae, following the army for gain’s sake, supplied soldiers with water, which the ancients called lixa. The ancients also had servants who carried their masters’ arms and shields, following them; these were called ARMIGERI. Concerning the armiger servant Plautus, in Casina: Rather than that worthless, armiger servant, good-for-nothing and wicked one, for whom today a penny of private savings is not even lead. The same

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De operis Servorum. 85 Eundem servum paullo post Plautus scutigerulum appellat: S. Qui, malum, homini scutigerulo lubet dare. SALVIGERVLI servi, qui jussu dominæ hunc illum salutant, suntque nuntii, & renuntii; sicut Salutigeruli Damones appellantur ab Apuleio in libro de Deo Socratis. De his Plautus in Aulularia, ubi mores mulierum probe memorat: M. Nulla ergo dicat; Equidem dotem ad te attuli Majorem multo, quam tibi erat pecunia. Enim mihi quidem æquom est, purpuram atque aurum dari Ancillas, mulos, muliones, pedisequas, Salutigerulos pueros, vehicula, qui vehar. Lidem Plauto damnigeruli dicti, item D 7 gerro-

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On the duties of Servants. 85 The same servant a little later Plautus calls a scutigerulus : S. Who, damn it, would be pleased to give anything to a scutigerulus man. Salvigervli are servants who, by their mistress’s command, greet this one and that, and are messengers and return-messengers; just as Salutigeruli are called Damones by Apuleius in the book On the God of Socrates . Of these Plautus speaks in the Aulularia , where he gives a good account of women’s habits: M. Then let no one say it; indeed I brought you a dowry much greater than the money you had. For indeed it is proper that purple and gold be given to me, maids, mules, muleteers, female attendants, greeting-boys, vehicles, for me to be carried in. These were also called damnigeruli by Plautus, likewise D 7 gerro-

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86 TITI POPMÆ gerrones, ac bonorum exagoga, ut qui ad scortilla etiam inficetissima dominorum bona jussi efferant: In a Truculento: G. Ite hac simul mulieri, damnigeruli, foras, gerrones, Bonorum exagoga. — Sed & mulieres servos SANDALIGERVLOS habebant, qui earum sandalia gererent, ut ex Plauto in b Trinummo perspicuum: Vestispicæ, unctor, auricustos, flabelligeræ, Sandaligerulæ. Erant autem Sandalia muliebria calcementa, ut refert Pollux, elegantissima: interdum etiam aurea, ut ex Luciano, & Æliano constat. CVRSORES servi; quibus non dissimiles sunt, quos adhuc nostra ætas habet, qui Gallico vocabulo à miliaribus leucis, vulgo Laquais appel-

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86 TITI POPMAE gerrones, and bonorum exagoga , as those who are ordered to carry out even their masters’ property to the most unsightly little wenches: in Truculentus : G. Come this way together, you damned fellows, out, gerrones, Bonorum exagoga . — But women also had servants called SANDALIGERVLI , who carried their sandals, as is clear from Plautus in Trinummus : Vestispicæ, unctor, auricustos, flabelligeræ, Sandaligerulæ. Now sandals were women’s footwear, as Pollux relates, very elegant: sometimes even golden, as is clear from Lucian and Ælian. CVRSORES , servants; not unlike those whom our own age still has, who, by a French term, from mile-long leagues, are commonly called Laquais -

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De operis Servorum. 87 pellantur. Horum meminit a Paulo- lus: Sialii, inquit, vernæ, alii Cur- sores legati sunt: siquidem & vernæ, & cursores sint, cursoribus cedent; semper enim species generi derogat. Seneca Epist. cxxiii: Omnes jam sic peregrinantur, ut illos Numidarum præcurrat equitatus, ut agmen Curso- rum antecedat Suetonius in Nero- ne: Inter moras prolatas à cursore, Phaëthontis codicillos præripuit. Et cap. xxx. de itinere Neronis: Nun- quam carrucis minus mille fecisse iter traditur, soleis mularum argenteis, ca- nusinatis mulionibus, armillata, & fa- lerata cum Mazacum turba, & cur- sorum. Vopiscus refert Aurelianum cursores eo habitu quo ipse habebat, Se- natoribus concessisse, id est, albatos. Lampridius in Alexandro: Curso- rem nunquam nisi servum suum di- cens, ingenuum currere nisi in sacro certamine non debere. Apuleius Me- tamorph. lib. x: Misitque protinus cur-

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On the tasks of servants. 87 they are driven away. Paul mentions them: “If some,” he says, “are born slaves, others are appointed couriers: since both the born slaves and the couriers exist, the couriers will give way; for species always yields to genus.” Seneca, Epist. cxxiii: “All now travel in such fashion that the horsemen of the Numidians outstrip them, so that the troop of couriers goes before them.” Suetonius in Nero: “While delays were being prolonged by the courier, he seized the notes of Phaëthon.” And chap. xxx. on Nero’s journey: “It is reported that he never traveled with fewer than a thousand carriages, with silver mule-shoes, Canusinian muleteers, with the Mazaean troop armed and decked with trappings, and with couriers.” Vopiscus reports that Aurelian granted couriers the same dress as he himself wore, that is, white. Lampridius in Alexander: “He said that a courier was never anything but his own slave, and that a freeborn man ought not to run except in a sacred contest.” Apuleius, Metamorph. book x: “And he immediately sent cur-”

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88 TITI POPMÆ cursorem, qui vianti marito domus expugnationem nuntiaret. Quo spectat etiam illud Plauti in Mercatore: Genua hunc cursorem deserunt. Et Martialis III. Epigram. c. Cursorem sexta tibi Rufemisimus hora. Plinius refert Alexandrum Magnum habuisse Philonidem cursorem, qui mil- le & ducenta stadia uno die confecit. Idem dicebantur A pedibus. Cicero ad Atticum lib. VIII. Pollacem ser- vum à pedibus meum Romam misi. JUNCTOR servus, qui jungit mulas ad rhedam, vel carrucam qua vehitur pater familias; quem esse de urbano ministerio constat; & quem carrucam cum junctura legatam non sequi prodidit Paulus III. Sentent. Cubiculares obsonatores, juncto- res, & generaliter ministratores. Et 2 Leg. 98. muliones. ß. de leg. 3.

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88 TITI POPMÆ a runner, who announces to the traveling husband the storming of the house. To the same effect is this passage of Plautus in the Mercator : This runner’s knees give way. And Martial, Epigram III, c.: I sent a runner to you, Rufesimis, at the sixth hour. Pliny relates that Alexander the Great had Philonides as a runner, who covered one thousand and two hundred stadia in a single day. The same were called a pedibus . Cicero to Atticus, book VIII: I sent my slave Pollax to Rome as my a pedibus . JUNCTOR, a slave who yokes mules to the carriage, or chariot in which the head of the household rides; and it is clear that he belongs to the household service; and Paulus has recorded, III. Sentent., that he does not follow the chariot when it is equipped with its harness. Cubiculari obsonatores, junctors, and in general attendants. And 2 Leg. 98. mule drivers. ß. de leg. 3.

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De operis Servorum. 89 Et Alfenus: Quo in genere junctores, cubicularii, coci, ministratores, atque alii, qui ad ejusmodi usum parati essent, numerarentur. Erant & L INTEONES servi, qui ut Servius docuit, lib. VII. Æneid. linteamina texebant in vestium usum, & hujusmodi lavabant. De his præter b Vlpianum meminit & Plautus in Aulularia: Manulearii, aut myrothecarii, propola, linteones, calceolarii. Iulius Firmicus libro secundo Mathe. Si Luna, inquit, in Veneris signis constituta feratur ad Martem, ista conjunctio faciet linteones, aut tabernarios, atque colorum tinetores. Vegetius de remilitari 1. Piscatores, aucupes, dulciarios, linteones. TEXTORES servi, & textrices, quæ vestes, aut telam texunt. c Alfenus: Textoribus omnibus, qui sui essent, cum a Leg. 203: in fin. ff. de verbor signific. b Leg. 5. ff. de virib. act. c Leg. 61. ff. leg. 3. l. 203. de verb. signific. l. 1. ff. de trib. act.

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On the occupations of slaves. 89 And Alfenus: In this category were counted grooms, chamberlains, cooks, attendants, and others who were prepared for such uses. There were linen-workers, slaves who, as Servius taught in book VII of the Aeneid, wove linen cloth for use in clothing, and washed such things. Of these, besides Ulpian, Plautus also makes mention in the Aulularia: wardrobe keepers, or perfumers, shopkeepers, linen-workers, shoemakers. Julius Firmicus, in the second book of the Mathesis: If the Moon, he says, placed in the signs of Venus, is carried toward Mars, that conjunction will produce linen-workers, or tavern-keepers, and dyers of colors. Vegetius, On Military Affairs 1: fishermen, bird-catchers, confectioners, linen-workers. Weavers, and female weavers, who weave garments or cloth. Alfenus: For all weavers, who were their own masters, when a Leg. 203: in fin. ff. de verbor. signif. b Leg. 5. ff. de virib. act. c Leg. 61. ff. leg. 3. l. 203. de verb. signific. l. 1. ff. de trib. act.

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90 TITI POPMÆ cum moreretur, legatis: quæsitum est, an [aqua] is, quem postea ex his ostiarium fecisset, legato contineretur. respondit contineri; non enim ad aliud artificium, sed ad alium usum transductum esse. Cicero pro Plancio: Si pro fabro, aut textore emimus. Iuvenalis Satyr. IX. verf. xxviii. -------- pingues aliquando lacernas Munimenta toga duri crassique coloris, Et male percussa textoris pectine Galli. Tibullus lib. II. Eleg. I. Atque aliqua assidue textrix operata Minervam, Cantat. -------- FVILLO servus, qui purganda, poliendave vestimenta accepit. a Vlpianus: Itaque fullo qui curanda, polienda vestimenta accepit, semper agit, præ- 2 Leg 12. ff. de furtis.

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90 TITI POPMAE when he was dying, to the legates: it was asked whether aqua , that is, the water-bearer, whom he had afterward made one of those porters, was included among the legatees. He replied that he was included; for he had been transferred not to another craft, but to another use. Cicero, Pro Plancio : If we buy one as a smith, or as a weaver. Juvenal Sat. IX. verse xxviii. -------- sometimes bulky cloaks, Defenses of the toga, of harsh and thick color, And the cloth badly struck by the weaver’s comb of Gallus. Tibullus, book II, Elegy I. And some weaver, always at work on Minerva, sings. -------- FUILLO , a slave who received garments to be cleaned and polished. From Ulpian: And so the fuller, who received garments to be cared for and polished, always does, prae- 2 Leg. 12. ff. on thefts.

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De operis Servorum. 91 præstare enim custodiam debet. si autem solvendo non est, ad dominum actio redit: nam qui non habet quod perdat, ejus periculo nihil est. a Idem: Si fullo vestimenta polienda acceperit, eaque mures roserint, ex locato tene- tur: quia debuit ab hac recavere, & si pallium fullo permutaverit, & alii alterius dederit; ex locato actione te- nebitur, etiamsi ignarus fecerit: Et b idem lib. xx. ad Sabinum: Hæc enim quæ rusticorum causa parantur lanificæ, & lanæ, & tonsores, & ful- lones, & focariæ, non agri sunt in- strumentum, sed instrumenti. c Et lib. xxxII. ad Edictum: Si fullo ve- stimenta lavanda conduxerit, deinde amissis eis, domino pretium, ex locato conventus, præstiterit. Lavantur au- tem vestimenta à fullonibus creta, sed quo modo, quove ordine, præ- scribit lex Metella de fullonibus dicta; a Leg. 13 § 6. ff. locati. b Leg. 12. §. 6. ff. de instr. vel instrum. leg. c Leg. 2. ff. de condit. sine causa.

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On the work of servants. 91 for he ought to provide safekeeping. But if he is not able to pay, the action reverts to the owner: for he who has nothing to lose is under no risk. a Likewise: If a fuller has received garments to be cleaned, and mice gnaw them, he is liable on hire: because he ought to have guarded against this, and if a fuller has exchanged a cloak, and given one person's garment to another, he will be liable by an action on hire, even if he did it unwittingly. And b likewise, in book xx to Sabinus: For those things which are prepared for the use of husbandmen, such as wool-workers, wool, shearers, fullers, and cooks, are not instruments of the farm, but instruments. c And in book xxxII to the Edict: If a fuller has hired garments to be washed, and then, having lost them, has, when sued on hire, paid the owner the price. Garments are, however, washed by fullers with clay, but the manner, or order in which this is done, is prescribed by the law called the Lex Metella concerning fullers; a Leg. 13 § 6. ff. locati. b Leg. 12. §. 6. ff. de instr. vel instrum. leg. c Leg. 2. ff. de condit. sine causa.

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92 TITI POPMÆ dicta; & Plinius lib. xxxv. cap. XVII. Natural. Hist. memorat: adeo hæc res majoribus curæ fuit. Huc Titinius alludit, cum ait: Terra hæc nova est, quasi tu solitus pedibus argutarier, dum compescis cretam, vestimenta eluis. Plautus Aulularia: Stat fullo, phrygio, aurifex, lanarius. Erant & fullonum officinæ, quas vulgo fullonicas appellabant. Vlpianus: Quod autem dicit, meritoria non facturum, ita accipe, quæ vulgo diversoria, vel fullonicas appellant. Idem: Apud Trebatium relatum est, eum, in cujus fundo aqua oritur, fullonicas circa fontem instituisse, ex his aquam vicini in fundum vici immitere coepisse: ait ergo non teneri eum aquæ pluvia arcenda actione. SARCINATOR servus, qui sarcienda vestimenta, accepit, cujus memi- a Leg. 13. fin. ff. de usu fr. b Leg. 3: ff. de aqua pluvia arcenda.

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92 TITI POPMÆ stated; and Pliny, book xxxv, chapter XVII of the Natural History, mentions it: so much was this matter a concern to our ancestors. Titinius alludes to this when he says: “This land is new, as though you were accustomed to chattering with your feet, while you tread the chalk and wash your garments.” Plautus, Aulularia: “The fuller, the Phrygian, the goldsmith, the wool-worker stand.” There were also workshops of fullers, which in common speech they called fullonicae. Ulpian: “But what he says, that he will not make taverns, understand it thus, namely those which are commonly called inns, or fullonicae.” The same writer: “It is reported in Trebatius that he in whose land a spring arises established fullonicae around the fountain; then, from these, the neighbor began to let water into his land through the channel: he therefore says that he is not liable by the action for diverting rainwater.” SARCINATOR, a slave who took in garments to be mended, whose memi- a Law 13, final, ff. de usu fr. b Law 3, ff. de aqua pluvia arcenda.

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De operis Servorum. 93 meminit Paulus II. Sententiarum: Fullo, & sarcinator, inquit, qui po- lienda, vel sarcienda vestimenta acce- pit, si forte his utatur, ex contrectatio- ne eorum furtum fecisse videtur: quia non in eam causam ab eo videntur ac- cepta. b Vlpianus lib. xxIX. ad Edi- ctum: Licet mercis appellatio angu- stior sit, ut neque ad servos fullones, vel sarcinatores, vel textores, vel ve- nalitiarios pertineat. Lucilius: Sar- cinatorem esse summum, suere cento- nem optime. Hinc sarcinatrix, mulier quæ vestes suit, & reficit. TOPIARI inter prædiorum rusticorum servos consentur, qui ar- busculas, virgultaque ductilia facili flexu in varias formas & figuras so- lerti ingenio exprimunt, & concin- nant. Vnde c Vlpianus ait: topiarium ornandi fundi magis. quam colendi paratum esse. Hos Iulius Firmi- cus 2 Leg. 82. ff. de furtis. b Leg. 1. ff. de tribut. act. c Leg. 62. ß. ult. ff. de leg. 3. leg. 12. ß. 42. & leg. 17. in fin. ff. de instr. vel instrum. leg.

Transcription: Translated (English)

On the work of slaves. 93 Paul in the Second Book of the Sentences mentions: “The fuller and the tailor,” he says, “who has received garments to be cleaned or mended, if he happens to make use of them, seems by handling them to have committed theft: because they do not appear to have been received from him for that purpose.” b Ulpian in book xxIX On the Edict: “Although the designation of merchandise is narrower, so that it does not apply to slave fullers, tailors, weavers, or vendors.” Lucilius: “To be a tailor is supreme; to stitch a patchwork garment is best of all.” Hence sarcinatrix, a woman who sews and repairs clothes. TOPIARII are counted among the slaves of rustic estates, who with skillful ingenuity shape small trees and flexible saplings by easy bending into various forms and figures, and arrange them harmoniously. Whence c Ulpian says: the topiarian is prepared more for adorning an estate than cultivating it. These Julius Firmicus 2 Law 82, ff. on thefts. b Law 1, ff. on tribute actions. c Law 62, § ult., ff. on legacies; Law 12, § 42, and Law 17, at the end, ff. on tools or equipment.

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94 TITI PORMÆ cus lib. vii. Mathe. cap. x. eleganter sic designat: Vel qui, ait, buxenas arbores tondens in belluas fingat, aut virides porticus in circulum flexis vitibus faciat: Et Plinius lib. III. ad Calvisium: Sunt qui hedera gestationes convestiunt, formas ex plantis, fruticibus, arboribus faciunt, variasque ex his subtiliter compositis, & plicatis figuras exprimunt, & reddunt. Moris autem fuit ex buxo, myrto, rosis, hedera, & lauro deorum simulacra, seu fabularum explicationes, & varias hominum effigies, naviumque formas, aut turrium, ædium, vel cubiculorum species, in hortis per hujusmodi operarios fieri; qui topiarii , id est, à locis quæ in his varia constituuntur, quæ & topia[n]t nuncupantur. Vitruvius lib. vii. Architecturæ: Habentem Deorum simulachra, seu fabularum dispositas explicationes, non minus Trojanas pugnas, seu Vlyssis errationes per topia[n]cæteraque quæ sunt eorum similibus ra- tioni-

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94 TITI PORMÆ ... lib. vii. Mathe. cap. x. elegantly thus describes it: Or, he says, by trimming box trees one may shape them into beasts, or make green porticoes by bending vines into a circle. And Pliny, lib. III. to Calvisius: There are those who cover their avenues with ivy, make forms out of plants, shrubs, and trees, and from these things, subtly composed and intertwined, they express and produce various figures. It was moreover customary, from box, myrtle, roses, ivy, and laurel, for images of the gods, or illustrations of fables, and various figures of men, and forms of ships, or likenesses of towers, houses, or chambers, to be made in gardens by such workmen; who are called topiarii, that is, from the places that are variously arranged in them, and which are now also called topia[n]. Vitruvius, lib. vii. of Architecture: Having images of the gods, or arranged illustrations of fables, no less the battles of Troy, or the wanderings of Ulysses through topia[n] and other things similar to them in kind...

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De operis Servorum. 95 tionibus ab rerum natura procreata. Quidam inde Topiarii appellationem deductam existimant, quod plantæ funium modo flexibiles, in quaslibet formas & figuras redigantur, & ducantur. Græci enim funes in navibus topiæa , næi topiæa appellant. De his Cicero ad Q. fratrem: Topiarium laudavi, ita omnia convestivit hedera. Et Plinius lib. xv. cap. xxIX: Nat. Hist. Stativæ myrti genera topiarit faciunt. Idem Epistola xxxvi. Inest huic computationi sumtus supellectilis, sumptus atriensium topiariorum. Hinc topiarium opus, & ars ipsa topiaria dicitur. Cicero ad Q. Fratrem lib. III. Epistol. Vt denique illi palliati topiariam facere videantur. Et Plinius: Accedit in topiario opere lauri genus, quæ taxa dicitur, ramos spargit à radice topiarii, ac coronarii operis. VIRIDARIOS nuncupat servos Vlpianus curæ viridiorum præpositos. Sunt autem Viridia horri, scu

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On the works of slaves. 95 ...produced by the nature of things. Some think that the name Topiarii is derived from this, because plants, like ropes, are bent and directed into whatever shapes and figures they may be formed; for the Greeks call ropes in ships topiæa , næi topiæa . Concerning these Cicero, to his brother Quintus, says: “I praised the topiarian, because he has so overgrown everything with ivy.” And Pliny, book xv, chapter xxix, Nat. Hist.: “Standing myrtles make topiary forms.” The same, Epistle xxxvi: “Included in this reckoning is the cost of furniture, the expense of the attendants, of the topiarian.” Hence topiary work, and the art itself, is called topiaria. Cicero, to Quintus Frater, book III, Epistle V: “So that at last even those in the palliated dress seem to be making topiary work.” And Pliny: “In topiary work there is also the kind of laurel which is called taxa; it spreads out branches from the root, for topiary and garland-making work.” Ulpian calls those slaves set over the care of the viridia VIRIDARII. Now viridia are gardens, or...

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96 TITI POMÆ seu loca virentibus herbis, graminibusque, & arbutis consita; & voluptatis causa comparata, quæ Viridaria etiam appellantur. Suetonius in Tiberio; cap. LX. Militem prætorianum ob surreptum è viridario pavonem capite punivit. Lampridius in Heliogabalo, & Vegetius lib. IV. cap. VII. Viridiorum etiam mentio apud Vitruvium libro quinto, cap. IX. & libro VI. cap. VI. & Senecam Epist. XV. lib. I. PASTORES servi, qui curam habent pascendi; de quibus Vlpianus: Quibusdam in regionibus accedunt instrumento, si villa cultior est, atrienses, scoparii. Sietiam viridaria sint, topiarii, si fundus saltus, pastionesque habeat, greges pecorum, pastores, saltuarii. Virg. III. Georg. --------desertaque regna Pastorum, & longe saltus, lateque vacantes. Pa- 2 Leg. 8. ß. 1. ß. de instr. vel instrum. leg. Leg. 12. ß. de servit urb. l. 7. in fin. ß. de verb. sign. Leg. 8. ß. fin. de instr. vel instrum.

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96 GARDENS or places planted with green herbs, grasses, and strawberry trees; and arranged for pleasure, which are also called viridaria. Suetonius, in Tiberius, ch. LX: He punished a praetorian soldier with death for stealing a peacock from the viridarium. Lampridius in Heliogabalus, and Vegetius, book IV, ch. VII. There is also mention of viridaria in Vitruvius, book V, ch. IX, and book VI, ch. VI, and in Seneca, Epist. XV, book I. PASTORS are slaves who have charge of tending the flocks; of whom Ulpian says: In certain regions they are supplied with equipment; if the villa is more refined, there are atrienses, scoparii. If there are also viridaria, topiarii; if the estate has woods and pastures, herds of cattle, shepherds, forest-keepers. Virgil, Georgics III. --------desert and empty realms of shepherds, and the woods far and wide lying vacant. Pa- 2 Leg. 8. § 1. § de instr. vel instrum. leg. Leg. 12. § de servit urb. l. 7. in fin. § de verb. sign. Leg. 8. § fin. de instr. vel instrum.

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De operis Servorum. 97 Juvenalis Sat. II. CLI. Pastoris duri est hic filius, ille bubulci. Idem Ad baculum servi dicebantur; nam baculus, qui Pedum vocatur, pastoris argumentum est. Propertius lib. IV. Elegia II. Pastorem ad baculum possum curare. Erant & pastores anserum, de quibus Paulus III. Sententiarum: Avibus, inquit, legatis, anseres, phasiani, & gallinæ & aviaria debebuntur. Phasianarii autem, & pastores anserum non continentur, nisi id testator expressit. Opilio quasi ovilio, custos ovium, qui ovium gregem servat, & pascit. Plautus Asinaria: Etiam opilio, qui pascit alienas oves, aliquam habet peculiarem, quæ spem soletur suam Virgilius x. Eclog. XIX. Venit & opilio, tardi venere bubulci. E Al-

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On the works of slaves. 97 Juvenal Sat. II. CLI. “This one is the son of a hard shepherd, that one of a herdsman.” Likewise, slaves were said to be “at the staff”; for the staff, which is called a pedum, is the shepherd’s emblem. Propertius book IV. Elegy II. “I can care for a shepherd by means of a staff.” And there were goose-herds, concerning whom Paul, III. Sentences: “Birds, he says, bequeathed in a will, geese, pheasants, and hens and aviaries shall be due. But pheasant-keepers and goose-herds are not included, unless the testator expressly stated it. An opilio, as it were ovilio, is a guardian of sheep, one who watches over and feeds a flock of sheep. Plautus, Asinaria: “Even an opilio, who feeds another man’s sheep, has some special one, which is wont to soothe his own hope.” Virgil x. Eclogue XIX. “And a shepherd came too; the slow herdsmen came.” E Al-

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98. TITI POPMÆ "Alfenustradit prædiis legatis, & quæ eorum prædiorum colendorum causa empta, parataque essent, asinum ma- chinarium legatum videri, item oves, quæ stercorandi fundi causa pararen- tur: item upilionem, si ejus generis oves curaret. "Muliones servi, qui mulos clitellarios sive quadrigarios du- cunt, de urbano ministerio sunt; nisi propter opus rusticum testator eos destinatos habeat. De his Vl- pianus: Item ostiarium, mulionem- que instrumenti esse constat. Et Al- fenu: Servis & ancillis urbanis le- gatis agasonem, mulionem legato non contineri respondi. Iuvenalis Sat. III; Nam mihi commota jam dudum mulio virga. Et qui cursui veloci deserviebant, & mutationibus deputati, muliones pu- blici

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98. TITI POPMÆ "Alfenus states that the landholders, and whatever things having been bought and prepared for the purpose of cultivating those lands, are deemed to have been bequeathed; likewise a pack-ass, likewise sheep, if they were being procured for the purpose of manuring the farm; likewise a shepherd, if he were to tend sheep of that kind. "Slave muleteers, who drive pack-mules or team-mules, belong to the service of the city, unless the testator has designated them for rural work. On these Ulpian says: likewise it is established that a doorkeeper and a muleteer are part of the equipment. And Alfenus: I replied that when urban male and female slaves are bequeathed, a groom and a muleteer are not included in the legacy. Juvenal, Sat. III: For long ago the muleteer’s whip has been stirring for me. And those who served swift travel, and were assigned to changes of horses, public muleteers

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De operis Servorum. 99 blici dicebantur: quos a Arcadius, & Honorius Imp[er]p[er] mutari, vel sub- trahi à quoquam, vel à judicibus li- berari, poena proposita vetant: li- beratos vero retrahi constitutione sua præcipiunt. AGASO servus, equorum, vel asinorum ductor. Livius: Acceptos ab agasonibus equos, quum rex ascensurus erat, admonebant. Plinius lib. xxxv. cap. II. Pinxit [etc] in una tabula, quaque maxime inclaruit, agasonem cum equo. Festus: Agasones equos agentes, id est, bene minitantes. Hujus meminit b Alfenus: Servis, inquit, [etc] ancillis urbanis legatis, agasonem, mulionem legato non contineri respondi. eos enim solos in eo numero haberi, quos paterfamilias circum se ipse sui cultus causababeret. SALTVARII servi, saltuum custodes vocantur, qui d tuendi, custo- E 2 a lib. 8. C. Theod. b Leg. 60. S. 1. ff. de leg. 3. c Leg. 6. S. ult. ff. de legat. 3. leg. 8. 12. 15. ff. de instruct. vel instr. legat. d leg. 60. S. fin. ff. de leg. 3.

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On the Works of Slaves. 99 They were called public slaves: Arcadius and Honorius, the Emperors, prohibit, under penalty, that they be changed, or taken away by anyone, or released by judges; and they direct, by their constitution, that those released are to be brought back. AGASO, a slave who leads horses or asses. Livy: “The horses having been received from the agasones, they would give notice when the king was about to mount.” Pliny, book xxxv, chapter II. “He painted [etc.] in one panel, by which he became especially famous, an agaso with a horse.” Festus: “Agasones are those who drive horses, that is, who manage them well.” Alfenus mentions this: “In the case of slaves, I replied that, among urban maidservants and male attendants, an agaso and a muleteer are not included in the bequest. For only those are to be counted in that number whom the head of the household keeps around him for the sake of his own personal service.” SALTVARII are slaves called guardians of the woods, who are for the protection, custody- E 2 a Book 8 of the Theodosian Code. b Law 60, § 1, ff. de leg. 3. c Law 6, § ult., ff. de legat. 3; laws 8, 12, 15, ff. de instruct. vel instr. legat. d law 60, § fin., ff. de leg. 3.

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100 TITI POPMÆ stodiendique fundi magis quam colendi causa parati sunt. Nam desiderant tam villæ, quam agri custodiam: illæ, ne quid vicini aut agri aut fructuum occupent; hi, ne quid cæterarum rerum quæ in villa continentur. Vnde dominus proprietatis etiam invito usu fructuario, vel usuario fundum, vel ades per saltuarium, vel insularium custodire a potest. interest enim fines prædii tueri. Saltus autem alii b æstivi, alii hyberni erant. Æstivos definit Vlpianus, quibus interdum etiam hyeme, plerumque autem æstate utimur. VENATORES servi, qui feras persequuntur, Vlpianus: Si in agro venationes sint: puto, venatores quoque & vestigatores, & canes, & cætera, quæ ad venationem sunt necessaria, instrumento contineri. Cicero II. Tuscul. Pernoctant venatores in nive. Hora-

Transcription: Translated (English)

100 TITI POPMÆ They are prepared more for guarding than for cultivating the estate. For they desire the protection of both the villa and the fields: of the former, lest any of the neighboring land or crops be taken; of the latter, lest any of the other things contained in the villa be taken. Hence the owner of the property may also, even against the will of the usufructuary or user, guard the estate through a steward, or through an islander. For it is important to protect the boundaries of the property. Now there were some wooded estates for summer use, others for winter use. Ulpian defines the summer ones as those which we use sometimes even in winter, but usually in summer. HUNTERS are slaves who pursue wild animals, as Ulpian says: If there are hunting grounds in the estate, I think that hunters also, as well as trackers, and dogs, and the other things necessary for hunting, are included in the equipment. Cicero, Tusculans II. Hunters spend the night in the snow. Hour-

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De operis Servorum. 101 Horatius lib. 1. Carm. Ode. 1. Manet sub Iove frigido venator. a Venatores autem, & aucupes utrum in urbanis, an in rusticis contineantur, potest dubitari. sed dicendum est, ubi paterfamilias moraretur, & hos alebat, ibi eos numerari. AVCVPES servi, qui aves capiunt. De his b Vlpianus: Et si ab aucupio reditus sint: aucupes, & plagæ, & hujus rei instrumentum, agri instrumento continebitur. Plautus Asinaria: Aucepts quando concinnavit aream, effundit cibum, aves assuescunt. Columella lib. VIII. cap. X. Qui ab aucupibus in hunc usum nutriti, quasi allectores sunt captivorum. Vegetius de remilitari 1. Piscatores, aucupes, dulciarios, linteones. Erant & PISCATORES servi, qui piscantur. Horum meminit Scævola: Prædia, inquit, maritima cum E 3 servis, a Leg. 99. § 1. ff. de leg. 3. b Leg. 12. § 13. ff. instr. vel instrum. leg. c Leg. 27. ff. de instr. vel instrum. leg.

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On the work of slaves. 101 Horace, Book 1, Odes, Ode 1. The hunter remains beneath the cold sky of Jupiter. a But whether hunters and birdcatchers are to be counted among the urban or among the rural, it may be doubted. But it must be said that, wherever the paterfamilias sojourned and kept these men, there they are to be reckoned. BIRDCATCHERS are slaves who catch birds. Concerning these b Ulpian says: And if the income came from birdcatching, the birdcatchers, the nets, and the implements for this work will be included among the farm equipment. Plautus, Asinaria: When the birdcatcher has prepared the ground, he scatters food, and the birds grow accustomed. Columella, Book VIII, chapter X. Those who, having been raised by birdcatchers for this purpose, are as it were decoys for captured birds. Vegetius On Military Affairs 1. Fishermen, birdcatchers, linen-workers, and weavers. There were also FISHERMEN, slaves who fish. Scaevola makes mention of them: Estates, he says, along the seashore with E 3 slaves, a Leg. 99. § 1. ff. de leg. 3. b Leg. 12. § 13. ff. instr. vel instrum. leg. c Leg. 27. ff. de instr. vel instrum. leg.

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102 TITI POPMÆ servis, qui ibi erunt, & omni instru- mento, & fructibus, qui ibi erunt, & reliquis colonorum, nutritori suo lega- vit. quæsitum est, an servi piscatores qui solebant in ministerio testatoris esse, & ubicumque eum sequi, & urbicis ra- tionibus expungebantur, nec mortis te- statoris tempore in prædiis legatis de- prehensi fuerint, legati esse videantur. Et Marcianus: Cubiculares autem, vel obsonatores, vel eos qui piscatoribus præpositi sunt, non videri negotiationis appellatione contineri. Cicero III. Officiorum: Piscatores ad se convo- cat. Terentius in Eunucho: Coqui, fartores, piscatores, aucu- pes. Ovidius XIV. Metamorph. Miles erat gladio, piscator arundi- ne sumpta. VESTIGATORES, venato- res, à vestigiis ferarum dicti, ut Var- ro

Transcription: Translated (English)

102 TITI POPMAE to the slaves who shall be there, and to all the equipment, and to the fruits which shall be there, and to the remaining colonists, he bequeathed it to his fosterer. It was asked whether the slave fishermen, who used to be in the service of the testator, and to follow him wherever he went, and who were charged to the urban accounts, and were not found in the estates bequeathed at the time of the testator’s death, seem to have been bequeathed. And Marcianus: Chamber servants, or stewards, or those who are in charge of fishermen, do not seem to be included under the designation of trade. Cicero, III. On Duties: He summons the fishermen to him. Terentius in the Eunuch: Cooks, farriers, fishermen, birdcatchers. Ovid, XIV. Metamorphoses: The soldier was with the sword, the fisherman with the reed taken up. VESTIGATORES, hunters, so called from the tracks of wild beasts, as Varro says

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De operis Servorum. 103 ro libro quarto de lingua Latina auctor est. a Vlpianus lib. xx. ad Sa- binum: Vestigatores, [antimonium] canes, [antimonium] cætera, quæ ad venationem sunt neces- saria, instrumento contineri. Columel- la lib. IX. cap. VIII: Nam statim sono territum, vel in frutice, vel in edi- tiore sylva fronde considet, vel à vesti- gatore præparato vase reconditum. DIÆTARII servi, in diæta fer- vientes. b Vlpianus: Ostiarii autem, vel topiarii, diætarii, aquarii domui tantum deservientes continebuntur. Diæta coenaculum erat, in quo æsta- te coenatur ad umbram; hyeme ad solem; quod & Coenatio dicitur, sive Coenatiuncula. Sidonius Apoll. lib. XI. epist. XI. Ex triclinio in diæ- tam, sive coenatiunculam transitus. Plinius: Hic turris erigitur, sub qua diætæ duæ, totidemque in ipsa: præte- rea coenatio, quæ latissimum mare, lon- gissimum littus, amoenissimas villas E 4 pro- a Leg. 12. ß. 12. ß de instr. vel instrum. legat. b Leg. 12. ß idem responant. ß. de instr. vel instrum. c lib. 2. epist. 17.

Transcription: Translated (English)

On the works of servants. 103 from the fourth book of On the Latin Language he is the author. a Ulpian, book XX, to Sa- binus: Trackers, hounds, [antimonium] and the other things that are necessary for hunting are included in the equipment. Columel- la, book IX, chapter VIII: For immediately, frightened by the sound, either in a bush or in a higher wood it settles on the leaves, or, having been prepared by the tracker, it is hidden in a vessel. DIÆTARII, slaves serving in the diæta. b Ulpian: Doorkeepers however, or gardeners, diætarii, water-carriers, serving only the household will be included. Diæta was a dining room, in which in sum- mer one dines in the shade; in winter in the sun; which is also called Coenatio, or Coenatiuncula. Sidonius Apoll. book XI, letter XI: From the triclinium into the diæta, or little dining room, there is a passage. Pliny: Here a tower is erected, beneath which there are two diætae, and the same number in the tower itself; moreover a dining room, which has the widest sea, the long- est shore, the most delightful villas E 4 pro- a Law 12. § 12. § on equipment or the equipment of a bequest. b Law 12. § they answer the same. § on equipment or the equipment. c book 2, letter 17.

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104 TITI POPMÆ prospicit. Diætis autem varia nomina à veteribus imponi solebant. Suetonius in Claudio: In diætam, cui no- men est Hermeum, recesserat. Alexander Imperator, ut Lampridius refert, in palatio diætas struxit nomine Mammeas, quas, ait, imperitum vulgus bodie ad mammam vocat. Lucullus diætam habuit Apollinis cognomento celebratam, ut Plutarchus tradit, ubi summo impendio parabantur convivia. Inde illa ejus vox cantatissima, Cænatur in Apolline. Alexandriæ regiam diætam ab Antonio structam prodidit Strabo, quam Timonion nuncuparit, quod Timoniam vitam, solitariamque foret acturus post Actiacam calamitatem. In his diætis qui ministrabant, diætarii vocabantur. Diætarii etiam dicti, qui in navibus custodiæ causa præponuntur, quemadmodum idem Vlpianus refert: Et sunt quidam in navibus, qui custodiæ gratianavibus præponuntur, 2 Leg. I. ß. 6 sunt quidam, ß. naut. canpon. ß c.

Transcription: Translated (English)

104 TITI POPMÆ looks out. But various names for dining-rooms used to be given by the ancients. Suetonius in Claudius: He had withdrawn into a dining-room, whose name was Hermeum. Alexander the Emperor, as Lampridius relates, built dining-rooms in the palace under the name of Mammeae, which, he says, the uneducated crowd today call a mamma. Lucullus had a dining-room celebrated under the surname of Apollo, as Plutarch relates, where banquets were prepared at the greatest expense. Hence that very famous saying of his: “To dine in Apollo.” Strabo reports that a royal dining-room in Alexandria was built by Antony, which he named Timonion, because he was to lead a Timonian and solitary life after the disaster at Actium. In these dining-rooms those who served were called diætarii. Diætarii were also the term used for those who are placed on ships for the sake of guarding them, as the same Ulpian relates: “And there are certain men on ships, who are placed on ships for the sake of guarding them,” 2 Leg. I. §. 6 sunt quidam, §. naut. canpon. § c.

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De operis Servorum. 105 nuntur, ut , & diætarii. quamvis sint & ea appellatione fures, qui in aliena coenacula furandi gratia se dirigebant, de quibus a Vlpianus: Qui diætarii, inquit, appellantur, hoc est, qui in aliena coenacula se dirigunt furandi animo; quos idem Vlpianus scribit plus quam fures esse b puniendos: Simili modo & diætarii, & saccularii puniuntur. Itaque aut ad tempus relegandos, aut in opus publicum dandos, aut fustibus cædendos. AQVARII, qui aquam in ædes portabant, qua plurima egent ad balneum, ædesque purgandas mulieres. Hinc apud Plautum in Penu- lo meretricula dicit: Aggerundaque aqua sunt viri duo defessi. M. Cælius in Epist. ad Ciceronem: Sed dici non potest, quomodo hic omnia jaceant; nisi ego cum tabernariis, & aquariis pugnarem, veternus civitatem E 5 occu- a Leg. saecularis. ff. de extraord. crimin. b Leg. 1. ff. de effractor.

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On the offenses of servants. 105 They are also called diætarii. Although thieves are also called by that name, who were making their way into another’s dwelling for the purpose of stealing; concerning whom Ulpian says: Those are called diætarii, that is, those who direct themselves into another’s dwelling with the intent of stealing; the same Ulpian writes that they are to be punished more than thieves. Likewise diætarii and saccularii are punished. Therefore they are either to be banished for a time, or given over to public labor, or beaten with rods. AQUARII, those who carried water into houses, which women need in great quantity for the bath and for cleaning the house. Hence in Plautus, in the Penulus, a little courtesan says: “And water must be carried up by two tired men.” M. Cælius in a letter to Cicero: “But it cannot be said how everything here lies in ruin; unless I were to fight with the shopkeepers and the water-carriers, lethargy would occupy the city.” E 5 occu- a Secular law. ff. de extraord. crimin. b Law 1. ff. de effractor.

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106 TITI POPMÆ occupasset. a Vlpianus de fundo instructo: Ostiarii autem, vel topiarii, diætarii, aquarii, domui tantum deservientes continebuntur. Et Firmicus libro IV. Mathe. cap. VI. His pro amorum internunciis uti solebant. Festus: Aquarii sunt impudicarum mulierum sordidi asseclæ. Iuvenalis Sat. VI. verf. cccxxxI. --- Veniet conductus aquarius.--- Septimius Florens: Primi erunt lenones, perductores, aquarioli, tum sicarii, venenarii, magi. Aquarioli autem per diminutionem ad contemptum omnium vilissimi dicuntur. Lampridius in Commodo: Aquam gessit, ut lenonum ministeriis probrosis natum magis, quam ei loco crederes, ad quem fortuna pervexit. Aquarii à b Jurisconsultis, & Frontino in libro De aquæductibus etiam aquarum custodes appellantur, quos Græci idq[ue] Φυλαξες nominant. Præterea lau- tio- a Leg. 12. idem respondit ff. de instr. vel instrum. b Leg. penult. Cod. de aquæduct.

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106 TITI POPMÆ occupied. a Ulpian on an equipped estate: “Doorkeepers, moreover, or gardeners, room-attendants, water-carriers, who serve the house alone, shall be included.” And Firmicus, book IV of the Mathe., ch. VI: “They used these as go-betweens for love affairs.” Festus: “Water-carriers are the filthy followers of shameless women.” Juvenal, Sat. VI, line 331: --- There will come the hired water-carrier. --- Septimius Florens: “First will be pimps, procurers, water-carriers, then assassins, poisoners, magicians.” Water-carriers are also called, by diminution and in contempt, the meanest of all. Lampridius in Commodus: “He carried water, as one born more for the disgraceful service of pimps than for the station to which fortune had raised him.” Water-carriers, by the jurists, and by Frontinus in the book On Aqueducts, are also called guardians of the waters, whom the Greeks likewise call Φυλαξες. Moreover, la- tio- a Leg. 12. idem replied ff. de instr. vel instrum. b Leg. penult. Cod. de aquæduct.

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De operis Servorum. 107 tiores Romani habebant servos ad pedes, obsonatores, pocillatores, ministratores, structores, vocatores, pistores, & cocos. AD PEDES servi discumbentibus coenandi causa retro ad pedes stare consueverant, qui dominorum jussa exciperent: quorum ministerium, & discumbendi ritus ex veteri pictura in opus Fuggerorum Antiquitatis relata, apparet. Hinc etiam perspicuum, quod in Euangelio S. Lucæ scriptum est Magdalenam, cum in domo Pharisei coenante domino ingressa esset, retro ad pedes ejus stetisse. Neque enim majorem animi summissionem significare poterat, quam cum nobilissima mulier eum sibi locum delegit, qui servis erat attributus: Stans retro, ait S. Lucas, ad pedes ejus, lacrimis coepit rigare pedes ejus. Seneca lib. III. de Beneficiis: Servus, qui coenanti ad pedes steterat, narrat, quæ inter coenam ebrius dixisset. Sed & idem E 6

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On the works of servants. 107 Wealthier Romans had servants at their feet, provisioners, cup-bearers, attendants, stewards, callers, bakers, and cooks. THE SERVANTS AT THE FEET were accustomed, while the diners were reclining for supper, to stand behind at their feet, in order to receive their masters’ orders; their service and the custom of reclining appear from an old painting transferred into the work of the Fugger Antiquities. Hence it is also clear that in the Gospel of St. Luke it is written that Magdalene, when the Lord was dining in the house of the Pharisee and had entered, stood behind at his feet. For she could not have shown greater humility of mind than when that most noble woman chose for herself the place that was assigned to servants: “Standing behind,” says St. Luke, “at his feet, she began to wash his feet with tears.” Seneca, Book III, On Benefits: “The servant, who had stood at the feet of the diner, reports what the drunk man had said during the meal.” But also the same E 6

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108 TITI POPMÆ idem de Calvisio Sabino homine sane divite, qui memoria prope nulla fuit, sic loquitur: Magna summa servos emit: unum, qui Homerum teneret: alterum, qui Hesiodum: novem præterea Lyricis singulos assignavit. Postquam vero hæc illi familia comparata est, coepit convivas vexare. habebat ad pedes hos, à quibus subinde cum peteret versus, quos referret, sæpe in medio versu excidebat. Idem quoque libro secundo Epistolarum Epist. clxxviii. Marcellinum admonuit non esse inhumanum, quemadmodum cæna peracta reliquiae circumstantibus dividuntur: sic peracta vita aliquid porrigit his, qui totius vitæ ministri fuissent. Et Suetonius in Galba, cap. xxii. Inter cænam vero usque adeo abundantem, ut congestas super manus reliquias circumferri juberet, spargique ad pedes stantibus. Martialis lib. xii. Epi- gram. Lxxxvii. Bis

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108 TITI POPMÆ the same author, speaking of Calvisius Sabinus, a man certainly very rich, who had scarcely any memory at all, says thus: He bought slaves at great expense: one to know Homer; another to know Hesiod; and besides these he assigned nine others, one each to the Lyric poets. But after this household had been procured for him, he began to plague his guests. He had these at his feet, from whom, whenever he asked for verses to recite, he would often break off in the middle of a verse. The same author also, in the second book of the Epistles, Ep. 178, warned Marcellinus that it was not inhuman, just as after a dinner is finished the leftovers are divided among those standing by: so, when life is ended, it offers something to those who had been the servants of the whole life. And Suetonius in Galba, ch. 22. At a dinner, moreover, so abundant that he ordered the leftovers piled on his hands to be carried around and scattered at the feet of those standing by. Martial, book xii. Epigram 87. Bis

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De operis Servorum. 109 Bis Cotta soleas perdidisse se questus, Dum negligentem ducit ad pedes vernam. Et lib. vii. Epigr. xx. Mixto lagenam replet ad pedes vino. Idem quoque libro tertio Epigram. ad hos festive sic alludit: Omnia cum retro pueris obsonia tradas, Cur non mensa tibi ponitur à pedibus? ANALECTÆ servi dicebantur, qui reliquias coenæ, aut ea quæ ceciderant de mensa colligere solebant. Serviautem ad pluteum distincti stabant, quorum alii pocillatores erant, alii structores, alii qui sputa ex pavimentis detergebant, alii qui murmur compescebant. Huc a Martialis alludit: An magis astuti derasa est ungue ministri Bractea, de fulcro (quod reor esse) tuo. E7 Po- 2. Lib. 8. Epigr. 32.

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On the labors of slaves. 109 Cotta, complaining that he had twice lost his sandals, while his negligent household slave leads him to his feet. And in book 7, Epigram 20: he fills a pitcher with mixed wine at his feet. The same author also, in the third book of the Epigrams, alludes to them in this witty way: When you hand over all the dishes to the boys behind your back, why is the table not set for you at your feet? ANALECTÆ were the slaves so called who used to collect the leftovers of dinner, or whatever had fallen from the table. The servants, however, stood apart by the sideboard; among them some were cupbearers, others table-setters, others who wiped away spittle from the floors, others who kept murmuring in check. Martial alludes to this here: Has the metal foil, which I think is from the foot of your stool, been more cleverly scraped off by the nail of the attendant? E7 Po- 2. Book 8. Epigr. 32.

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110 TITI POPMÆ POCILLATORES servi, pin- cernæ qui ministrant, pocula mensæ ingerentes. Vnde Ganymedes qui à diis raptus fertur, ut Iovi pocula ministraret, pocillator appellatus est. Hinc Ausonius: Stat Iovis ad cyathum, generat quem Dardanius Tros. Seneca Epist. XLVII. Alius vini mini- ster in muliebrem modum ornatus cum ætate luctatur. Non potest effugere pueritiam, sed retrahitur. Iamque militari habitu glaber, destrictis pilis, aut penitus evulsis, tota nocte pervigi- lat: quam inter ebrietatem domini, & libidinem dividit. Idem Ad cyathos dicti. Suetonius in Cælare: Sed C. Memmius etiam ad cyathum & vi- num Nicodemi stetisse object. Juve- nalis Sat. XIII. Nec puer Iliacus, formosa nec Herculis uxor Ad cyathos. Pro-

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110 TITI POPMÆ POCILLATORES, slaves who serve as cup-bearers, bringing cups to the table. Hence Ganymede, who is said to have been snatched away by the gods in order to serve cups to Jupiter, was called a pocillator. Hence Ausonius: Stat Iovis ad cyathum, generat quem Dardanius Tros. Seneca, Epist. XLVII. Another servant of wine, dressed in a womanly fashion, struggles with age. He cannot escape boyhood, but is drawn back into it. And now, smooth-shaven in military dress, with the hairs plucked out or completely torn away, he keeps watch the whole night: a watch that he divides between his master's drunkenness and lust. The same are called Ad cyathos. Suetonius in Caesar: But C. Memmius was also accused of having stood by Nicodemus's cup and wine. Juvenal, Sat. XIII. Nec puer Iliacus, formosa nec Herculis uxor Ad cyathos. Pro-

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De operis Servorum. III Propertius lib: IV. eleg. IX. Lygdamus ad cyathos. Ad hos Plautus in Menæchmis respexit: Non scis quis ego sim? qui tibi sæpissime Cyatisso apud nos, quando potas. Convivæ autem pincernæ identidem dicebant, πίνειν πιγνα, id est misce, vel tempera vinum, ut bibam, ut Budæus tradit. Præterea moris erat, cum surgerent à mensa, ut pincernæ vini reliquias darent, quemadmodum Athenæus libro extremo docet: Ευθοῦ ἐν ἀναθασί τὴν δεῦνη, ἐγ[ι] σπεισαι, τὸ λοιπὸν τὴν ἀγατη τῶν δίδοντε παίδι ἰκπιεῖν δίδοναι. id est, Mos erat ut cum surgerent à mensa, cumque bibissent, vini reliquum puero illidarent, qui bibere ministrasset. Honestum vero id olim ministerium fuisse idem Athenæus lib. x. Dipnosophist. auctor est, qui non solum apud Græcos, sed & Romanos morem fuisse scribit, ut nobilissimi juvenes in conviviis, 2. Lib. 5. de Asse & partibus ejus.

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On the offices of servants. III Propertius, book IV, elegy IX. Lygdamus for the wine-cups. To these Plautus referred in the Menæchmi : “Do you not know who I am? I, who so very often serve you the cup in our house, whenever you drink.” And indeed the guests would repeatedly say to the cup-bearers, πίνειν πιγνα, that is, mix, or temper, the wine, so that I may drink, as Budæus relates. Besides, it was customary, when they rose from table, for the cup-bearers to give the remnants of the wine, just as Athenæus teaches in the last book: Ευθοῦ ἐν ἀναθασί τὴν δεῦνη, ἐγ[ι] σπεισαι, τὸ λοιπὸν τὴν ἀγατη τῶν δίδοντε παίδι ἰκπιεῖν δίδοναι. That is, it was the custom that when they rose from table, and after they had drunk, they should pour the remainder of the wine to the boy, who had served the drinking. That this was once a honorable service, Athenæus in book x of the Dipnosophistæ also attests, saying that this custom existed not only among the Greeks, but also among the Romans, namely that the noblest young men at banquets, 2. Book 5, on the Ass and its parts.

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112 TITI POEMÆ viis, & sacris publicis id munus obirent. Apud Persas quoque pocillatorum munus honorificum fuisse Herodotus libro tertio testatur, cumait filium Praxaspis fuisse Cambysis pincernam, & addit τιμή ἔπιστην ἔπικρημ. Et regii pincernæ Neemiæ, qui Xerxi ministrabat, meminit Iosephus libro secundo Antiquitat. Iudaic. cap. v. Regii autem pocillatores ea in rem magnam curam, & diligentiam adhibebant, ut aptissime, decentissimeque vinum funderent, ac Regibus propinarent: Phialam tribus summis digitis ita offerentes, ut facillime prehendi posset. Quod Xenophon lib.1. παίδ[ι] κυρ[ι] sic refert: Οι ἐν τοις τεινοχειον ἐκκοιντες τοις τεισι δακτύλοις ὑχοῦντες τοις Φιάλων, ἡτι φερτειν ὅτο συδοιει τὸ ἔκπομα ἐκληπτατα τῶν μελλοντι πινειν. PRÆGUSTATOR servus, qui cibos, potumque principis prægustat. ex ministris enim qui epulas infe-

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112 TITI POEMÆ also at public sacred rites they performed this duty. Among the Persians too, Herodotus in the third book testifies that the office of cup-bearer was honorable, when he says that Praxaspis’s son was Cambyses’ pincerna, and he adds τιμή ἔπιστην ἔπικρημ. And Josephus, in the second book of the Antiquities of the Jews, chap. v, mentions the royal cup-bearer Nehemiah, who served Xerxes. But the royal cup-bearers took great care and diligence in this matter, so that they might pour the wine and present it to the kings as aptly and as gracefully as possible: offering the cup with the three upper fingers, so that it could most easily be taken hold of. Xenophon, book 1, relates this in this way: Οι ἐν τοις τεινοχειον ἐκκοιντες τοις τεισι δακτύλοις ὑχοῦντες τοις Φιάλων, ἡτι φερτειν ὅτο συδοιει τὸ ἔκπομα ἐκληπτατα τῶν μελλοντι πινειν. PRÆGUSTATOR, a servant who tastes beforehand the food and drink of a prince. for among the attendants who the banquets in-

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De operis Servorum. 113 inferebant, quidam prægustatorum munere fungebantur. Tactus: Is inferre epulas, & gustum explorare solebat. Idem libro XIII. Histor. August. Mos habebatur principum cum cæteris idem ætatis nobilibus sedentes vesci in aspectu propinquorum propria, & parciore mensa. Illic epulante Britannico, quia cibus, potusque ejus delectus ex ministri gustu explorabatur, ne omitteretur institutum, aut utriusque morte proderetur scelus, talis dolus reperitus est. Et quia vita Regum & principum multis insidiis erat exposita, ne venena eis infunderentur, calicem labris non ante admovebant, quam pocillatores potum gustu explorassent. Eaque de causa, post phialam porrectam qui Regi à poculis erant, cyatho ex ea haustum vinum in sinistram manum fundentes absorbebant. Quem ritum Xenophon lib. I. παίδ. νυς. ita narrat: Οι γὰν Βασιλέων οἰνοχόοι ἐπειδαν ενδιδῶν

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Of the works of the servants. 113 they were brought in; some performed the office of tasters. Tactus: He used to bring in the dishes and test the flavor. The same in book XIII of the Historia Augusta . It was the custom of princes, together with other nobles of the same age, to dine seated in the presence of their relatives, at their own and more frugal table. There, while Britannicus was dining, because his food and drink were being tested by the taste of a servant, so that the established custom might not be neglected, or the crime betrayed by the death of either, such a trick was devised. And because the lives of kings and princes were exposed to many plots, lest poisons be poured into their cups, they did not bring the cup to their lips before the cup-bearers had first tested the drink by tasting it. And for that reason, after the goblet had been handed to those who attended the king at table, they, pouring the wine drawn from it into the left hand through a small cup, swallowed it. Xenophon recounts this custom in book I of Cyropaedia thus: “For the cup-bearers of kings, when they give it in...”

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114 Τ ἀ ἔ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ

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De operis Servorum. 115 niis comparandis præerant, quorum officium erat coëmere, quæ usus domesticus expostulabat. est autem Obsonium, quicquid præter panem, O vinum mensæ infertur: sed cum multa & varia obsonia sint, piscis tamen, teste Plutarcho, obtinuit, ut vel solus, vel præcipue obsonium appellaretur. Terentius: Convertam me domum cum obsonio. De his Seneca Epist. XLVII. ad Lucilium: Addo obsonatores, quibus dominici palati notitia subtilis est, qui sciunt, cujus rei illum sapor excitet. Et illud b Martialis in disticho cujus lemma est, Obsonator: Dic quotus es, quanti cupias coenare, nec unum Addideris verbum, coena parata tibi est. Plautus in Milite: Vel primarium parasitum, atque obsonatorem optimum. a Mar- 2 4 Sympos. Problem. 4. b Lib. 14. 215.

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On the Services of Slaves. 115 those who were in charge of procuring provisions, whose duty it was to buy what household use required. But Obsonium is whatever is brought to the table besides bread, or wine: but although there are many and various kinds of obsonia , fish, nevertheless, according to Plutarch, came to have such preeminence that it alone, or chiefly, was called obsonium . Terence: “I shall turn homeward with provisions.” Of these Seneca, Epist. XLVII. to Lucilius: “I add the provision-buyers, who have an intimate knowledge of the master’s palate, who know by what flavor a thing will arouse him.” And also that of Martial in the distich whose heading is Obsonator : “Tell me how many you are, how much you wish to dine, and if you add not a single word, your dinner is ready for you.” Plautus in the Soldier : “Or a first-rate parasite, and an excellent provision-buyer.” a Mar- 2 4 Sympos. Problem. 4. b Lib. 14. 215.

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116 TITI POPMÆ a Marcianus: Cubiculares autem, vel obsonatores, vel eos qui piscatoribus præpositi sunt, non videri negotiationis appellatione contineri. Athenæus refert, quod domino convivii, simul ac decubuisset, schedula offerri solet, quæ obsonia omnia ordine descripta haberet, ut sciri posset, quid primo, & quid postremo missurus esset coquus. STRUCTORES servi dicuntur, qui instruendæ mensæ, ciborumque perite apponendorum curam habent. b Plautus Menæchmis: Cereales coenas dat, ita mensas extruit, Tantas struices concinnat patinarias. Seneca lib. De vita beata cap. XVII. Quare ars est apud te, ministrare? nec temere, & ut libet collocatur argentum, sed perite struitur, & est aliquis scindendi obsonii magister. Juvenalis Sat. v. Structo- a Leg. 65. ß. de leg. 3. b act 1. sc. 1.

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116 TITI POPMÆ Marcianus: But chamberlains, or supply officers, or those who are in charge of the fishmongers, are not to be considered included under the name of trade. Athenæus relates that, as soon as the master of the feast had reclined, a written list was usually brought to him, which had all the dishes set out in order, so that it might be known what the cook would send first, and what last. STRUCTORES are the slaves who have charge of setting the table, and of arranging the food skillfully. Plautus, in the Menaechmi: He gives banquets fit for Ceres; so he lays out the tables, He devises such great masses of dishes. Seneca, book On the Happy Life, ch. XVII: Why, in your case, is there an art to serving? And the silver is not set down carelessly, at random, but is laid out skillfully, and there is some master of carving the food. Juvenal, Sat. v. Structo- a Leg. 65. ß. de leg. 3. b act 1. sc. 1.

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De operis Servorum. 117 Structorem interea, ne qua indignatio desit, Saltantem spectas. Petronius: proprium convenientemque materiæ structor imposuerat cibum. Athenæus l. iv. Dipnosophist. Id est: Iuba rex eundem censet esse mensæ curatorem, quem Romani structorem, appellant. Item ii qui decoro manuum gestu cibos discerpunt. Mart. lib. x. Et quæ non egeant ferro structoris ofellæ. Qui vero cibum scindentes, carpentesque præministrabant, Carptores dicti. Iuvenalis: ---carptores, archimagiri. quos diribitores Apuleius lib. 11. Metam. vocat: Diribitores plusculi splendide amicti, fercula copiosa scitule ministrantes. Hi & icissores dicti. Petro-

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On the works of slaves. 117 Meanwhile, so that no indignation may be lacking, you behold the builder dancing. Petronius: the builder had set before them a dish proper and fitting to the material. Athenæus, l. iv. Dipnosophist. That is: King Juba thinks the same person to be the manager of the table whom the Romans call structor. Likewise those who, with graceful movement of the hands, carve the food. Mart. lib. x. And the little meats that do not need the builder's knife. But those who, while cutting and serving the food, were called Carptores. Juvenal: ---carptores, archimagiri. whom Apuleius, lib. 11. Metam., calls diribitores: diribitores somewhat splendidly clothed, serving abundant dishes in a neat manner. These are also called icissores. Petro-

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118 TITI POPMÆ Petronius: Processit statim scissor, & ad symphoniam ita gestulatus laceravit obsonium; ut putares Darium hydraule cantante pugnare: De qui- bus & Seneca eleganter Epist. xlvii. Cum ad coenandum discumbimus, alius sputa deterget, alius reliquias temulentorum subditus colligit, alius pretiosas aves scindit; pectus, & clunes, certis ductibus circumferens manum eruditam, in frusta excutit. Infelix qui huic rei univivit ut altilia decenter secet? nisi quod miserior est, qui hoc voluptatis causadocet, quam qui necessitatis discit. Hinc a Ju- venalis eosdem cheironomontas ap- pellat: & cheironomonta volanti Cultello, Et Sidonius lib. iv. Inter Apicios epulones, & Byzantinos cheironomontas. Vide Lipsium lib. 1. cap. II. Saturnal. Serm. Porro non solum eximia a Litt. 5: vers. 128.

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118 TITI POPMAE Petronius: The carver immediately came forward, and, gesturing in time to the music, he mangled the dish; so that you would have thought Darius was fighting while the hydraulis-player was sounding. Of these things Seneca also elegantly says in Epist. xlvii. When we recline for dinner, one wipes away spittle, another gathers up the remains of the drunkards beneath him, another carves the costly birds; moving his trained hand along fixed lines around the breast and thighs, he chops them into pieces. Unhappy the man who has made it his whole business to cut poultry properly! unless indeed he is more wretched who learns this for the sake of pleasure than he who learns it from necessity. Hence Juvenal calls the same men cheironomontes: and a cheironomon with flying knife, And Sidonius, book iv. Among the Apician banquet-masters, and the Byzantine cheironomontes. See Lipsius, book 1, ch. II. Saturnalia, Serm. Moreover not only the excellent a Litt. 5: verse 128.

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De operis Servorum. 119 eximia forma pueri, sed etiam puel- læ in conviviis olim ministrabant. Seneca Epist. cx. Hinc puerorum perspicuos, cultu atque forma greges, hinc foeminarum. Et Apuleius lib. II. Metamorph. Sed assidue respiciens præministrantem Fotidem, inibirecreabar animi. Erant & structores anno- næ. Cicero lib. XIV. Epist. ad Atticum: Ecce autem structores nostri ad frumentum emendum profecti, cum inanies rediissent, tumorem afferunt magnum Romæ, domum ad Antonium frumentum omne portari. Et structores, fabri cæmentarii; de quibus Cicero lib. II. Epist. v. ad Q. fratrem: A puero ut discessi, in aream tuam veni, res agebatur multis structoribus. Longilium redemptorem cohortatus sum: domus erit egregia. Et structores Tribonianus ædificatores interpretatur; & structores bucularum. Vegetius quoque libro I I. cap. II. de Re militari in exercitu structores esse asserit, & in ministe- riis

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On the works of servants. 119 boys of exceptional beauty, but also girls used to serve at banquets in former times. Seneca, Epist. CX. Hence conspicuous groups of boys, in dress and form, and hence of women. And Apuleius, book II of the Metamorphoses: But continually looking at Fotis, who was waiting upon me, I was refreshed in spirit. There were also structores of provisions. Cicero, book XIV of the Letters to Atticus: But behold, our structores had gone off to buy grain; when they returned empty-handed, they bring a great commotion to Rome, that all the grain be carried to Antony’s house. And structores , builders in masonry; concerning whom Cicero, book II, letter 5 to his brother Quintus: As soon as I left the boy, I came into your yard; the work was being carried on by many structores . I encouraged Longilius the contractor: the house will be excellent. And Tribonian interprets structores as builders; and structores bucularum . Vegetius too, book II, chapter II, on military affairs, states that there are structores in the army, and in the services

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120 T I T I P O P M A E riis militaribus structorum mentio in Epistola, quæ à Vopisco in Aurelianum refertur. Ad hujusmodi servorum ministerium referenda est hæc vetusta inscriptio trans Tyberim eruta: T. CLAVIDIVS ONESIMVS STRUCTOR FECIT IVLIAE POTITAE CONIVGI SVAE ET CLAVIDIAE FILIAE SVAE: VIXIT AN. IIII MENS. II. ET SIBI POSTERISQ. SVIS. MINISTRATORES servi mensæ adstabant, & ad nutum dominorum intuentes diligenter ministrabant; per quos signo dato ad inferendam cænam discurritur. Seneca Epistola xcv. Transeo, inquit, pistorum turbam, transeo ministratorum, per quos signo dato ad inferendam cænam discurritur. Ammianus Marcellinus lib. xxiii. tradit Persas hujusmodi ministratores etiam habuisse, atque adeo inhumaniter tra-

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120 T I T I P O P M A E Mention is made of riis militaribus structorum in the Epistle referred to by Vopiscus in Aurelian . To this kind of servants’ office this ancient inscription, dug up across the Tiber, is to be referred: T. CLAVIDIVS ONESIMVS STRUCTOR FECIT IVLIAE POTITAE CONIVGI SVAE ET CLAVIDIAE FILIAE SVAE: VIXIT AN. IIII MENS. II. ET SIBI POSTERISQ. SVIS. MINISTRATORES, the servants of the table, stood by, and, watching attentively for their masters’ nod, ministered diligently; through them, when the signal was given, the dinner is hurried forward. Seneca Epistle xcv. “I pass over,” says he, “the crowd of bakers, I pass over the servants, through whom, when the signal was given, the dinner is hurried forward.” Ammianus Marcellinus book xxiii. relates that the Persians likewise had servants of this kind, and even to such a degree inhumanly tra-

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De operis Servorum. 121. tractasse, ut cutes vivis detraherent: Cutes, ait, vivis hominibus detrahunt particulatim, vel solidas: nec mini- stranti apud eos famulo, mensæque ad- stanti, hiscere, vel loqui licet, vel spue- re: ita rostratis pellibus labra omnium vinciuntur. De his "Alfenus: Et sibi videri eos demum usus sui causa pa- tremfamilias habere, qui ad ejus cor- pus tuendum, atque ipsius cultum præ- positi, destinatique essent. quo in genere junctores, cubicularii, coci, ministratores, atque alii, qui ad ejus- modi usum parati essent, numera- rentur. VOCATORES servi in mini- sterio Augustorum, & illustrium vi- rorum erant. quorum munus convi- vas advocare, excipere, & discum- bentibus loca pro dignitate cujusque statuere. Plinius lib. xxxv. cap. X. Invitatus ad regis coenam venit, in- dignantique Ptolomæo, ac vocatores suos ostendenti, ut diceret, à quo F eorum 2 Leg. In lege Censoria. ß. de verb. significat:

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On the works of slaves. 121. to have treated, so that they stripped hides from living men: They strip, he says, the hides from living men either in pieces or whole; nor is it allowed for the servant ministering among them, and standing by the table, to open his mouth, or speak, or spit: thus with the pointed skins the lips of all are bound. Of these Alfenus says: And he seems to himself then to have a head of household for his own use who had been appointed and assigned to protect his body and to attend to his personal dress. In this class would be counted grooms, chamberlains, cooks, attendants, and others who should be ready for such use. VOCATORES were slaves in the service of the Augusti and of illustrious men, whose duty it was to summon the guests, receive them, and, as they sat down, assign places according to the rank of each. Pliny, book xxxv, chapter X. Being invited to the king's supper, he came, and when Ptolemy was indignant and showed his vocatores, asking him to say from whom these were F their 2 See the law in the Censoria law. § on the meaning of words:

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122 TITI POPMÆ eorum invitatus esset, arrepto carbone extincto è foculo, imaginem in pariete delineavit. Seneca de Ira lib. 1. Minus honorato loco positus irasci coepisti convivatori: vocatori ipsi qui tibi præferebatur. Suetonius Caligula: Compererat provincialem locupletem ducenta festertia numerasse vocatoribus, ut per fallaciam convivio interponeretur. De his hoc Martialis carmen: Iam dices mihi, vapulet vocator. Et Catullus in Hendecasyllabis. Quærunt in trivio vocationes. ADMISSIONALES vocat Lampridius in Alexandro ministros, qui adire principem volentes, admittendos curant: Salutaretur, inquit, quasi unus de senatoribus, patente velo, admissionalibus remotis. sicut apud Capitolinum Censuales esse videntur, qui senatui subserviunt, & qui Censoribus assistunt, famulantur, ubi de senatusconsulto tacito: Ita ut non scriba, inquit, non servi pu- blici,

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122 TITI POPMAE of those, if he had been invited, snatching a piece of burnt charcoal from the hearth, he drew the image on the wall. Seneca, On Anger, book 1: You began to grow angry with the host because you had been placed in a less honored seat: with the inviter himself, who had been preferred to you. Suetonius, Caligula: He had discovered that a wealthy provincial had counted out two hundred sestertii to the invitees, so that by deception he might be introduced into the banquet. Of these matters Martial has this line: Now you will say to me, let the inviter be thrashed. And Catullus in the Hendecasyllables. They seek invitations at the crossroads. LAMPRIDIUS calls ADMISSIONALES in Alexander the attendants who take care that those wishing to approach the prince be admitted: Let him be greeted, he says, as though one of the senators, the veil drawn back, the admission attendants removed. Likewise in Capitolinus there seem to be Censuales, who serve the senate, and who assist the Censors, they are servants, where there is a silent decree of the senate: So that, he says, not a clerk, not public servants,

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De operis Servorum. 123 blici, non censuales illis actibus inter- essent, senatores exciperent, senatores omnium officia censualium, scribarum- que complerent, nequid forte prodere- tur. Sidonius ad Namatium: Mi- stus turmæ censualium æmulatorum consulis proxime proximus eram. Laudantur Vespasianus, M. An- toninus, & Alexander Severus Imperatores quod salutarentur paten- te cubiculo, ministris admissionalibus remotis. Scrutatores in aula Clau- dus primus instituit, qui ad princi- pem salutandi, vel qua alia causa ve- nientes excuterent. Suetonius: Sa- lutatoribus scrutatores semper appo- suit, & quidem omnibus, & acerbissi- mos: quos tamen Vespasianus iterum sustulit, ut idem Suetonius cap. XII. in Vespasiano refert. COCVM, & PISTOREM apud veteres eundem fuisse auctor est Festus. nam Coci initio dicti, qui faciebant panem, & coquebant pri- mum sub cinere in foco, postea in F 2 furno.

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On the works of servants. 123 public, that the census officers would not be present at those proceedings, the senators would receive them, and the senators would perform all the duties of the census officers and scribes, lest anything should perhaps be disclosed. Sidonius to Namatius: I was the nearest of the crowd of census officers vying for the consul. Vespasian, M. Antoninus, and Alexander Severus are praised because they were greeted with the chamber open, with the admissional servants removed. Claudius first established the scrutinators in the palace, who would examine those coming to the prince to give their greetings, or for whatever other reason. Suetonius: He always placed scrutinators beside those offering greetings, and indeed for all of them, and very harsh ones; these, however, Vespasian again removed, as the same Suetonius relates in chapter XII, in Vespasian. COOK AND BAKER Among the ancients, Festus is the authority that they were one and the same. For in the beginning cooks were so called who made bread and baked it first under the ashes in the hearth, later in an oven.

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124 TITI POPMÆ furno. Cato de pane: In foco calido sub testa coquito leniter. Seneca ad Lucillium: Farinam aqua sparsit, & assidua tractatione perdomuit, finxitque panem, quem primo ciniscalidus & fervens testa percoxit: Et a Vlpianus lib. xx. ad Sabinum: Mulieres, quæ panem coquant, quæque villam servent. Cocum autem Jureconsulti nominant non solum qui officium sciat, id est usitatos cibos præparet; verum etiam qui artificium, & urbanas mensas, & lautiora instruebat convivia. Vnde Cajus ait, quod venditor, qui optimum cocum esse dixerit, optimum in eo artificem præstare debet; qui vero simpliciter cocum esse dixerit, satisfacere videtur etiamsi mediocrem cocum præstet. Huc pertinet illud Ciceronis pro Sexto Roscio: Mitto hasce artes vulgares, coquos, pistores, lecticarios. Et Martial. libro xiv. Epigr. ccxx. alludit: Non 2 Leg. 13. ß. 5. ß. de instr. vel instrum. leg. b L. legatis servis. ß. de leg. 3.

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124 TITI POPMAE fornace. Cato on bread: In a warm hearth, under a cover, bake gently. Seneca to Lucilius: He sprinkled flour with water, and by constant working subdued it, and shaped bread, which at first the hot ashes and the glowing cover baked through: And Ulpian lib. xx. ad Sabinum: Women, who bake bread, and who keep the country house. But the jurists call a cook not only one who knows the trade, that is, prepares ordinary foods; but also one who provides the art, and urban tables, and more splendid banquets. Hence Caius says that a seller, who has declared that he is an excellent cook, ought to provide an excellent craftsman in that line; but he who has simply said that he is a cook seems to satisfy, even if he provides an ordinary cook. To this belongs that saying of Cicero in behalf of Sextus Roscius: I pass over these vulgar crafts, cooks, bakers, bearers of litters. And Martial, in book xiv, Epigram ccxx, alludes: Non 2 Leg. 13. ß. 5. ß. de instr. vel instrum. leg. b L. legatis servis. ß. de leg. 3.

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De operis Servorum. 125 Non satis est ars sola coquo, servire palato. Namque coquus domini debet habere gulam. Meminit de hoc servorum genere Titinius Setina: Coquus magnum abenum, quando servit, paulla confutat trua. Cicero in Epist. ad Pætum: In ea cæna cocus meus præter jus fervens nihil potuit imitari. Suetonius in Vitellio: Continuo igitur abstrusus gestatoria sella, duobus solis comitibus, pistore, & coquo Aventinum, & paternam domunculam petit. Scitum est illud Ciceronis, quod à Quintiliano lib. vi. Orat. Institut. refertur, cum is candidatus, qui coci filius habebatur, coram eo suffragium haberet: Ego coque, inquit, tibi jure favebo; alludens scilicet ad coquinarium jus. Coquos vero antiquis mos erat è foro conducere. Plautus Aulularia: F 3 Post-

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On the duties of slaves. 125 It is not enough for the cook alone to cook; he must also serve the palate. For a master’s cook ought to have a stomach. Titinius Setina mentions this kind of slave: The cook, by the great cauldron, when he serves, diminishes the ladle a little. Cicero, in his Epistles to Pætus: In that dinner my cook could imitate nothing except the boiling broth. Suetonius, in Vitellius: Accordingly he was immediately concealed in a litter, with only two attendants, a baker and a cook, and made for the Aventine and his father’s little house. This saying of Cicero is noteworthy, as reported by Quintilian in Book VI of the Institutes of Oratory, when that candidate who was thought to be the cook’s son had a vote before him: “I shall favor you, cook,” he said, “with good reason,” obviously alluding to the kitchen broth. Moreover, among the ancients it was customary to hire cooks from the market. Plautus, in the Aulularia: F 3 Post-

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126 TITI POPMÆ Postquam obsonavit herus, & conduxit coquos, Tibicinasque hasce, apud forum, edixit mihi, Vt dispartirem obsonium hic bifariam. Et paulo post: Coquus ille nundinalis est, in nonum diem Solet ire coctum. Idem Pseudolo: Nam si ego juratus pejorem hominem quærerem, Coquum non potui, quam hunc quem duco, ducere, Multiloquum, gloriosum, insulsum, inutilem. Quin ob eam rem Orcus recipere hunc ad se noluit, Vt esset hîc qui mortuis coenam coquat. Nam hic solus illis coquere, quod placeat, potest. Et

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126 TITI POPMAE After the master had laid in provisions, and hired cooks, and these flute-players, at the forum, he announced to me, that I should divide the provisions here into two parts. And a little after: That cook of the market-days is, for the ninth day, accustomed to go to have things cooked. The same man to Pseudolus: For if, when sworn, I were looking for a worse man, I could not have brought, than this one whom I am leading, a cook, a chatterer, a braggart, a useless fellow. Indeed, for that reason Orcus was unwilling to receive him to himself, that there might be one here to cook dinner for the dead. For he alone can cook for them what will please them. And

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De operis Servorum. 127 Et pro cujusque artificio pluris minorisve coci conducebantur. hinc apud a Plautum cocus sociis suis omnibus ad coquendum abductis, cur solus ipse eo die quasi unus ob- sessor fori præteritus esset, hanc ra- tionem reddit: Illi drachmis iussent miseri, me ne- nemo potest Minoris quisquam nummo, ut sur- gam, subigere. Et ad coenam nuptialem coquendam à Megadoro conductus Congrio, sic in Aulularia ait: Nummo sum conductus; plus jam medico mercede opus est. Vbi nummum aureum, pluris duobus aureis nostris æstimatum antiquitus, intelligunt. Coquos vero, & alios id genus gulæ ministros, etiam Per- sarum in aula abundasse ex eo patet, quod inter Darii impedimenta, quæ Damasco capta Parmenionis pote- F 4 statem

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On the works of servants. 127 And cooks were hired at higher or lower prices according to each one’s skill. Hence in Plautus the cook, when his fellows had all been led away to cook, asks why he alone, as if he were the only one left guarding the market, had been passed over that day, and gives this reason: “They were hiring out the poor men for drachmas; no one can compel me for a smaller coin, to rise up.” And Congrio, hired by Megadorus to cook the wedding feast, says thus in the Aulularia : “I have been hired for one coin; now I need a higher fee than even a doctor.” Here they mean the gold coin, which in antiquity was valued at more than two of our gold pieces. And that cooks, and other servants of gluttony of this kind, were plentiful even in the court of the Persians, is clear from the fact that among the baggage of Darius, which had been captured at Damascus by Parmenion’s power F 4 authority

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128 TITI PORMÆ statem venerunt, inventi sunt, ut Athenæus tradit, coci ducenti, se- ptuaginta septem. PISTORES dicebantur, qui ante inventum molarum usum far pinsebant, id est, tundebant pilis, vel molis trusatilibus frangebant. Varro Taphemenippo: Nec pisto- rem ullum nossent, nisi eum qui in pi- strino pinseret farinam. Servius in lib. 1. Æneid. Quia apud majores nostros molarum non erat usus, fru- menta torrebant, & ea in pilas missa pinsebant, & hoc erat genus molendi. Vnde & pinsores dicti sunt, qui nunc pistores vocantur. De his a Vlpianus: Pistorem, & tonsorem, qui fa- miliæ rusticæ causa parati sunt. & b Pomponius: Si ita testamento scri- ptum sit, qui tabernarum exercenda- rum, & instruendarum, pistrini, cau- ponæ causa facta, parataque sunt, do, lego. his verbis Servius respondit & caballos, qui in pistrinis essent, & pisto- res, 2 Leg. 12. 5. 5. ff. de instr. vel instrum. leg. b Leg. 15. ff. de fund. instr. leg.

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128 TITI PORMÆ came to that state, there were found, as Athenæus relates, two hundred seventy- seven cooks. BAKERS were called those who, before the use of millstones was invented, pounded meal, that is, beat it with pestles, or broke it with hand mills. Varro, in the Taphemenippus: Nor would they have known any baker, unless it were the one who in the bakery pounded the flour. Servius on book 1 of the Æneid: Be- cause among our ancestors there was no use of millstones, they roasted grain and, having put it into mortars, pounded it, and this was a kind of grinding. Hence also they were called pinsores, who are now called pistores. On these matters Ulpian says: “A baker and a barber, who are kept for the use of the rustic household.” And Pomponius: “If it is written in a testament in this way, ‘I give and bequeath the shops that are for carrying on and equipping the inn, the bakery, and the tavern,’ Servius answered that by these words are also meant the horses that were in the bakery, and the bakers,” 2 Leg. 12. 5. 5. ff. de instr. vel instrum. leg. b Leg. 15. ff. de fund. instr. leg.

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De operis Servorum. res, & in caupona institiores, & focariam, mercesque quæ in his tabernis essent, legatas videri. Suetonius in Cæsare: Domesticam disciplinam in parvis & majoribus rebus diligenter adeo severaque rexit, ut pistorem alium quam sibi panem convivis subjicientem compedibus vinxerit. Varro in Satyræ de eduliis: Si quantum operæ sumptisti, ut tuus pistor bonum faceret panem. Pistores autem non tantum panem faciebant, ut diximus, sed etiam farinam molis frangebant. Pomponius Comicus: Cum neque molis molui, neque palmis pinsui. Eusebius in Chronicis: Paulus ad molas manuarias pistorem se locavit. Erant & pistores sub cura patronorum, & præfecti anno[n]æ; qui pensum & munditiam panis exigebant. Cassiodorus in formula præfecti annonę: Per officinas pistorum discurris, pensum, & mundiciam exigis. MOLITORES servi, qui ad ulum rusticum parati sunt. a Vlpianus: Item moli- F 5

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On the works of slaves. things, and in the innkeepers, and the female household servants, and the goods that were in these shops were seen to be bequeathed. Suetonius in Caesar: He managed domestic discipline in both small and great matters so diligently and so strictly that he bound in fetters a baker who was supplying bread to the guests for anyone other than himself. Varro in the Satire on edibles: If the amount of labor you have spent, so that your baker might make good bread. Bakers, however, not only made bread, as we said, but also broke grain in the mills. Pomponius the Comic poet: Since I neither ground at the mill, nor crushed with the palms. Eusebius in the Chronicles: Paul hired himself out as a baker at hand mills. And bakers were under the care of patrons and the prefects of the annona; who demanded the allotted work and the cleanliness of the bread. Cassiodorus in the formula of the prefect of the annona: You hurry through the bakeries, and demand the allotted work and cleanliness. MOLITORES: slaves who are prepared for rural use. a Ulpian: Likewise moli- F 5

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130 TITI PORMAE molitores, si ad usum rusticum parati sunt. Pomponius in pistore; Decipit vicinos. Quod molendum conduxit, comest. Et in eadem Comædia pistor: Plus quæsti facerem, quam quadrinas si haberem molas. Sed cum de ordinariis & vicariis servis, & eorum officiis ac ministe- riis satis à nobis dictum esse videatur: sequitur ut de mediastinis, quorum supra mentionem fecimus, post hac nonnihil dicamus. MEDIASTINI, vilissimi bal- nearum atque ædium ministri sunt, qui nec inter ordinarios, nec inter vicarios certam quandam servorum constituunt differentiam: quamvis aliter "Porphyrio, & Acron in hunc "Horatii versum de mediastinis sentiant: Tu mediastinus tacita prece rura petebas. Vbi mediastinum accipiunt mediæ civi- 2 Leg. 15. ß. 44. ff. de injuriis. Lib: 1. epist. 14.

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130 TITI PORMAE millers, if they are prepared for rustic use. Pomponius in Pistor : He deceives his neighbors. What he has hired to be ground, he eats. And in the same comedy the baker says: I would make more profit than four times as much, if I had mills. But since it seems that enough has been said by us about the ordinary and deputy slaves, and about their duties and services, it remains that we say something hereafter about the mediastini , of whom we made mention above. MEDIASTINI are the meanest servants of baths and houses, who constitute no certain difference of slaves, either among the ordinary, or among the deputy slaves: although otherwise Porphyrio and Acron on this verse of Horace think about the mediastini : You, as a mediastinus , were seeking the countryside with silent prayer. There they take mediastinum to mean the middle of the citizens 2 Leg. 15. §. 44. ff. de injuriis. Lib: 1. epist. 14.

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De operis Servorum. 131 civitatis incolam, & in balneatoris officio intelligi posse mediastinum putant, sicut & Priscianus, quod in medio balnei stare soleant. Restius Nonius mediastinos pro balneatori- bus, itemque pro ministris, & cura- toribus ædium accipit, quod in me- dio stent, ut omnibus ministrent, si- cut in navibus mesonautæ dicti, quod in media navi simili servitutis gene- re omnibus præsto sunt. At in agro mediastini sunt, qui abjectissima quæque munia inter servos obeunt. 2 Vlpianus: Etenim multum interest qualis servus sit, bonæ frugi, ordina- rius, dispensator: an vero vulgaris, vel mediastinus. 6 Idem: Cum de ser- vi operis artificis agitur, pro modo re- stituendæ sunt: sed mediastini secun- dum ministerium. Cicero in Catil. Magnopere contemno exercitum col- lectum ex senibus desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, & rusticis mediastinis, de- coctoribus, ex iis qui vadimonia dese- rere, F 6 2 Leg. citata. 6 Leg. ult. ff. de oper. servor.

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On the works of slaves. 131 an inhabitant of the city, and in the office of a bath attendant they think that a mediastinus can be understood, as Priscian also does, because they are accustomed to stand in the middle of the bath. Restius Nonius takes mediastini for bath attendants, and also for servants and caretakers of houses, because they stand in the middle in order to serve everyone, just as those called mesonautae on ships, because in the middle of the ship, in a similar kind of servitude, they are at hand for everyone. But in the countryside mediastini are those who perform the most base tasks among slaves. 2 Ulpian: For it makes a great difference what sort of slave he is, whether of good character, an ordinary household slave, a steward: or indeed a common one, or a mediastinus. 6 The same: When a slave engaged in the work of an artisan is concerned, they are to be restored according to the amount: but mediastini according to their service. Cicero in Catiline: I greatly despise an army gathered from desperate old men, from country luxury, and rustic mediastini, spendthrifts, from those who fail to appear for their summons, F 6 2 Cited law. 6 Final law, ff. on the works of slaves.

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rere, quam illum exercitum maluerunt. Columella. lib. 1. de re Rustica: Mediastinus qualicumque statu possit esse, modo perpetiendo labori sit idoneus. Idem: Propter quod, inquit, seperandi sunt aratores à vinitoribus, & vinitores ab aratoribus, iique à mediastinis, Hinc illud Lucilii: Villicum Aristocratem mediastinum, atque bubulcum. Sunt qui Jureconsultorum responsa de mediastinis sic intelligunt, ut eos mediastinos esse putent, qui nullos sub se vicarios habent, si enim haberent vicarios, non amplius mediastini, sed ordinarii dicebantur; idque ex hoc Vlpiani responso, quo atrienses inter mediastinos refert: Cæterum si quis., inquit, opera mediastini fungitur, non continetur: ut puta atrarii, & focarii, & his similes. Verum atrarios ego alios esse ab atriensibus puto; illos honestioris conditionis, hos minus honestos, qui ad atrium ejus obser- vandi, a Leg. 1. 5. caupones. ff. nant. caup. stab.

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rather than that army they preferred. Columella, lib. 1. de re Rustica: A mediastinus may be of whatever condition he can be, provided only that he be fit to endure labor. The same: For which reason, he says, ploughmen are to be separated from vine-dressers, and vine-dressers from ploughmen, and these from mediastini. Hence that line of Lucilius: The steward, an aristocratic mediastinus, and an ox-driver. There are those who understand the responses of the jurists concerning mediastini in such a way that they think those to be mediastini who have no vicarii under them; for if they had vicarii, they would no longer be called mediastini, but ordinary men; and this from this response of Ulpian, in which he includes atrienses among mediastini: “But if anyone,” he says, “performs the work of a mediastinus, he is not included: for example, atrarii, and focarii, and the like.” But I think atrarii to be different from atrienses; the former of a more honorable condition, the latter less honorable, who are appointed to watch over his atrium, a Leg. 1. § 5. caupones. ff. nant. caup. stab.

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De operis Servorum. 133 vandi gratia starent. De quibus Cicero in Paradoxis: Vt in familia, sunt aliilautiores, ut sibi videntur servi, sed tamen servi, atrienses ac topiarii. Inter mediastinos referendi sunt hostiarii, scoparii, peniculi, unctores, focarii, fornacarii, balneatores, & his similes. HOSTIARII ostii custodes, more antiquo ad hostium catenis religati erant, ut Suetonius in lib. de claris Grammaticis refert, ejus etiam moris mentio est apud a Ovidium in illo versu: Ianitor indigne dura religate catena Difficilem moto cardine pande forem. & apud Afranium, quem Festus & Nonius ajunt sic in Vopisco scripsisse: Hostiarii impedimenta titinnire audio: verbum Titinnire idem esse quod sonare, indeque tintinnabulum appellari contendentes. De his scite ad- F 7 2 Lib. 1. Amorum. eleg. 6.

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On the offices of slaves. 133 for the sake of waiting. Concerning these, Cicero in the Paradoxa says: In a household, there are also some who are more illustrious, as they seem to themselves, slaves, yet still slaves, the atrienses and topiarii. Among the menials are to be included the hostiarii, scoparii, peniculi, unctores, focarii, fornacarii, balneatores, and others like them. HOSTIARII, door-keepers, were in the old manner bound by chains to the doorway, as Suetonius reports in the book On Illustrious Grammarians; mention of this custom is also made by Ovid in that verse: Unworthy porter, fastened by a harsh chain, open the difficult door on its moving hinge. and by Afranius, whom Festus and Nonius say wrote thus in Vopiscus: I hear the porters' trappings jingling; those who contend that the verb titinnire means the same as sonare, and hence the word tintinnabulum is called. Concerning these things, skillfully to- F 7 2 Book 1 of the Amores, elegy 6.

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134 TITI POPMÆ admodum & facete Plautus sic in Astinaria. -- nolo ego fores conservas meas A te verberarier: sane ego sum amicus nostris ædibus. ME. Pol haud periculum est cardines ne foribus effringantur, Si istoc exemplo omnibus, qui quærunt, respondebis. LI. Ita hæc morata januâst, ex- templo janitorem Clamat, procul si quem videt ire ad se calcitronem. Festive autem servus fores domus herilis conservas suas vocat, quo- modo & Ovidius in libris Amorum: Duraque conservæ ligna valete fores. De hostiariorum officio Salvianus lib. III. de providentia Dei: Si- quidem intra januas non modo illustrium portarum, sed etiam præsidum, aut præpositorum, non omnes passim intrare præsumunt, nisi quos, aut judex voca-

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134 TITUS POPMÆ Plautus very wittily and neatly says thus in Astinaria. -- I do not want my fellow-slaves at the doors to be beaten by you: truly I am friendly toward our house. ME. By Pollux, there is no danger of the hinges being broken from the doors, if in this way you will answer all who ask, the same as that. LI. Thus this door-gate has behaved; at once it calls the porter, if from far away it sees anyone coming toward it, a kicker. And pleasantly the servant of the master’s house calls the doors his fellow-slaves, as Ovid also does in the books of the Loves: And you, hard fellow-slaves of wood, farewell, doors. On the duty of doorkeepers Salvianus says, book III of On the Providence of God: Since within the gates not only of distinguished gateways, but even of governors or officials, not all at random presume to enter, unless those whom either the judge has sum-

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De operis Servorum. 135 vocaverit, aut negotium traxerit, aut ipsa honoris proprii dignitas introire permiserit; ita ut si quispiam ingressus insolenter fuerit, aut cædatur, aut propellatur, aut aliqua verecundia, & existimationis suæ labe mulctetur. Et Seneca lib. III. de Ira, cap. XXXVII. Iratum vidisti amicum tuum ostiario causidici alicujus, quod intrantem submoverat; & ipse pro illo iratus extremo mancipio fuisti. Idem lib. XI. de tranquillitate vitæ: Domus hæc sapientis angusta, sine cultu, sine strepitu, sine apparatu, nullis observatur janitoribus, turbam venali fastidio digerentibus: sed per hoc limen vacuum, & ab hostiariis liberum, fortuna non transit. Et paullo ante: Ille pusilli animi est, quod sibi placet, quod hostario libere respondit, & virgam ejus fregit. Varro I. de Rerustica, cap. XIII. Eumque scire qui introeat, aut exeat noctu, quidve ferat, præsertim si ostiarius est nemo. Plinius lib. XII. c. XIV. Præter hos & custodes, satellitesque, &

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On the works of servants. 135 if he shall have summoned them, or dragged the matter out, or the dignity of his own honor itself shall have allowed him to enter; so that if anyone should have entered insolently, he may either be beaten, or driven out, or punished with some disgrace and blemish upon his own reputation. And Seneca, book III, On Anger, chapter XXXVII: You saw your angry friend toward the doorkeeper of some advocate, because he had pushed aside the man entering; and you yourself were angered on his behalf to the utmost slave. The same, book XI, On Tranquility of Life: This house of the wise man is narrow, without ornament, without noise, without display, watched by no gatekeepers, who separate the crowd with a costly disdain: but through this empty threshold, and free from doorkeepers, fortune does not pass. And a little before: He is of a petty mind who is pleased with himself, who answered the doorkeeper freely, and broke his staff. Varro, book I, On Rural Affairs, chapter XIII. And to know who comes in or goes out by night, or what he carries, especially if he is a doorkeeper, no one. Pliny, book XII, ch. XIV. Besides these, also guards and attendants, and

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136 TITI POPMÆ & ostiarii, & ministri populantur. Vlpianus: Domo, inquit, ita ut instructa est cum omni jure suo legata, urbanam familiam: item artifices, quorum operæ cæteris quoque prædiis exhibebantur, legato non contineri. hostiarii autem, vel topiarii, diætarii, aquarii domui tantum deservientes continebuntur. b Idem: Cellarium quoque id est, ideo præpositum, ut rationes salva sint, item ostiarium, mulionemque instrumenti esse constat. c Alfenus ait textoribus omnibus, qui sui essent, cum moreretur, legatis; & eum quem postea ex his ostiarium fecisset, legato contineri. non enim ad aliud artificium, sed ad alium usum transductum esse. Porro, quo ignoti ædium ingressu arcerentur, non longe ab ostiarii cella, canis ingens, catena vincet[ur], in pariete erat pictus, superque quadrata litera scriptum CAVE CANEM, ut

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136 and doorkeepers and attendants are included. Ulpian says: A house, he says, as it is furnished, together with all its rights, when bequeathed, includes the urban household; likewise, craftsmen whose services were also provided for other estates are not included in the legacy. But doorkeepers, or gardeners, household servants, and water-carriers, if they serve only the house, will be included. b The same author says: the cellarium, that is, the one set over it for this very purpose, so that the accounts may be safe, likewise the doorkeeper and the muleteer, are recognized as part of the equipment. c Alfenus says that all the weavers who belonged to him, when he died, were bequeathed, and that the one whom he later made into a doorkeeper from among them was included in the legacy; for he had been transferred not to another craft, but to another use. Moreover, in order that unfamiliar persons might be kept from entering the house, not far from the doorkeeper's room there was a large dog, chained, painted on the wall, and above it in large square letters was written CAVE CANEM, so that

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De operis Servorum. 137 ut Petronius Arbiter Satyrico refert. Nam ex 4 edicto Ædilium canem mordacem ita habere, ut cuiquam nocere, vel damnum dare posset, non licebat. Vide latius Ausonii Popmæ fratris mei Conjectanea in Varronis Satyras Menippeas. Hostiarii etiam ecclesiasticum officium, dicti ab eo quod præessent hostiis templi, ut Isidorus lib. viii. cap. xii. auctor est. Ipsi enim, inquit, tenentes clavem omnia intus extraque custodiunt, atque inter bonos, & malos habentes judicium, fideles recipiunt, & respuunt infideles. Erant & in familia Libitinariorum claudendis, & aperiendis sepulchris destinati, qui Janitores sepulcrorum dicti. Julius Firmicus libro III. cap. II: In tertio loco Mercurius cum Saturno ab horoscopo pariliter constitutus, pollinctores faciet. ac funerarios mortuorum cadave- 2 Leg. hi enim; cum seq. ff. de adilit. editio.

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On the works of servants. 137 as Petronius Arbiter relates in the Satyrica. For by the fourth edict of the Aediles, to keep a biting dog in such a way that it could injure anyone or cause damage was not permitted. See further Ausonius, my brother Popma's Conjectanea, on Varro's Menippean Satires. The ostiarii also held an ecclesiastical office, so called because they were in charge of the doors of the temple, as Isidore, book viii, chap. xii, states. For they, he says, holding the key, guard everything inside and outside, and, having judgment between the good and the bad, receive the faithful and repel the unfaithful. There were also among the family of the Libitinarii those appointed for closing and opening tombs, who were called janitors of tombs. Julius Firmicus, book III, chap. II: In the third position Mercury, equally placed with Saturn from the horoscope, will make embalmers and undertakers of the dead corp 2 Read hi enim; with the following passage ff. de adilit. editio.

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138 TITI POPMÆ daverum custodes, aut sepulcrorum janitores. SCOPARII lavandis, & ster- corandis latrinis adhiberi soliti, quorum ministerium erat, ut scopis deverrant pavimenta sordentia, dicti à scopis, quas Græci nomi- nant; , quod scopare, ornareque indicat. Vnde illud apud Aristophanem elegantissimum, ne scopes Græciam, id est, ne in desolationem redigas: sic enim loquebantur antiquiores Græ- ci, ubi imprecatione acrius uti vel- lent. De his Vlpianus: Quibus- dam in regionibus accedunt instrumen- to, si villa cultior est, atrienses, sco- parii. Nam cum de cultiore villa agitur, recte atriensibus junguntur scoparii; & apud Plautum in Asi- naria atriensis scoparium, in quem atriensi erat imperium, sic alloqui- tur: Iussi

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138 TITI POPMÆ keepers of daverum, or doorkeepers of tombs. SCOPARII were usually employed for washing and cleaning out latrines, whose duty it was, with brooms to sweep away dirty floors; they were so called from scopæ, which the Greeks named; , because scopare, means to adorn. Hence that most elegant expression in Aristophanes, ne scopes Græciam, that is, do not reduce it to desolation: for this is how the older Greeks spoke, when they wished to use an imprecation more sharply. Of these Ulpian says: In some regions there are added to the equipment, if the villa is more cultivated, atrienses, sco- parii. For when a more cultivated villa is being spoken of, the scoparii are rightly joined with the atrienses; and in Plautus, in the Asinaria, the atriensis thus speaks to the scoparius, over whom the atriensis had authority: Iussi

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De operis Servorum. 139 Iussin' sceleste, ab janua hoc stercus hinc auferri; Iussin' columnis dejicier operas aranearum; Iussin' in splendorem dari bullas has foribus nostris? Dormitis interea domi; atque herus in haro, haud ædibus habitat. Et in Sticho Munditias volo fieri: ferte huc scopas, simulque arundinem, Vt operam omnem aranearum perdam, & texturam improbam, Dejiciamque earum omnis telas. Ad hos Cicero in Paradoxis respe- xit: Sed ut in familia, qui tergunt, qui ungunt, qui verrunt, qui spargunt, non honestissimum locum servitutis tenent: sic in civitate, qui se istarum rerum cupiditatibus dederunt, ipsius civitatis locum pene infimum obtinent. PENICVLI servi, qui peniculomensam abstergebant. erat autem Peniculus spongia oblonga, caudæ similis,

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On the works of slaves. 139 Did you order, you villain, this dung to be carried away from the door? Did you order the spider-webs to be taken down from the columns? Did you order these knobs on our doors to be polished bright? Meanwhile you sleep at home, while the master dwells in the barn, not in the house. And in Stichus : “I want things cleaned up: bring brushes here, and a reed as well, so that I may destroy all the work of the spiders, and their wicked weaving, and tear down all their webs.” To these things Cicero alluded in the Paradoxa : But just as in a household those who wipe, who anoint, who sweep, who scatter dust do not hold the most honorable place in servitude: so in the state those who have given themselves over to desires of that sort hold almost the lowest place in the commonwealth. Peniculi , servants who wiped the table with a peniculus . And a peniculus was an oblong sponge, like a tail.

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140 TITI POPMÆ milis, qua similiter ut nunc mensæ ab- stergebantur. Inde illud Plauti sub persona parasiti in Menæchmis: act. 1. sc. 1. Iuventus nomen fecit Peniculo mihi, Ideo qua mensam, quando edo, de- tergeo. Idcirco Scena, Sine fores, ludens scripsit joculariter; Quis iste est Peniculus, qui exter- gentur baxæ? Ac eodem ab Horatio allusum lib. 11. Sat. VIII. -------- puer alte cinctus, acernam Gausape purpureo mensam perter- sit: Martialis: Hæc tibi forte datur tergendis spon- gia mensis Vtilis, expresso cum levis imbre tumet. Et Vlpianus spongias instrumento do-

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140 TITI POPMÆ clean cloths, with which, similarly as now, tables were wiped. Hence that line of Plautus under the character of the parasite in the Menæchmi : act. 1. sc. 1. Youth has given me the name Peniculus, Therefore I wipe down the table when I eat. For that reason Scena, Sine fores, wrote playfully in jest; Who is that Peniculus, who wipes the benches? And the same is alluded to by Horace, book 11. Sat. VIII. -------- a boy tightly girded, with a purple cloth wiped a maple table: Martial: This sponge for wiping tables is perhaps given to you, useful when, pressed out, it swells with a light shower. And Ulpianus, sponges as an instrument for

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De operis Servorum. 141 domus adnumerat, atque iis columnas, pavimenta, podia, mensas extergeri refert. Peniculus etiam sive penicillus pictoris instrumentum, quo inducit in picturam colores; cujus " Marcianus meminit: Peniculi, inquit, & cauteria, & conchæ. Et Plinius lib. xxxv. cap. x. Arrepto peniculo lineam ex colore duxit summae tenuitatis per tabulam. Quintilianus lib. II. Instit. cap. XXII. Vt cælator calum, & pictor penicilla desiderant. Vnctores servi inter mancipia à patrefamilias usus causa comparata numerantur ab Arriano. Plautus Trinummo: act. II. sc. I. ----- ducitur familia tota Vestipicæ, unctor, auricustos. ----- Martialis XII. epigr. LXX. Atque olei stillam donaret opelicus unctor. Anti- a Leg. 17. de fund. instr.

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On the duties of slaves. 141 He also includes among them those who scour the columns, floors, seats, and tables of a house. The peniculus, or penicillus, is also the painter’s tool, with which he lays the colors on the painting; Marcianus mentions it: “Peniculi,” he says, “and cauteria, and shells.” And Pliny, book xxxv, chapter x: “Taking up the peniculus, he drew a line of color of the utmost fineness across the tablet.” Quintilian, book II of the Institutes, chapter XXII: “As the engraver needs his graver, so the painter needs his brushes.” Slaves who are oilers are counted by Arrian among the household slaves acquired by the paterfamilias for use. Plautus, Trinummus, act II, sc. I: ----- the whole household is led along the wardrobe-girl, the oiler, the keeper of the gold. ----- Martial, book XII, epigram LXX: And the oiler would have given a drop of oil to Opelicus. Anti- a Leg. 17. de fund. instr.

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142 TITI POPMÆ Antiqua inscriptio: AVRELIVS EROS VNCTOR. Et Cicero in Paradoxis: Qui tergunt, qui ungunt, qui verrunt, qui spargunt, non honestissimum locum servitutis tenent. FORNACATOR servus, qui fornacem balnei, caminumque succendit. Papinianus: Instrumento balneatorio legato etiam balneatorem contineri, Neratius respondit; continetur autem & fornacator. Hunc & fornacarium b Vlpianus nominat, cujus ad legem Aquiliam verba hæc sunt: Si fornacarius servus coloni ad fornacem obdormisset, & villa fuerit exusta, Neratius scribit ex locato conventum præstare debere, si negligens in eligendis ministris fuerit. Fornacarium etiam sunt qui intelligent pistrinarium, ac pistorem quoque. Hinc & fornacalia feriæ farris tor- rendi a Leg. 13. & 14. ß de instr. vel instrum. legat. b Leg. 27. ß. 9 ß. Ad 1. Aquil. c Budæus ad 1. Aquil. ß. si fornacarius 1. si servus servum.

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142 TITI POPMÆ Ancient inscription: AVRELIVS EROS VNCTOR. And Cicero in the Paradoxes: “Those who wipe, who anoint, who sweep, who scatter, do not hold the most honorable place of servitude.” FORNACATOR, a slave who lights the furnace of the bath and the stove. Papinian: With a bequest of bath equipment, Neratius replied that the bath-attendant is also included; and likewise the fornacator. Ulpian also calls this man a fornacarium, whose words on the Lex Aquilia are these: If a fornacarius, a slave of a farmer, had fallen asleep at the furnace, and the farmhouse had been burned down, Neratius writes that the person hired out must make good the damage, if he had been negligent in choosing his attendants. Some also understand by fornacarium the pistrinarium, and even the baker. Hence also the fornacalia, the festival days for roasting grain. a Leg. 13 & 14. § de instr. vel instrum. legat. b Leg. 27. § 9 § Ad 1. Aquil. c Budæus ad 1. Aquil. § si fornacarius 1. si servus servum.

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De operis Servorum. 143 rendi gratia institutæ, quod ad for- nacem, quæ in pistrinis erat, sacri- ficium fieri solebat. Ovidius II. Factorum: Facta dea est Fornax, læti fornace coloni. Et paulo post: Curio legitimis tunc Fornacalia ver- bis Maximus indicit, nec stata sa- cra facit. a Focarium autem qui focum curat, & focariam, si modo aliquo officio vi- rum adjuvet, b Trebatius instrumen- to contineri ait. BALNEATORES servi, qui balnearum curam habent, & earum usibus deserviunt. Vnde c Mæcia- nus ait Instrumento balneatorio legato, etiam balneatorem contineri, quoniam sine his balneæ usum suum præbere non possunt. a Leg. 1. §. caupones ff. naut. caup. b Leg. 12. § Trebatius. l. 15. ff. de instr. vel instrum. c Leg. 17. in fin. ff. de instr. vel instrum. l. 15. §. 1. ff. de usufruct.

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On the works of slaves. 143 for the sake of production was instituted, because sacrifice used to be offered to the furnace which was in the bakeries. Ovid, II. Fasti: The goddess Fornax was made, when the farmers rejoiced in the furnace. And a little later: Curio proclaims the Fornacalia with lawful words, Maximus, nor does he perform the fixed rites. a Moreover, he says that a focarium , that is, one who tends the hearth, and a focaria , if in some way she assists a man in his work, is contained in the bequest of utensils by Trebatius. BALNEATORES are slaves who have charge of the baths, and serve in their uses. Hence c Mæcianus says that when bath equipment is bequeathed, the bath-attendant is also included, since without these the baths cannot provide their proper use. a Leg. 1. §. caupones ff. naut. caup. b Leg. 12. § Trebatius. l. 15. ff. de instr. vel instrum. c Leg. 17. in fin. ff. de instr. vel instrum. l. 15. §. 1. ff. de usufruct.

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144 TITI POPMÆ possunt. Balneæ autem, vel balnea, loca sunt publica, in quibus aut sanitatis, aut abstergendarum fordium causa lavamur. Balneum in singulari numero, locus in domo nostra, ubi privatim lavamur. Horum meminit Cicero pro Coel. Familiaris facta erat balneatori. Plautus Truculento, act. II. sc. III. Omnes amatores balneatores sient. Balneatores vero ad custodienda vestimenta, conducta habebant mancipia. a Vlpianus: Sive balneator fuerit, velut in quibusdam provinciis fit, in balneis ad custodienda vestimenta, conducta habent mancipia. Qui balneas ingrediebantur, quadrantem balneatori solvebant; id quod Iuvenalis significat, cum ait: Cædere Sylvano porcum, quadrante lavari. Et Horatius Satyra III. lib. I. ferm. --- dum a Leg. 4. ß 2. ß de bis qui not. inf, am.

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144 TITI POPMÆ can. Baths, however, or balnea, are public places in which we bathe either for the sake of health, or for washing away dirt. Balneum in the singular number is a place in our house where we bathe privately. Cicero mentions these in Pro Coelio. It had become familiar to the bath attendant. Plautus, Truculentus, act. II, sc. III. All lovers should be bath attendants. Bath attendants, however, had hired slaves for guarding clothing. a Ulpian: Whether the bath attendant was so, as in certain provinces is done, with hired slaves in the baths for guarding clothing. Those who entered the baths paid a quadrans to the bath attendant; Juvenal indicates this when he says: To sacrifice a pig to Sylvanus, to bathe for a quadrans. And Horace, Satire III, book I, line ---dum a Leg. 4. § 2. § de bis qui not. inf, am.

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De operis Servorum. 145 dum tu quadrante lavatum Rex ibis, Veteres ante coenam plerumque balneas adibant. hinc de parasito vocato ad coenam Plautus Persa: Iam pol ille hîc aderit, credo, congerro meus. s A. Me dicit, euge! TO. Lautum credo à balneis Iam hic adfuturum. Et antequam irent ad tonsorem. Servus in tonstrina residens, apud Plautum Asinaria: Ille in balneas iturúst, inde huc veniet postea. Vbi prius quidem se lavabant, deinde ungebantur. Plautus Poenulo: ubi tu laveris, ibi Vt balneator faciat unguentariam. Apuleius lib. IV. Metamorph. In fine sermonis hujus statim sese devestiunt: nudatique, & flammæ largissimæ vapore recreati, calidaque G per-

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On the work of slaves. 145 when you have bathed for a quadrans, you will go as king. The ancients usually went to the baths before dinner. Hence, of the parasite summoned to dinner, Plautus, Persa : “By Pollux, that fellow of mine, I think, will be here at once. S. A. He is calling me, good! TO. Cleaned, I think, from the baths, he will be here immediately.” And before they went to the barber. A slave sitting in the barber’s shop, in Plautus, Asinaria : “He is going to the baths first, then he will come here afterward.” Where first indeed they washed themselves, then were anointed. Plautus, Poenulus : “Where you have washed, there let the bath-keeper provide the anointing room.” Apuleius, book IV of the Metamorphoses . At the end of this speech they at once strip themselves, and, naked, refreshed by the vapor of the very abundant flame and by the warm

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146 TITI POPMÆ perfusi, & oleo peruncti, mensas dapibus largiter instructas accumbunt. Tum fricabantur. Plautus Pseudolo: act. IV. sc. VII. Vnecti hi sunt senes. fricari sese ex antiquo volunt. Idem Poenulo, de ornatu muliebri agens: Lavari, aut fricari, aut tergeri, aut ornari, Poliri, expoliri, pingi, fingi. quo in genere Lucilianum illud: Scabor, supellor, desquamor, punicor, ornor, expilor, pingor. Sed qua hora veteres ad balnea ibant? Plinius de Spurinaloquens sic refert: Vbi hora balnei nuntiata est (est autem hyeme nona, æstate octava) in sole ambulat nudus: lotus accubat. Ergo balnei hora æstate, octava: hyeme, nona. Martialis: lib. x. Epigr. XLVIII. Nun-

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146 TITI POPMÆ drenched, and anointed with oil, they recline at tables richly supplied with dainties. Then they were rubbed down. Plautus, Pseudolus, act. IV, sc. VII. These old fellows are so tied up. They want to be rubbed, according to ancient custom. The same, in the Poenulus, speaking of female adornment: To be washed, or rubbed, or dried, or adorned, Polished, burnished, painted, fashioned. To which kind belongs that line of Lucilius: I am scraped, dressed up, flaked, whitened, adorned, stripped, painted. But at what hour did the ancients go to the baths? Pliny, speaking of Spurina, relates thus: When the hour of the bath is announced (and in winter it is the ninth hour, in summer the eighth) he walks naked in the sun: after bathing he lies down. Therefore the hour for bathing is, in summer, the eighth; in winter, the ninth. Martial, book X, Epigram XLVIII.

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De operis Servorum. 147 Nunciat octavam Phariæ suaturba juvencæ. Temperat hæc thermas: nimios prior horavapores Halat. Tertullianus de Jejuniis adversus Plychicos: Apud quasdam vero co- lonias præterea annuo ritu sacris veluti & cinere conspersi, idolis suis invidiam supplicem objiciunt. Balnea, & tabernacula in nonam usque clauduntur. Insimæ, & miserrimæ conditionis inter servos erant, qui a compedibus vincti villarum, ac possessionum ergastulis continebantur; unde illa apud b Plinium de imminuta agriculturæ dignitate querela: At nunc, inquit, eadem illa vincti pedes, damnatæ manus, inscripti vultus exercent. Et Seneca libro VII. De Benefic. cap. x. O miserum, si quem delectat sui patrimonii liber magnus, & vasta G 2 spatia 2 Leg. 15. S. 44. ß. de injuriis. b Lib. 18. cap. III. Natur. Hist.

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On the works of slaves. 147 It announces the eighth hour of Pharia, by the crowd of the young heifer. This regulates the baths: the excessive vapors of the earlier hour it breathes off. Tertullian, De Jejuniis , against the Psychici: “In certain colonies moreover, according to an annual rite, sprinkled as it were with ashes for sacred purposes, they bring upon their idols a reproach of supplication. The baths and the taverns are kept closed until the ninth hour.” Among slaves were those of the lowest and most wretched condition, who, bound with fetters, were kept in the ergastula of farms and estates; hence that complaint of Pliny about the diminished dignity of agriculture: “But now,” he says, “those same fettered feet, condemned hands, branded faces are at work.” And Seneca, book VII, De Beneficiis , chap. x: “O wretched man, if anyone delights in the great breadth of his own patrimony and the vast spaces…” G 2 2 Leg. 15. S. 44. §. de injuriis . b Lib. 18. cap. III. Natur. Hist.

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148 TITI POPMÆ spatia terrarum colenda per vinctos. De his Ovidius in libro de Ponto, ad Græcinum, de se loquens: Hæc facit ut vivat vinctus quoque compede fossor; Liberaque à ferro crura futura putet. Seneca libro de Tranquillitate animi cap. x. Cogita compeditos primo agre ferre onera, & impedimenta crurum: deinde ubi non indignari illa, sed pati proposuerunt, necessitas, fortiter ferre docet; consuetudo, facile. Et Propertius: Squallidus in magna fastidit compe- de fossor. Ad eosdem respexit Martialis li- bro ix. Epigram. xxii. Vt Setina meos consumat gleba li- gones, Et sonet innumera compede Tu- scus ager. Dicun-

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148 TITI POPMAE tracts of land to be cultivated by prisoners. Of these Ovid, in the book De Ponto , to Graecinus, speaking of himself: This makes that even the prisoner works with a fetter; and thinks his legs will one day be free from iron. Seneca, in the book De Tranquillitate animi cap. x. Think of the shackled, at first bearing loads and the hindrances of their legs: then, when they have resolved not to resent them, but to endure them, necessity teaches them to bear bravely; habit, easily. And Propertius: The filthy digger loathes the great fetter. Martial referred to the same men in li- book ix, Epigram xxii. May Setia's soil consume my hoes, and may the Tuscan field sound with countless fetters. Dicun-

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De operis Servorum. 149 Dicuntur & Alligati a a Columella, dum scribit vineta plurimum, per al- ligatos excoli. b Seneca sonantia laxi ruris ergastula vocat; Plautus genus ferratile, quod annulatis cruribus atterunt assidue ferrum. Mostella- ria: act. I. sc. I. Cis Hercle paucas tempestates, Tranio, Augebis ruri numerum, genus fer- ratile. Et Martialis: Annulus iste tuis fuerat modo cruri- bus aptus. Annulus enim pro compede, à simi- litudine quæ illi cum annulo. Plau- tus Menæchmis: act. I. sc. I. Nam se ex catenis eximunt aliquo modo. Tum compediti annulum lima pro- terunt, Aut lapide excutiunt clavim. G 5 Græci 2 Lib. I. cap ult. b Lib. III. Controversiarum.

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On the work of slaves. 149 They are called “bound” by Columella, when he writes that vineyards are greatly cultivated by the bound. b Seneca calls the sounding prison-houses of the country. Plautus calls it the iron kind, because, with rings on their legs, they continually wear away the iron. Mostellaria: Act I, scene I. By Hercules, in a few seasons, Tranio, you will increase the number in the countryside, iron kind. And Martial: That ring was just now fitted to your legs. For the ring stands in place of the fetter, from the resemblance which it has to a ring. Plautus, Menaechmi: Act I, scene I. For in some way they free themselves from chains. Then those in fetters wear down the ring with a file, or knock out the clasp with a stone. G 5 Greeks 2 Book I, last chapter. b Book III of the Controversies.

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150 TITI PORMÆ Græci ad rura excolenda etiam servis utebantur, quos Athenienses Lacedæmonii , Thessali , Cretes vocabant, ut Aristoteles, Halicarnasseus, Pollux, Æmilius Probus, & Suidas referunt. Et Persis vinciendorum servorum usitatum morem fuisse c Xenophon lib. I tradit. ARENARII, qui in harenam depugnandi causa intromissi essent, in extremæ notæ servis fuerunt. itaque nisi à venditore id palam pronunciatum esset, servi redhibendi gratia ex edicto ædilium judicium dabatur: qui postea manumissi civitatem Romanam sperare non poterant, sed dedititiorum numero habebantur. Horum meminit d Vlpianus: Item si quod, inquit, mancipium capitalem fraudem admiserit: mortis consciscendæ sibi causa quid fecerit: inve harenam depugnandi causa a Leg. 1. Politic. b Onomast. c In Tausan. d Leg. I. S. item si quod, f. de ædil. edit.

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150 TITI PORMÆ The Greeks also used slaves for cultivating the fields, whom the Athenians, Lacedæmonians, Thessalians, and Cretans called so, as Aristotle, Halicarnasseus, Pollux, Æmilius Probus, and Suidas relate. And Xenophon, book I, says that it was a customary practice among the Persians to bind slaves. ARENARII, who had been brought into the arena for the purpose of fighting, were among slaves of the lowest class. Thus, unless this had been openly declared by the seller, a suit was granted by decree of the ædiles for the return of slaves; and those who were later manumitted could not hope for Roman citizenship, but were regarded as among the number of dediticii. Ulpian makes mention of these: Likewise if, he says, a mancipium shall have committed a capital fraud: if he shall have done something for the purpose of taking his own life: or if he were brought into the arena for the purpose of fighting a Leg. 1. Politic. b Onomast. c In Tausan. d Leg. I. S. item si quod, f. de ædil. edit.

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De operis Servorum. sa ad bestias intromissus fuerit: ea omnia in venditionibus pronuncianto. ex his enim caussis judicium dabimus. HELCIARII servi, qui loris & capistris juncti, adversis flumini- bus, aut vento contrarionaves, vel machinas, molasque trahunt. Mar- tialis, lib. IV. Epigr. LXIV. Quem nec rumpere nauticum ce- leuma, Nec clamor valet helciariorum. Apuleius libro IX. Metamorphos. Iamque maxima diei parte transacta, defessum alioqui me, belcio sparteo di- moto, nexu machinæ liberatum appli- cant præsepio. Et paulo post: Helcio tandem absolutus refectuique secure redditus. Sunt præterea & alia ser- vorum genera, quorum alii receptitii, alii adscriptitii, alii originarii, alii vero fructuarii dicuntur. RECEPTITIVS servus est, non ut Festus interpretatur, qui ob vitium redhibitus sit, sed ut recte Gel- lius, G4

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On the labors of slaves. if he has been admitted to the beasts: let all these things be declared in sales. for from these causes we shall give judgment. HELCIARII are slaves who, joined with straps and halters, against the current of rivers, or against the wind, drag ships, or machines, or millstones. Martial, book IV, Epigram LXIV. Whom neither the sailor’s song can break, Nor the shouting of the helciarii can avail to move. Apuleius, book IX of the Metamorphoses. And now, with the greater part of the day spent, when I was otherwise exhausted, the helcium of rope being removed, I was freed from the fastening of the machine and brought to the manger. And a little later: at last freed from the helcium and safely restored for refreshment. There are besides other kinds of slaves, of whom some are called receptitii, others adscriptitii, others originarii, and others fruitarii. RECEPTITIVUS is a slave who, not, as Festus interprets, one who has been returned because of some defect, but, as Gellius correctly says, G4

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152 TITI POPMÆ lius, quem mulier in danda dote, aut donatione receperat. Quoties enim mulier dotem marito dabat, tum quæ ex suis bonis retinebat, neque ad virum transmittebat, ea recipere dicebatur, id est, excipere, ne in dominium mariti cum reliqua dote venirent. Cato in suasione legis Voconiæ: Principio vobis mulier magnam dotem attulit: tum magnam pecuniam recipit, quam in viri potestate non committit; eam pecuniam viro dat mutuam: postea ubi irata facta est, servum receptitium sectari, atque flagitare virum jubet. Eundem Plautus in Alinaria Dotalem servum nominat: Dotalem servum Sauream uxor tua Adduxit, cui plus in manu sit, quam tibi. Et

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152 TITI POPMAE lius, whom the woman had received in giving a dowry, or by donation. For whenever a woman gave a dowry to her husband, then what she retained from her own property, and did not transfer to the husband, was said to be received by her, that is, set apart, so that they would not come into the husband’s ownership together with the rest of the dowry. Cato, in his advocacy of the Lex Voconia: In the beginning the woman brought you a large dowry: then she receives a large sum of money, which she does not place in the husband’s power; that money she gives to her husband as a loan: afterward, when she has become angry, she orders the servus receptitius to go after the husband and press him for payment. The same Plautus, in the Alinaria, calls the dowry slave dotalis: Your wife brought Saurea, the dowry slave, one who has more in his hand than you have. And

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De operis Servorum. 153 Et * Papinianus: Servum, inquit, dotalem vir, qui solvendo est, constante matrimonio manumittere potest; si autem solvendo non est, licet alios cre- ditores non habeat, libertas servi impe- dietur, ut constante matrimonio deberi dos intelligatur. * ADSCRIPTICVS servus, quem Justinianus vocat, qui prædio, vel terræ alicui per- petuo colendæ sit adscriptus, sic ut inde se movere non possit, & omnia bona dominis prædiorum adquirat. Horum conditio Ad- scripticia dicitur; & appellantur modo originarii, modo coloni, non- nunquam agricolæ: qui utcunque conditione liberi esse videri possunt, cum durum illud dominorum jugum ut alia mancipia, non patiuntur, servi tamen existimantur, & eorum sunt G 5 nu- * Leg. 21. ff. de manumissionibus. 2 Novell. Constant. 22. b Leg. 54 ß. ult. ff. locati. leg. 32. ff. de pignor. c Leg. 6. 18. 22. Cod. de agricol. censit. & Colon. d Leg. ult. Cod. de transactio- nibus.

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On the property of Slaves. 153 And Papinian says: a slave belonging to a dowry, if the husband is solvent, may be manumitted while the marriage continues; but if he is not solvent, even though he has no other creditors, the slave’s liberty will be impeded, so that the dowry is understood to be due while the marriage continues. The ADSCRIPTICIAN slave, as Justinian calls him, is one who is attached to an estate, or to some piece of land, to be cultivated in perpetuity, so that he cannot remove himself from it, and acquires all goods for the owners of the estates. Their condition is called Adscripticia; and they are called sometimes originarii, sometimes coloni, and sometimes agricolae: who, however much they may seem to be free by condition, since they do not endure that harsh yoke of masters like other mancipia, are nevertheless regarded as slaves, and are of theirs G 5 nu- * Leg. 21. ff. de manumissionibus. 2 Novell. Constant. 22. b Leg. 54 ß. ult. ff. locati. leg. 32. ff. de pignor. c Leg. 6. 18. 22. Cod. de agricol. censit. & Colon. d Leg. ult. Cod. de transactionibus.

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154 TITI POPMÆ numero, partim respectu terræ, cui perpetuo sunt adsignati; partim dominorum consideratione, quorum dominis non secus quam servi subjiciuntur. Quæ enim differentia, inquit Justinianus, inter servos, & adscripticios intelligatur, cum uterque in domini sui potestate est positus, & possit servum cum peculio manumittere; & adscripticium cum terra dominio suo a expellere. Hos etiam partiarios quidam vocant. b ORIGINARII, qui & originales appellantur, ex adscripticiis nati sunt in ipso solo, sive fundo; & ejusmodi sine terra, quam coluerunt, vendinequeunt. c Sic & d Originaria. c FRUCTVARII servi vocantur, in quibus usumfructum quis habet, sed alterius est proprietas. Nam 3 Leg. cum satis. Cod. de agric. & censit. b leg. 4. Cod. eod. c eod leg. 7. 11. Cod. eodem. d leg. 7. Cod. de murilegulis. e leg. 37. 5. ff. de acquirend. rer. domin. leg. 39. ff. de stipulat. serv.

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154 TITI POPMÆ in number, partly with respect to the land to which they are permanently assigned; partly in consideration of the masters, to whom they are subject no differently than slaves. For what difference, says Justinian, is to be understood between slaves and adscripticii, since each is placed under the power of his master, and one may manumit a slave together with his peculium; and expel an adscripticius with the land from his ownership a . Some also call these partiarii. b ORIGINARII, who are also called originales, are born from adscripticii on the very soil, or estate; and persons of this kind cannot be sold apart from the land which they have cultivated. c Thus also d Originaria. c FRUCTVARII slaves are called those in whom one has the usufruct, but ownership belongs to another. For 3 Leg. cum satis. Cod. de agric. & censit. b leg. 4. Cod. eod. c eod leg. 7. 11. Cod. eodem. d leg. 7. Cod. de murilegulis. e leg. 37. 5. ff. de acquirend. rer. domin. leg. 39. ff. de stipulat. serv.

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De operis Servorum. 155 Nam & fructuarii servi in servitute fuisse videntur, nec tam proprietatis causa ad quæstionem, quam ministerii a pertinent. Vlpianus: Suos autem servos, vel ancillas eos accipimus, qui sunt pleno jure testantis. inter quos fructuarii non continebuntur. De iis autem servis, quos veteres morbosos, & fugæ suspectos habebant, in edicto Ædilium Curulium, qua parte de mancipiis vendundis cautum, scriptum sic fuit: Titulus servorum singularum, ut scriptus sit curato, ita ut intelligi recte possit, quid morbi, vitiique cuique sit; Quis fugitivus, errove sit, noxave solutus non sit. FUGITIVVM servum b Ofilius definit, qui extra domini domum, fugæ causa, quo se à domino celaret, mansit: Cælius eum, qui ea mente discederet, ut ne ad dominum rediret: qui ex animo, & affectu fugæ, non ex ipso fugæ actu æstimandus. Quod ta- men G 6 a Leg. 27. ß. ad leg. Iul. de adult. b Leg. 17. in princ. & ß. 1. secq. ß. de ædilit edit.

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On the works of slaves. 155 For usufructuary slaves also seem to have been in servitude, and they pertain not so much to the question of ownership as to service. Ulpian says: We understand as our slaves or handmaids those who are under the full right of the testator; among these usufructuary slaves will not be included. As for those slaves whom the ancients regarded as diseased and suspected of flight, in the Edict of the Curule Aediles, in that part in which provision was made concerning the selling of slaves, it was written thus: The title of each slave shall be so written and carefully stated that it may be properly understood what disease or defect each has; whether he is a runaway or a wanderer, or is not free from liability. A fugitive slave is defined by Ofilius as one who remained outside his master's house, for the sake of flight, so as to conceal himself from his master; Caelius defines him as one who departs with the intention not to return to his master: he is to be judged by the purpose and disposition of flight, not by the mere act of fleeing. However,

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156 TITI PORMÆ men sic accipiendum est, ut solo proposito fugiendi à domino servus fugitivus non fiat, nisi in ipsum factum fugæ, initio mente a deduxerit. De his Plautus Menæchmis: Homines captivos qui catenis vincunt: Et qui fugitivis servis induunt compedes. Idem in Captivis: Apage, haud nos deceit fugitivos imitari. Fugitivi autem notis, vel literis compungi solent, quibus persæpe dignoscuntur, & deprehenduntur; b sed c pedum amputatione coërceri, c qua parte peccassent, eadem mulctari. Quintilianus: Si quis fugitivo stigma scripserit. Petronius Arbiter: Notum fugitivorum epi- gram- a Leg. 225. ß. de verb. signific. b Leg. 3. Cod. de serv. fugit.

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156 TIT. FORMAE but thus it is to be understood, that by the mere intention of fleeing from his master, a slave does not become a fugitive, unless he has first formed in his mind the actual act of flight. On this point Plautus in the Menaechmi: Men who bind captives with chains: And those who put fetters on fugitive slaves. Likewise in the Captivi: Away! it does not deceive us to imitate fugitives. Fugitives, however, are wont to be branded with marks or letters, by which they are very often recognized and detected; b but c to be restrained by the amputation of their feet, with the same part by which they sinned being punished. Quintilian: If anyone should have branded a fugitive. Petronius Arbiter: The well-known epigram of fugitives- a Leg. 225. §. de verb. signific. b Leg. 3. Cod. de serv. fugit.

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De operis Servorum. 157 gramma. Capitolinus in Macrino: Servos, qui à dominis fugissent, re- pertos, ad gladii ludum deputabat. Solebant & servi fugitivi ne de- prehenderentur, & ut hanc gra- vem poenam evitarent, exclusis utrimque auribus capite operto in- cedere. itaque apud Senecam de Mæcenate scriptum: Hunc esse qui in tribunali, in rostris, in omni publico coetu sic apparuerit, ut pallio velare- tur caput, exclusis utrimque auri- bus, non aliter quam in mimo Divite fugitivi solent. Vtilitatis vero causa receptum est, ut servi qui sunt in fuga, pro furtivis habeantur, ne usucapi, vel longi temporis præ- scriptione adquiri possint; & sic à fu- ga deterreantur, si nec recipi se posse à quoquam, vel celari impune, intellexerint, nec alteri adquiri ullo titulo. Qui vero à domino non agno- scuntur, per officium præfecti vigi- lum distrabuntur, & intratriennium à die G 7 2 Leg. I. C. de servis fugit.

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On the works of slaves. 157 Grammarian. Capitolinus in Macrinus: He assigned to the sword-fight those slaves who had fled from their masters and were found. Slaves who had run away used to walk with both ears covered, so as not to be detected, and thus to avoid this severe punishment. Hence, in Seneca there is written of Maecenas: This is the man who appeared in the tribunal, on the rostra, in every public assembly, with his head covered by a cloak, with both ears concealed, not otherwise than runaway slaves are accustomed to do in the mime of the Rich Man. For reasons of utility it has been enacted that slaves who are in flight shall be regarded as stolen property, lest they be capable of usucapion, or of being acquired by prescription of long time; and so they may be deterred from fleeing, if they understand that they can neither be taken back by anyone, nor hidden with impunity, nor acquired by another under any title. But those who are not recognized by their master are detained by the office of the prefect of the watch, and within three years from the day G 7 2 Leg. I. C. de servis fugit.

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158 TITI POPMÆ die venditionis agniti, emptor pretium à fisco recipere potest, sed post triennium domino vindicantes, emptor summovet præscriptione triennii. FUGITIVARIVS est, ad quem se fugitivus receperat, & qui eos reducit; vel qui dominis indicat, ubi fugitivi celenter. a Vlpianus: Si apud te ego, & fugitivarius deposuimus. Et qui fugitivos servos persequitur, id quod ex L. Annæo Floro perspicuum, dum bello servili, uti capta fuerint prætorum castra, & fugati cives refert: Ita, inquit, qui per fugitivarios retrahi debuissent, prætorios duces profugos prælio ipsi sequebantur. Ad officium autem præfecti vigilum spectat, ut b fugitivos conquirat, & dominis agnoscentibus reddat, non agnitos vendat. Moris etiam Romani, ut is, cujus servus fugerat libello proposito, vel per præconem denunciaret, tan- tum a Leg. 18. ff. de præscrip. verlis. b leg. ult. ff. de off. præf. vigil.

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158 TITULUS POPMÆ when the act of sale is acknowledged, the buyer can recover the price from the fisc, but after three years the owner, by bringing a claim, bars the buyer by the three-year prescription. A FUGITIVARIUS is one to whom a fugitive slave had taken refuge, and who returns such persons; or one who informs the masters where fugitives are concealed. a Ulpian: If I have deposited with you and with a fugitivarius. And he who pursues fugitive slaves, as is clear from L. Annaeus Florus, while, in the Servile War, the praetors’ camps had been captured and the citizens put to flight, he relates: Thus, he says, those who ought to have been brought back through fugitivarii, the fugitive praetorian leaders themselves were following in battle. It is part of the duty of the prefect of the watch to b search for fugitives, and, if identified by their masters, to return them, and if not identified, to sell them. It was also the custom of the Romans that the man whose slave had fled should, by posting a notice, or by proclamation through a crier, announce that so much was due. a Leg. 18. ff. de præscrip. verbis. b leg. ult. ff. de off. præf. vigil.

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De operis Servorum. 159 tum se daturum ei, qui ad se servum perduxisset. Plautus Mercatore, Act. III. Sc. ult. Certum est præconem jubere jam quantum est conducier, Qui illam investigent, inveniant. Post ad Prætorem Ibo, orabo, ut conquisitores det mihi in vicis omnibus, &c. Curius Fortunatius J. C. Rhetoricæ lib. I. Cujus servus fugerat libello proposito, vel per præconem nuntians, dixit daturum se denarios mille ei, qui ad se servum perduxisset. Et a Vlpianus: Si tibi indicium dedero ut fugitivum meum indices, vel furem rerum mearum; non poterit repeti quod datum est. FURCIFER servus vocabatur, qui ob flagitium aliquod furcam in collo circumferre per urbem, aut viciniam à domino cogebatur, igno- 2 Leg. 4. ff. de cond. ob turp. causam.

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On the works of servants. 159 then he would give to the one who had brought the servant back to him. Plautus, Mercator , Act III, scene at the end. It is certain to order the herald now how much it is to be hired for, that they may search for her, find her. Afterward, to the Praetor I will go, I will beg that he give me searchers in all the streets, &c. Curius Fortunatius, J.C., Rhetoric, book I. When his servant had fled, by a posted notice, or by a herald announcing it, he said that he would give a thousand denarii to the one who had brought the servant back to him. And from Ulpian: If I give you information so that you may point out my fugitive or a thief of my property; what has been given cannot be claimed back. A servant was called a furcifer , who, on account of some disgraceful act, was forced by his master to carry a forked yoke around the city or the neighborhood about his neck, ignobly 2 Leg. 4. ff. de cond. ob turp. causam.

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160 Τ ἹΤΙ Р О Р Μ ΑΕ ignominiae magis, quam supplicii caula. Isidorus: Furcifer dicebatur olim, qui ob leve delictum cogebatur à dominis, ignominiae magis, quam supplicii causa, furcam circa urbem ferre, prædicans peccatum suum, [n]o[n] monens ceteros, ne quid simile peccarent. Meminit hujus supplicii Plutarchus in Coriolano, cum humane habitos servos à priscis dominis narrat: " [H]e [n]o[n] μεγάλη πολασίς σκέτη πλημμελητοῦντε, εἰ ξυλον αμαζης [αν]τον ρύμον υπερειδοιν αγάμει [n]o[n] διεξελθοι παρὰ τὴν γειτιασίν, [αν]ηδὶ τῶτο παθοῦ, παὶ σφθέις, σκέτι πισιν εἰχεν, ἐπαλεῖτο δὲ Φυρειφερ. Id est: Erat autem magna castigatio servi delinquentis, si lignum currus, quo temonem sustentant, ferens exiret circa viciniam. Id enim passus, [n]o[n] sic conspicuus, non ultra fidem habebat, [n]o[n] vocabatur Furcifer. Plautus in Amph. Ego polteistis tuis pro dictis [n]o[n] malefactis, furcifer Accipiam. ——— Teren-

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160 Τ ἹΤΙ Р О Р Μ ΑΕ for the sake of ignominy rather than punishment. Isidorus: Furcifer was formerly called one who, for a slight offense, was compelled by his masters, more for the sake of disgrace than punishment, to carry a fork around the city, proclaiming his own crime, not warning others lest they commit something similar. Plutarch mentions this punishment in Coriolanus, when he recounts the humane treatment of slaves by the ancient masters: “[H]e [n]o[n] μεγάλη πολασίς σκέτη πλημμελητοῦντε, εἰ ξυλον αμαζης [αν]τον ρύμον υπερειδοιν αγάμει [n]o[n] διεξελθοι παρὰ τὴν γειτιασίν, [αν]ηδὶ τῶτο παθοῦ, παὶ σφθέις, σκέτι πισιν εἰχεν, ἐπαλεῖτο δὲ Φυρειφερ.” That is: There was indeed a great chastisement for a delinquent slave, if, carrying the wood of the cart by which they support the pole, he went out around the neighborhood. For when this was done, being thus exposed, he had no further credit, and was called Furcifer. Plautus in Amphitruo: “I shall accept your words, furcifer, not your deeds.” ——— Teren-

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De operis Servorum. 161 Terentius in Andria: Oh! tibi ego ut credam furcifer? Hinc trifurcifer, insignis furcifer dicitur. Vnde Plautus in Aulularia: CON. tu trium literarum homo, Vituperas me? AN. etiam fur trifurcifer. Furcam vero quam servi pro delicto circumferre cogeantur, Plutarchus in Coriolano, & Halicarnasseus lib. vii. describunt. at non eadem erat furca ad quam ligati, & sub ea cæsi per viam ducebantur, deinde collo in eam injecto traducebantur ad supplicium, sed lignum duplex , vel potius , quo media parte collo inserto vincitur cervix rei, ut Plutarchus, Suidas, & Zonaras tradunt. Cicero: Servus per Circum, cum virgis cæderetur, Furcam ferens ductus est. Livius: Servum quidam paterfamilias nondum commisso specta- culo

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On the labors of slaves. 161 Terentius in Andria: Oh! am I to believe you, furcifer? From this comes trifurcifer, an infamous furcifer, as he is called. Hence Plautus in Aulularia: CON. You man of three letters, why do you reproach me? AN. Yes, thief, trifurcifer. Plutarch in Coriolanus, and Halicarnassensis, book vii., describe the furca which slaves were compelled to carry around as a punishment for a fault. But it was not the same furca to which they were bound and, with blows under it, led along the road, and then with the neck thrust into it were brought on to punishment, but a double piece of wood, or rather one by which, with the middle part inserted at the neck, the culprit’s throat is fastened, as Plutarch, Suidas, and Zonaras relate. Cicero: A slave, when being flogged around the Circus with rods, was led away carrying the furca. Livy: A certain head of a household, not yet having begun the spectacle

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162 TITI POPME culo, sub a furca casum, medio egerat circo. Suetonius in Nerone: More majorum nudi hominis cervicem inseri furca, corpus ad necem cædi. Aurelius Victor: Senatus sententia constitutum, ut more majorum collo in furcam conjecto, virgis ad necem eaderetur. Habena autem, cædi servos solitos ex b Vlpiano constat, & ex Horatii versulib. 11. Epistol. In scalis latuit metuens pendentis habenæ. Estant præterea servi vinarii, errores, vespertiliones, plagiarii, insularii, servi poenæ, literati, veteratores, & novitii. VINARIOS c Vlpianus in Ædilitio vocat, servos vino deditos: Item aleatores, inquit, & vinarios non contineri edicto quosdam respondisse, Pom- panius 2 Vide Cujacium lib. 16. cap. 1. Observation. Petrum Fabrum cap. 8. lib. 11. Semestrium, & Lipsium lib. 2. cap. 1. & 3. de Cruce. b Leg. 1. 6. impuberi. ff. de S. C. Silaniam. c Leg. 4. 6. 2. ff. de adilit. edict.

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162 TITI POPME also, under the yoke, he was carried through the middle of the circus. Suetonius in Nero: According to the custom of our ancestors, the neck of a naked man was placed in the yoke, and the body was beaten to death. Aurelius Victor: By decree of the Senate it was established that, according to the custom of our ancestors, with the neck thrust into the yoke, he should be scourged to death. And that a strap was used to beat slaves is clear from Ulpian, and from the verses of Horace, Book II, Epistles. He hid on the ladder, fearing the hanging strap. Moreover, there are slaves of various kinds: wine-sellers, runaways, bats, kidnappers, tenants of insulae, slaves of punishment, educated slaves, old hands, and novices. ULPIAN in the Edict of the Aediles calls VINARII slaves devoted to wine: likewise, he says, it has been replied by some that gamblers and vinarii are not included in the edict. Pomponius 2 See Cujacius, lib. 16, cap. 1, Observationes; Petrus Faber, cap. 8, lib. 11, Semestrium; and Lipsius, lib. 2, cap. 1 and 3, de Cruce. b Leg. 1. 6. impuberi. ff. de S. C. Silan. c Leg. 4. 6. 2. ff. de aedilit. edict.

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De operis Servorum. 163 ponius ait. Et paullo post: a Quod deterior factus est servus, non solum ad corpus, sed etiam ad animi vitia referendum est. ut puta si imitatione conservorum apud emptorem talis factus est: aleator forte, vel vinarius, vel erro evasit. ERRORES servi dicuntur, qui non quidem fugiunt, sed frequenter sine caussa vagantur, & tempore in res nugatorias comsumpto, serius domum redeunt; & differunt à fugitivis; quod fugitivi eo animo fugiunt, ut non redeant; leviusque est erroris, quam fugitivi vitium. Vnde b Labeo definit errorem pusillum fugitivumesse; & ideo fugitivum, & errorem non secundum propositionem mentis solam, sed cum aliquo facto intelligi constat. Et c Arrius: Erro, inquit, in servo est, ut emansor in mili- 2 Leg. 25 S. Tedius eod. tit. b Leg. 4 S. 2. ff. de ædilit edict. c Leg. 25. S. Tedius. ff. eod. tit. d leg. 17. S. errorem, ff. eod. tit. e loco citato. f leg. 225. ff. de verb. signif. g leg. 4 S. 14. ff. de remilit.

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On the works of slaves. 163 Ponius says. And a little later: “That the slave has become worse is to be referred not only to bodily faults, but also to vices of the mind, as for example if, by imitation of fellow slaves, he has become such in the buyer’s house: perhaps a gambler, or a wine-bibber, or a runaway. The faults of slaves are called “errors,” who do not indeed flee, but often wander about without cause, and, time being spent on trivial matters, return home later; and they differ from fugitives, because fugitives flee with the intention not to return; and the vice of error is less serious than that of a fugitive. Hence Labeo defines an error as a small fugitive; and therefore both “fugitive” and “error” are understood not merely according to the proposition of the mind, but together with some act. And Arrius says: An “error,” he says, in a slave is like an “emansor” in a mil- 2 Leg. 25 § Tedius, eod. tit. b Leg. 4 § 2. ff. de ædilit. edict. c Leg. 25 § Tedius. ff. eod. tit. d Leg. 17 § errorem, ff. eod. tit. e loco citato. f Leg. 225. ff. de verb. signif. g Leg. 4 § 14. ff. de remilit.

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164 TITI POPMÆ militibus. a Emptor autem servorum errones non esse, aut noxa solutos re- promitti sibire recte postulat. VESPERTILIONEM servum b Alciatus esse putat decoctorem, aut rationum conturbatorem in stipulatione evictionis, qua jubet Prætor caveri servum venditum furem non esse, vespertilionem non esse; eo quod servis peculium plerumque concedebatur, in quo fraudare creditores poterant. Budæus per vespertilionem intelligit, qui interdiu exiliter videt, & vesperi justam aciem habet. Mihi verspertiliones servi videntur esse, qui interdiu latitant, & nihil agunt, noctu vero oberrant, ut nullum usum dominis præstent; qua ratione Varro in Agathone locutus: Quid multa? factus sum vespertilio, neque In a Leg. 14. Col. de act. empti. b Lib. priorib. Parergon.

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164 TITI POPMÆ for soldiers. But the buyer of slaves rightly demands that runaways are not to be sold to him, or that slaves freed from liability for wrongdoing are to be guaranteed. A VESPERTILIO is a slave b Alciatus thinks it is a bankrupt, or one who has thrown accounts into confusion in the stipulation of eviction, in which the Praetor orders that security be given that the slave sold is not a thief, not a vespertilio; because slaves were usually allowed a peculium, in which they could defraud their creditors. Budæus understands by vespertilio one who sees poorly by day, and at evening has a proper sight. To me vespertiliones seem to be slaves who by day hide themselves and do nothing, but by night wander about, so that they render no service to their masters; in this sense Varro spoke in Agatho: What more? I have become a vespertilio, and not In a Leg. 14. Col. de act. empti. b Lib. priorib. Parergon.

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De operis Servorum. 165 In muribus plane, neque in volucribus sum. Nonius videtur sic eos appellasse, qui dubiæ sunt fidei; quia vespertilio nec inter mures sit, nec inter volucres, ut auctor est Plinius; averfanturque eam aves tamquam quadrupedem, & quadrupedes tanquam volucrem. Artemidorus libro III. tradit, & sic fures, atque adulteros appellari posse, quoniam, ut ait Catullus, Luce latent fures. Quem vero Vlpianus vespertilionem, Plautus tenebricolam vocat, Varro tenebrionem, lucifugam Lucilius. Aristophanes in Nubibus, Chærephonti Socratico inditum Nycteridis, id est vespertilionis nomen refert, quia atro colore esset, & tenuissimam vocem haberet. Basilius Hexameron ad philosophos id trahit, qui hebetibus oculis cælestia con-

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On the works of slaves. 165 In mice plainly, and not among birds, am I. Nonius seems to have so called those whose faith is doubtful; because the bat is neither among mice nor among birds, as Pliny is the authority; and birds avoid it as though it were a quadruped, and quadrupeds as though it were a bird. Artemidorus reports in book III, and likewise that thieves and adulterers can be so called, since, as Catullus says, Thieves hide by day. Whom indeed Ulpian calls a bat, Plautus calls a tenebricola, Varro a tenebrion, Lucilius a lucifuga. Aristophanes in the Clouds, to Chaerephon the Socratic, the name Nycteris, that is, of bat, assigns, because he was of dark color and had a very thin voice. Basil in the Hexameron refers this to philosophers, who with dim eyes the heavenly con-

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166 TITI POPMÆ contemplantur, cæcutientes in rebus feriis, quod animal id interdiu parum videat. Vespertiliones per translationem dicuntur etiam debitores, qui ære alieno obruti metu creditorum, interdiu domi delitescunt, noctu tantum prodeuntes. a PLAGIARIVS servus mancipiorum supressor, quem Tertullianus libro primo adversus Marcionem plagiatorem vocat, qui servo, aut servæ persuadet, ut à domino, dominave fugiat; vel eum eamve invito, vel insciente domino celat, vinctum habet, emit, vel vendit. Plagiarius etiam dicitur, b qui sciens liberum hominem vendit, in servitutem trahit, aut eo utitur quasi servo: & qui servos alienos supprimit. Auctor Etymologici: ἀνδραποδις ἐν ὑμὸν ὑτῶς ἐλιυθίρης ἀπάγων ἐτῶς δελιαν, 2 Leg. 17. ß. 7. ß. de adilitio edicto. leg. 52. ß. 12. ß. de furtis. leg. 8. Cod. de repud. b Leg. 2. C. ubi. de crim. agi oportet. lib. 5. ß. qui defens. ß. de remilit. 1. 1. Cod. ad leg Fab. de plagiar.

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166 TITI POPMAE are contemplated, being half-blind in holidays matters, because that animal sees little by day. Bats are also metaphorically called debtors, who, overwhelmed by debt and through fear of their creditors, hide at home by day, coming out only at night. a PLAGIARIUS, a servile kidnapper of slaves, whom Tertullian in the first book against Marcion calls a plagiator: one who persuades a male slave or female slave to flee from his master or mistress; or who hides such a one, against the will or without the knowledge of the master, keeps him bound, buys, or sells him. A plagiarius is also one who knowingly sells a free man, reduces him to slavery, or treats him as though he were a slave; and one who suppresses another's slaves. Author of the Etymologicum: ἀνδραποδιστὴς ἐν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἀπάγων ἐπὶ τὴν δουλείαν, 2 Leg. 17. §. 7. §. de adilitio edicto. leg. 52. §. 12. §. de furtis. leg. 8. Cod. de repud. b Leg. 2. C. ubi. de crim. agi oportet. lib. 5. §. qui defens. §. de remilit. 1. 1. Cod. ad leg Fab. de plagiar.

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De operis Servorum. 167 In tabernis vero versabantur servi plagiarii, ut Festus ait, & alii humilis conditionis viri, ac mulieres. INSULARIVS servus custos insulæ; sive domus in urbe ab aliis domibus sejunctæ more insularum. Insula enim ædificium proprio ambitu separatum ab aliis. Tacitus: Germania suam quisque domum spacio circumdat, nullis cohærentibus ædificiis, more insularum. Pomponius: Dominus, inquit, proprietatis, etiam invito usufructuario, vel usuario, fundum, vel ædes, per saltuarium, vel insularium custodire potest. Insularium urbanorum numero esse idem Pomponius tradit: Vrbana familia, rustica non loco, sed genere distinguitur: potest enim aliquis dispensator non esse urbanorum servorum numero, veluti is qui rustico- rum 2 Leg. 16 S. I. ff. de usu. & habit. b Leg. Vrbana familia de verb. signif.

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On the works of slaves. 167 In shops, however, were employed servi plagiarii, as Festus says, and other men and women of humble condition. INSULARIVS, a slave, keeper of the insula; or of houses in the city separated from other houses in the manner of insulae. For an insula is a building separated from others by its own enclosure. Tacitus: Each person surrounds his house in Germany with a space around it, no buildings being joined together, in the manner of insulae. Pomponius: The owner, he says, of the property may, even against the will of the usufructuary, or user, protect the farm or houses through a saltuarius or insularius. Pomponius also relates that the insularii belong to the number of urban slaves: The urban household is distinguished from the rural, not by place but by kind; for someone may be a steward and yet not be among the number of urban slaves, such as one who is of the rural slaves. 2 Leg. 16 S. I. ff. de usu. & habit. b Leg. Urbana familia de verb. signif.

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168 TITI POENÆ rum rationes dispenset, ibique habitet; & non multum abest à villico. Insularius autem urbanorum numero est. Insularii etiam dicuntur viles servi ac pessimi, a qui sine civitate sunt in opus publicum perpetuo dati, & in insulam deportati. Deportationem in insulam significat Seneca: Magis ignosco ei, qui vulnus inimici, quam qui insulam concupiscit. Sunt qui servos insularios putent indicatos in carmine obscæno his versibus: Ductor ferreus insularis, æque Laternæ videor fricare cornu. b SERVI POENÆ dicuntur, qui in metallum, & in opus metalli, vel qua alia poena damnantur, quæ corporis laborem, & servitutem irrogat: veluti qui in metallicorum ministerium, ad ludum, ad bestias, in opus a Leg. 17. ß. de pænis. b Leg. 12. l. 17. l. 36. ß. eodem. l. 25. ß. si quis plane. ß. de acq. hæred. leg 7. ß. de his qui sunt sui vel alien.

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168 THE PENAL PUNISHMENTS and there manage the accounts there; and he is not far from the steward. The insularius however is included among the urban slaves. Insularii are also called low and very wicked slaves, who, being without citizenship, are permanently assigned to public work, and transported to an island. Seneca signifies deportation to an island: “I am more forgiving of him who desires the wound of an enemy, than of him who desires an island.” There are those who think the insularii slaves are indicated in an obscene poem by these verses: “I, the iron leader of the island, seem likewise to be rubbing the horn of the lantern.” b PENAL SLAVES are called those who are condemned to the mine, and to work in the mine, or to any other punishment which inflicts bodily toil and servitude: such as those who are assigned to the service of the mine-workers, to the arena, to the beasts, to work a Law 17. §. de pænis. b Law 12. l. 17. l. 36. §. same. l. 25. §. si quis plane. §. de acq. hæred. law 7. §. de his qui sunt sui vel alien.

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De operis Servorum. 169 opus publicum damnantur; qui poenæ magis, quam Cæsaris, & fisci servi sunt. Marcianus: Quidam sunt servi poenæ, ut in metallum damnati, & in opus metalli. Atque hi quidem vel in perpetuum, vel ad tempus damnari solent, qui in omnijure vere, ac semper similes sunt mortuis. Servam etiam poenæ mulierem factam, quæ vel in opus salinarum, vel in ministerium metallicorum damnabatur, Vlpianus tradit: In ministerium, inquit, metallicorum foeminæ in perpetuum, vel ad tempus damnari solent, simili modo, & in salinas. Et siquidem in perpetuum fuerint damnatæ, quasi servi poenæ constituuntur. Nam hujusmodi etiam poenis, quæ servitutem irrogarent, adfici mulieres consueverant: quam tamen servitutis poenam Justinianus postea Novella xii. abrogavit. H LITE- 1 Leg. 8. 5. in ministerium. [etc] de poen, 1. 6. [etc] de statu liber. 1. 6. [etc] de captis & postlim.

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On the works of slaves. 169 they are condemned to public work; those who are servants rather of punishment than of Caesar and of the treasury. Marcian says: There are certain slaves of punishment, such as those condemned to the mines and to work in the mines. And indeed these are usually condemned either for life or for a time, who in every respect and in law are truly and always like the dead. Ulpian also relates that a woman was made a slave of punishment, who was condemned either to work in the salt works or to the service of the miners: “Women,” he says, “are usually condemned to the service of the miners for life or for a time, in like manner also to the salt works.” And if indeed they were condemned for life, they are established as though slaves of punishment. For women were also accustomed to be subjected to punishments of this sort, which would impose servitude; but Justinian later abolished this punishment of servitude in Novella XII. H LITE- 1 Leg. 8. 5. in ministerium. [etc] de poen, 1. 6. [etc] de statu liber. 1. 6. [etc] de captis & postlim.

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170 TITI POPMÆ LITERATVM servum in Casina Plauti pro stigmatico accipiunt, qui literarum notis sit inuitus: Si hic literatus me sinat. Nam veteres servorum suorum frontes, si quid gravius deliquissent, poenæ nomine, aut literis, aut aliis quibusdam notis per ignominiam ardenti ferro inurebant: post inu-stionem autem, quo magis eminerent literæ, & præberent se lectui, atramentum infundebatur, ut ex Zonara, & Petronio constat. Vnde Juvenalis: lib. XIV. Tum felix, quoties aliquis tortore vocato Vritur, ardenti duo propter linteæ ferro. Et apud Plautum Sceparnio folus, destitutus, & animi anxius ait in Rudente. act. II. sc. v. Nempe

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170 TITI POPMAE They take the literatum servum in Plautus’ Casina for a branded slave, one who is unwillingly marked with letters: “If this literate man would let me.” For the ancients used to brand the foreheads of their slaves, if they had committed some more serious offense, as a punishment, with letters or with certain other marks of disgrace, using a hot iron; after the branding, however, so that the letters might stand out more and present themselves to be read, ink was poured in, as is clear from Zonaras and Petronius. Whence Juvenal, book XIV: “Then happy is he, whenever someone is summoned to the torturer and is burned, two linen cloths on account of the hot iron.” And in Plautus, Sceparnio, alone, abandoned and anxious in mind, says in the Rudens , act II, scene v: “Indeed”

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De operis Servorum. 171 Nempe optimo me jure in vinclis enicet Magistratus, si quis me hanc habere viderit. Nam hæc literata est, ab se cantat cuja sit. Valerius Maximus lib. vi. cap. viii. Servus ab eo vinculorum poena coërcitus, inexpugnabilique literarum nota per summam oris contumeliam inustus. Quare vocabantur. Lucianus, Vnde stigmatici servi, teste Polluce, notis compuncti appellantur, quos Plinius inscriptos vultus vocat: At nunc, inquit, eadem illa vincti pedes, damnata manus, inscripti vultus exercent. Et Cajus de iisdem: Aut in quorum facie, vel corpore quæcunque indicia aut igne, aut ferro impressa sunt. Ad hos literatos servos reipexit D. Augustinus in epistola ad Galatas, cumait: Stigmata dicuntur nota quædam pœnarum servilium; ut si quis, verbi H 2

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On the labors of servants. 171 Indeed, by the best right the magistrate would be able to keep me in bonds, if anyone should see me to possess this. For this one is branded with letters; she herself tells whose she is. Valerius Maximus, book VI, chapter VIII. A slave, restrained by him with the punishment of chains, and marked on the face by an indelible sign of letters in the utmost insult of disgrace. Why they were called so. Lucian. Hence stigmata, according to Pollux, are called slaves pricked with marks, whom Pliny calls “inscribed faces.” But now, he says, the same thing is done to bound feet, condemned hands, inscribed faces. And Caius concerning the same: Or those in whose face, or body, whatever signs have been impressed, either by fire or by iron. To these literate slaves St. Augustine had regard in the Epistle to the Galatians, when he says: Stigmata are certain marks of servile punishments; as if someone, by way of example H 2

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VERBI GRATIA, SERVUS IN COMPEDIBUS FUERIT PROPTER NOXAM, ID EST, PROPTER CULPAM, VEL Hujusmodi aliquid passus Fuerit, Stigmata habere dicatur: Ideo IN Jure MANUMISSIONIS, INFERIORIS EST ORDINIS. ISIDORUS LIBRO IX. ORIGINUM: PROPTER SUPPLICIORUM NOTAS, QUAS MANIFESTE PERPESSI SUNT, AD DIGNITATEM CIVIUM ROMANORUM NON PERVERNERUNT. TERTULLIANUS IN LIBRO DE RESURRECTIONE CARNIS: OROTE, SI FAMULUM TUUM LIBERTATE MUTAVERIS, Vestis albæ nitore, QUIA EADEM CARO, ATQUE ANIMA PERMANEBUNT, QUÆ FLAGELLIS, Compedibus, Stigmatibus obnoxiæ retro fuerant. DIGENES LAËRTIUS DE BIONIS PATRE ANTE SERVO LIB. IV: "Exan, Et Plinius in Panegyrico: Exanguem, ferream frontem nequicquam convulnerandum præbeant punctis; notas suas rideant. A qua inhumanitate revocat Phocylides: Nostra

Transcription: Translated (English)

For example, if a servant has been in fetters because of a wrongdoing, that is, because of a fault, or has suffered something of this kind, he is said to bear brands: therefore in the law of manumission he is of lower rank. Isidore, Book IX of the Origins: because of the marks of punishments, which they have clearly endured, they did not attain to the dignity of Roman citizens. Tertullian in the book On the Resurrection of the Flesh: I pray, if you have changed your slave to freedom, with the whiteness of a bright garment, because the same flesh and soul will remain, which were formerly subject to scourges, fetters, brands. Diogenes Laërtius, concerning the father of Bion, before the slave, Book IV: "Exan, and Pliny in the Panegyric: let them offer an emaciated, iron forehead to be wounded in vain by thrusts; let them laugh at their own marks. Phocylides turns us away from such cruelty: Our

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De operis Servorum. 173 Nostra ætate noxiis quibusdam, notas ferro inuri conspicimus. VETERATOR servus, qui diuturna, & multiplici servitute astutus, & vafer evasit; unde veteratores, ut Festus ait, callidi dicti à multa rerum gerendarum vetustate. Cannius: Mulieri non astutæ facile veterator persuasi. Terentius in Andria, actu. II. sc. VI. --- Quid hic volt veterator sibi? Veterator apud a Vlpianum idem est qui & veteranus: & apud Marcianum: Si tamen novicia mancipia fuerint, non etiam veterana. 1. Tria vero mancipia, & veterana, quæ reformare difficile esse Vlpianus ait, noviciis opponuntur: Præcipiunt, inquit, ædiles ne veterator pro novicio veneat. nam plerique solent mancipia quæ H 3 2 Leg. ult. 5. quotiens. ff. de publ. & vestig. Leg. 37. ff. de adit. ed.

Transcription: Translated (English)

On the work of slaves. 173 In our age we see certain harmful marks branded with iron. An experienced slave, who by long and repeated servitude has become cunning and shrewd, has escaped; whence veteratores , as Festus says, are called shrewd from long experience in dealing with affairs. Cannius: “To a woman who is not astute, an old hand easily persuaded me.” Terence in the Andria , act II, scene VI. --- What does this old trickster want here for himself? According to Ulpian, veterator is the same as veteranus ; and according to Marcian: “If, however, the slaves are new, they are not also old.” 1. But three slaves, and old ones, which Ulpian says it is difficult to reform, are opposed to new ones: “The aediles, he says, forbid the old slave to be sold as a new one.” for most people are accustomed to slaves which H 3 2 Leg. ult. 5. quotiens. ff. de publ. & vestig. Leg. 37. ff. de adit. ed.

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174 TITI POPMÆ quæ novicia non sunt, quasi novicia distrahere, ad hoc ut pluris vendant. præsumptum est enim ea mancipia, quæ rudia sunt, simpliciora esse, & administeria aptiora, & dociliora, & ad omne ministerium habilia. a Sunt autem veterana, quæ in urbe, non in agro anno continuo servierunt: nam rustici servi veterani non dicuntur. novicia intelliguntur, quæ annum nondum servierunt, b quotiens quis professus non fuerit, in commissi poena est. Veterani vero non tam spatio serviendi, quam genere, causa, & conditione servitutis æstimantur. c Venuleius: Servus tam veterator, quam novicius dici potest. sed veteratorem non tam spatio serviendi quam genere & causa æstimandum Cælius ait. nam quicunque ex venalicio noviciorum emptus, alicui ministerio præpositus sit, statim eum veteratorum numero esse: novicium autem non tirocinio animi, sed condi- tione a Leg. ult. ß. quotiens. ff. de public. & vectigal. b leg. ult. ff. eod. & Leg. ult. ß. ult. ff. de ædilit. edit.

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174 TITI POPMÆ those which are not new, to sell them as if they were new, in order to sell them for more. For it is presumed that those slaves which are raw are simpler, more suitable for service, more teachable, and fit for every kind of service. a There are, however, veteran slaves, who have served continuously for a year in the city, not in the country; for rural slaves are not called veterans. New slaves are understood to be those who have not yet served a year. b Whenever one has not made a declaration, it is subject to the penalty for concealment. Veterans, however, are assessed not so much by the length of service as by the kind, cause, and condition of their servitude. c Venuleius says: a slave can be called both a veteran and a new slave. But Caelius says that a veteran slave is to be judged not so much by the length of service as by kind and cause. For whoever has been bought from the slave market among new slaves and placed in some service, is immediately to be counted among the veterans; but a new slave is not so by training of mind, but by condition

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De operis Servorum. 175 tione servitutis intelligi. De noviciis Cicero in Pisonem: Iamne vides bellua, jamne sentis quæ sit hominum querela frontis tuæ? nemo queritur Syrum nescio quem de grege noviciorum factum esse consulem. Et Terentius in Eunucho: Abducit secum ancillas: pauca, quæ circum illam essent, manent Novitiæ Puellæ. CATASTI servi dicti à catasta, id est loco, in quo venalitii servi asservabantur. Illic quoniam magnus erat servorum strepitus, ait Martialis lib. IX. Eprigr. XXIX. Heu quæ lingua silet, non illam mille catastæ Vincebant. De his idem lib. XII: Epigr. LXXIV. Cum tibi Niliacus portet crystalla catastus. H 4 Catul-

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On the works of servants. 175 to be understood of the condition of servitude. On novices Cicero, in his speech against Piso: Do you now see, monster, do you now perceive what complaint of men there is against your brow? No one complains that a Syrian, I know not whom, from the band of novices, has been made consul. And Terence in the Eunuch: He carries his maidservants away with him: the few, who had been around her, remain, novice girls. CATASTI, slaves were so called from catasta, that is, the place in which slaves for sale were kept. Since there was there a great noise of slaves, Martial says, book IX, Epigram XXIX: Alas, what tongue is silent? Not a thousand catastae could have surpassed it. Of these same people, book XII: Epigram LXXIV: When the Nile-born catastus brings you crystal. H 4 Catul-

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176 TITI POPMÆ Catullus: Barbara gypsatos ferre catasta pedes. GYPSATOS vocat servos, quorum pedes creta denotati. Ovidius: Despice gypsati nomen inane pedis. Hinc Plinius lib. xxxv. cap. xvii. ait: Est vilissima creta, qua pedes venalium trans mare ad vectorum denotare instituerunt majores. Et Juvenalis Satyra. I. Nuper in hanc urbem pedibus qui venerat albis. NECESSARIVS servus dicitur, qui hæres à domino suo institutus est, quando non est solvendo hæreditas. causa enim servi hæredis instituendi est, ne post mortem domini, creditores illis defraudentur. b Vlpianus: Minori substitutum servum necessarium, repudiante quidem hære- a Leg. facta. ß. ult. ß. ad senat. Trebel. Leg: 27. ß. de manu. testam. b Leg. 7. ß. 10. ß. de minorib.

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176 TITI POPMAE Catullus: The barbarian catasta bears chalked feet. GYPSATOS he calls slaves whose feet are marked with chalk. Ovidius: Disregard the empty name of the chalked foot. Hence Pliny, book xxxv, chap. xvii., says: It is the very cheapest chalk, with which our ancestors used to mark the feet of those for sale, for the buyers across the sea. And Juvenal, Satire I: Recently into this city had come one whose feet were white. NECESSARIVS is said of a slave who has been appointed heir by his master, when the inheritance is not solvent. For the reason for appointing a slave as heir is that, after the death of the master, the creditors may not be defrauded by them. b Ulpian: A necessary slave substituted for a minor, when indeed the heir, repudia- a Leg. facta. ß. ult. ß. ad senat. Trebel. Leg: 27. ß. de manu. testam. b Leg. 7. ß. 10. ß. de minorib.

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De operis Servorum. 177 hæreditatem minore, necessarium fore: [etc], si fuerit restitutus minor, liberum nihilominus remanere. a Contra servum autem necessarium heredem institutum, non datur inofficiosi testamenti querela. PILEATI servi, qui pileo imposito vendebantur, quorum nomine venditor nihil præstaret, quoniam emptoris oculi jam perciperent, quodnam esset mancipiorum genus. Nam sicut antiquitus mancipia jure belli capta coronis induta venibant, ita pileus impositus demonstrabat ejusmodi conditionis mancipia venundari, quæ insignia essent, ut emptores errare, & capi non possent, ut Gellius ex Sabino refert. Pileati servi etiam dicti, qui domini funus antecedunt: nam servi directo manumissi in testamento pileum statim sumere, ac funus præcedere solebant, ut Justinianus H 5 Im- 1 Leg. fratres. C. de offic. testa, leg. alt. C. de necess. hered. instit.

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On the acts of slaves. 177 that the inheritance would necessarily belong to the minor [etc.], if the minor had been restored, nonetheless remaining free. a. But against a slave instituted necessary heir, no complaint of an inofficious testament is allowed. PILEATI slaves, who were sold with a cap placed on them, for whose name the seller would guarantee nothing, since the buyer’s eyes already perceived what kind of slaves they were. For just as in earlier times slaves taken in war were sold wearing crowns, so the cap placed on them indicated that slaves of such a condition were being sold, with signs by which they could not deceive or mislead buyers, as Gellius reports from Sabinus. Slaves are also called pileati who go before their master’s funeral: for slaves manumitted directly in a will used immediately to put on the cap and precede the funeral, as Justinian says. H 5 Im- 1 Leg. fratres. C. de offic. testa, leg. alt. C. de necess. hered. instit.

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Imperator refert. Qui domini, inquit, funus pileati antecedunt, si hoc ex voluntate fiat vel testatoris, vel hæredis, fiant illico cives Romani. & Dionysius Halicarnasseus lib. VII: ἐγαγη ὑπεπισκαμει τινας ἀπασι ποίς δελως συγνεχωρητος ἐγαν ἐλαθερεις μετὰ τὰς ἐαντῶν πελώτας, ἐνα χερσοὶ καλῶνται νεκροὶ, ημὶ πολλοὶ ταίς πλῖναις ἀντῶν ἐκκομιζούεις παρακολεύωι τῶς πίλες ἐπὶ ταίς περάλαις ἐκοιτις. Id est, Equidem scio quosdam, quìtestamento omnes suos servos manumiserunt, ut post mortem boni audirent, & multilectulos eorum ferales prosequerentur pileati. Vnde ad hunc ritum Livius respiciens tradit. Q. Terentium Culleonem, qui à Scipione servitio erat exemptus, adeo amicum Corneliæ familiæ fuisse, ut pileatus, sicut in triumpho ierat, in funere quoque ante lectum Scipionis iverit. Ad pileum servi vocati, qui ad libertatem vocabantur. Suetonius in Tiberio: Servisque ad pileum frustra vocatis, 2. Leg. 1. c. de lat. libert. tel.

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Imperator reports. Those, he says, who precede the funeral of their masters wearing the cap, if this is done by the will either of the testator or of the heir, shall immediately become Roman citizens. And Dionysius Halicarnassus, book VII: [Greek text] That is: “Indeed I know that some, when by testament they had manumitted all their slaves, so that after their death they might hear good things spoken of them, had their many funeral attendants follow them wearing the cap.” Whence Livy, with reference to this custom, relates that Q. Terentius Culleo, who had been freed from slavery by Scipio, was so devoted a friend of the Cornelian family that, wearing the cap, just as he had gone in the triumph, he also went in front of Scipio’s bier at the funeral. Slaves were called to the cap, that is, were summoned to liberty. Suetonius, in Tiberius: “Slaves were in vain called to the cap,” 2. Leg. 1. c. de lat. libert. tel.

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De operis Servorum. 179 vocatis, in Siciliam profugit. Nam pileus signum libertatis. PERENNIS fervus est, qui perpetuo servit uni domino. Plautus Persa: Perenni serve, lurco, edax, furax. Sed quamvis servi dura & gravi servitute premerentur, tamen quædam animorum relaxatio illis concessa erat; & sine discrimine cum dominis colludere, ac festos dies agere solebant. Seneca epist. xlvii. Instituerunt diem festum, non quo solum cum servis domini vescerentur, sed quo utique honores illis in domo gerere, jus dicere permiserunt, & domum pusillam rempublicam esse judicaverunt. Erat vero servorum dies festus Eidibus Augusti, quod eo die Servius Tullius Rex natus sit, serva, ut Festus scribit. Et Saturnalibus servi usuariam quandam libertatem assumebant; & ut ipsi dominis toto anno, H 6 2. Vide Lipsium lib. 1. cap. 2. Satur. Sermon.

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On the labours of slaves. 179 having been summoned, he fled into Sicily. For the cap is the sign of liberty. A PERENNIS slave is one who serves one master continually. Plautus, Persa: A perpetual slave, glutton, voracious, thievish. But although slaves were oppressed by a harsh and grievous servitude, nevertheless a certain relaxation of spirit was granted to them; and without distinction they were accustomed to jest with their masters, and to spend festive days. Seneca, epist. xlvii. They appointed a festive day, on which not only the masters ate together with the slaves, but they at any rate allowed them to hold honours in the house, to administer justice, and judged that a little house was a commonwealth. Now the slaves' festival day was on the Ides of August, because on that day King Servius Tullius was born, as Festus writes. And at the Saturnalia the slaves assumed a certain customary liberty; and as they themselves to their masters throughout the whole year, H 6 2. See Lipsius, book 1, chap. 2, Satur. Sermon.

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180 TITI POPMÆ anno, sic hoc die domini servis suis ministrabant. Ausonius de Feriis Romanis: Visne Opis ante sacrum, vel Saturnalia dicam; Festaque servorum, cum famulantur heri? Sedebant quoque ad dominicam mensam dominis præministrantibus, ut Athenæus libro xiv. Dipnosoph. refert. Vnde Attij versus: Exercent epulas læti, famulosque procurant Quisque suos. Cum quibus & vestem commutabant, ut Dio lib. lviii. auctor est; ut hac comitate obstricti, in dominos obsequiis paratiores essent, odiaque invicem, offensionesque dimitterent. Nam, ut D. Hieronymus ad Celantiam scribit, Fidelius, inquit, & gratius semper obsequium est quod

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180 TITI POPMAE in that year, thus on this day the Lord’s servants were ministering. Ausonius, on the Roman Festivals: “Will you say Opis before the sacred rite, or Saturnalia; And the feasts of slaves, when masters serve as attendants? They also sat at their masters’ table, with the masters serving them, as Athenaeus relates in book xiv of the Dipnosophists. Whence the verses of Attius: They joyfully partake of feasts, and provide for their servants, each for his own.” Together with them they even exchanged clothing, as Dio, book lviii, states; so that, bound by such courtesy, they might be more ready to show obedience to their masters, and might let go mutual hatreds and offenses. For, as St. Jerome writes to Celantia, “More faithful, he says, and always more pleasing is the service that

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De operis Servorum. 181 quod ab amore quam quod à meu proficiscitur. ATQVE hæc quidem habui, quæ de operis servorum dicerem: de quibus multo plura adduci potuisse auctorum testimonia non ignoro: de iis certe, quæcunque libris nostris continentur, ea à me in hunc librum fere omnia conjecta esse credo.

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On the Works of Slaves. 181 quod proceeds from love rather than from fear. AND these indeed are the things I had to say concerning the works of slaves: concerning which I am not unaware that much more could have been brought forward from the testimony of authors: certainly, as to those things which are contained in our books, I believe that almost all of them have been gathered by me into this book.

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INDEX AVICTORVM. A Cassiodorus. A Cron. A Alianus. Æmilius Probus. Celsus. Afranius. Cicero. Alfenus. Codex Theodosianus. D. Ambrosius. Columella. Ammianus Marcellinus. Curius Fortunatius. Appianus Alexandrinus. D Apuleius. D Aristophanes. Diogenes Laërtius. Aristoteles. Dionysius Halicarnassus. Arnobius. Donatus. Athenæus. Duris Samius. D. Augustinus. E Ansonius. E B Piphanius. B Asilius. B Brissonius. Budæus. F C Aber (Petrus) C Cæsar (Iulius) Capitolinus. Frontinus. G G G Ellius. G Glossarium Hero-

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INDEX OF AUTHORS. A Cassiodorus. A Cron. A Alianus. Æmilius Probus. Celsus. Afranius. Cicero. Alfenus. Codex Theodosianus. D. Ambrosius. Columella. Ammianus Marcellinus. Curius Fortunatius. Appianus Alexandrinus. D Apuleius. D Aristophanes. Diogenes Laërtius. Aristoteles. Dionysius Halicarnassus. Arnobius. Donatus. Athenæus. Duris Samius. D. Augustinus. E Ansonius. E B Piphanius. B Asilius. B Brissonius. Budæus. F C Aber (Petrus) C Cæsar (Iulius) Capitolinus. Frontinus. G G G Ellius. G Glossarium Hero-

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Index Auctorum. H Martialis. H Herodianus. H Herodorus. H Hesychius. D. Hieronymus. Horatius. N I Inscriptio Patavina. I Vetus Romæ. I Veronensis. Ireneus. Ovidius. Isidorus. P Iustinianus Imperator. P Iuvenalis. Papinianus. Iulius Firmicus. Paulus I. C. Iustinus. Petronius. K K K Irchmannus. L L L Abeo. L Lampridius. Lapis Romanus. Pollio. Liber Regum. Pollux (Iulius) Lipsius. Pomponius. Livius. Procopius. Lucianus. Propertius. Lucilius. Q M Q M Acrobius. M Marcianus.

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Index of Authors. H Martialis. H Herodianus. H Herodorus. H Hesychius. D. Hieronymus. Horatius. N I Padua Inscription. I Old Rome. I Veronensis. Ireneus. Ovidius. Isidorus. P Iustinianus Imperator. P Iuvenalis. Papinianus. Iulius Firmicus. Paulus I. C. Iustinus. Petronius. K K K Irchmannus. L L L Abeo. L Lampridius. Lapis Romanus. Pollio. Liber Regum. Pollux (Iulius) Lipsius. Pomponius. Livius. Procopius. Lucianus. Propertius. Lucilius. Q M Q M Acrobius. M Marcianus.

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Index Auctorum. S S Alvianus. Titinius. S Scævola. Tribonianus. Seneca. Turnebus. V Septimius Florens. V Alerius Maximus Servius. V Varro. Servius Sulpitius apud Vegetius. Ciceronem. Velleius Paterculus. Sextus Pompeius. Venuleius. Sidonius. Victor. Strabo. Virgilius. Suetonius. Vitruius. Suidas. Vlpianus. Synesius. Vopiscus. T T Acitus. X T Theophilus. X Enophon. Terentius. Z Tertullianus. Z Tibullus. Zonaras. VARIA

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Index of Authors. S S Alvianus. Titinius. S Scævola. Tribonianus. Seneca. Turnebus. V Septimius Florens. V Alerius Maximus Servius. V Varro. Servius Sulpitius apud Vegetius. Ciceronem. Velleius Paterculus. Sextus Pompeius. Venuleius. Sidonius. Victor. Strabo. Virgilius. Suetonius. Vitruius. Suidas. Vlpianus. Synesius. Vopiscus. T T Acitus. X T Theophilus. X Enophon. Terentius. Z Tertullianus. Z Tibullus. Zonaras. Miscellaneous

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V A R I A S E R V O R V M O F F I C I A E T M I N I S T E R I A. A A B A B ephemeride servi. 73 A Ab epistolis servi. ibid. A A libellis servi. ibid. A A manu servus. 72 A A pedibus servi. 88 A Accensi, servi publici. 9 A Actores servi. 17 A Ad baculum servus. 97 A Ad cyathos servus. 110 A Ad limina servus. 37 A Ad manum servus. 72 A Admissionales servi. 122 A Ad pedes servi. 107 A Ad pileum vocati. 178 A Ad pocula servus. 110 A Adscriptitius servus. 153 A Adversitores servi. 80 A Agasones servi. 99 A Amanuenses servi. 72 A Analectæ servi. 109 A Anteambulones servi. 77 A Appa-

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V A R I O U S O F F I C E S A N D S E R V I C E S O F S L A V E S. A A B A B servant of the daybook. 73 A Servants from the letters. ibid. A Servants from the memoranda. ibid. A Servant at hand. 72 A Servants on foot. 88 A Accensi, public slaves. 9 A Agents, slaves. 17 A Servant for the staff. 97 A Cupbearer slave. 110 A Servant at the threshold. 37 A Servant at hand. 72 A Admissional servants. 122 A Servants at the feet. 107 A Called to the cap. 178 A Cup servant. 110 A Registered slave. 153 A Opposing servants. 80 A Grooms. 99 A Scribes. 72 A Gatherers. 109 A Forerunning servants. 77 A Appa-

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Varia Serverum Apparitores servi publici. 7 Aquarii servi. 105 Aratores servi. 132 Arcarii servi. 53 Arenarii servi. 150 Armigeri servi. 82 Asseclæ servi. ibid. Atriarii servi. 38 Atrienses servi. 36 Aucupes servi. 101 B Alneatores servi. 143 Brutiani, servi publici. 110 C Alatores, servi publici. 75 Calculatores servi. 66 Calones servi. 83 Capsarii servi. 52 Carptores servi. 117 Catasti servi. 175 Cellarius servus. 21 Cheironomontes. 118 Coci servi. 123 Comites servi. 77.78 Compediti servi. 147 Conturbatorus servi. 28 Corneliani, servi publici. 10 Cubicularius servus. 33 Curfores servi. 86 Cyprii, servi publici. 10 Dam-

Transcription: Translated (English)

Various Slaves Public apparitors. 7 Water carriers, slaves. 105 Plowmen slaves. 132 Treasure-keepers, slaves. 53 Sand workers, slaves. 150 Shield-bearers, slaves. 82 Retainers, slaves. ibid. Chamber servants, slaves. 38 Inner servants, slaves. 36 Birdcatchers, slaves. 101 B Hatchling-bearers, slaves. 143 Brutiani, public slaves. 110 C Feeders, public slaves. 75 Calculators, slaves. 66 Pack-carriers, slaves. 83 Bag carriers, slaves. 52 Scrapers, slaves. 117 Catasti, slaves. 175 Cellarer, slave. 21 Cheironomontes. 118 Cooks, slaves. 123 Companions, slaves. 77.78 Fettered slaves. 147 Conturbatorus, slaves. 28 Corneliani, public slaves. 10 Bedchamber servant, slave. 33 Runners, slaves. 86 Cyprii, public slaves. 10 Dam-

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Officia, & Ministeria. D D Amnigeruli servi. 85 Dixætarii servi. 103 Diribitores servi. 117 Dispensator servus. 21 Dotalis servus. 132 E E Missarii servi. 59 E Erro servus. 163 Exactores servi. 58 F F Abri servi. 35 Focarii servi. 143 Fornacarius servus. 142 Fornacator servus. ibid. Fructuarius servus. 154 Fugitivus servus. 155 Fugitivarius. 158 Fullones servi. 90 Furciferi servi. 159 G Gypsati servi. 176 H H Elciarii servi. 151 Histriones servi. 64 Hostiarii servi. 133 I Insulari servi. 167 Iunctor servus. 88 Lecti-

Transcription: Translated (English)

Offices, & Services. D D Amnigeruli, servants. 85 Dixætarii, servants. 103 Diribitores, servants. 117 Dispensator, servant. 21 Dotalis, servant. 132 E E Missarii, servants. 59 E Erro, servant. 163 Exactores, servants. 58 F F Abri, servants. 35 Focarii, servants. 143 Fornacarius, servant. 142 Fornacator, servant. ibid. Fructuarius, servant. 154 Fugitivus, servant. 155 Fugitivarius. 158 Fullones, servants. 90 Furciferi, servants. 159 G Gypsati, servants. 176 H H Elciarii, servants. 151 Histriones, servants. 64 Hostiarii, servants. 133 I Insulari, servants. 167 Iunctor, servant. 88 Lecti-

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Varia Servorum L I Ecicarii servi. 43 L Librarii servi. 67 Lictores, servi publici. 8.9 Linteones servi. 89 Literatus servus. 170 M M Ediastini servi. 14.130 M Medici servi. 31 Ministratores servi. 120 Molitores servi. 120 Muliones servi. 98 N N Ecessarius servus. 176 Negotiares servi. 27 Nomenclatores servi. 60 Notarii servi. 70 Nutricii servi. 29 O Obsonatores servi. 114 Obviatores servi. 81 Opiliones servi. 97 Ordinarii servi. 13 Originarii servi. 154 Ornatrices. 56 Ostiarri. 133 P P Astores servi. 96 Peculiaris servus. 40 Peculiatus servus. 43 Peni-

Transcription: Translated (English)

Various Slaves L I. Servants of the Ecicarii. 43 Servants of the Librarii. 67 Lictores, public servants. 8.9 Servants of Linteones. 89 Literate servant. 170 M M. Servants of the Ediastini. 14.130 M. Servants of the Medici. 31 Servant attendants. 120 Grinders' servants. 120 Muleteers' servants. 98 N N. Necessary servant. 176 Business servants. 27 Rehearsers. 60 Secretaries. 70 Nurses. 29 O Stewards. 114 Meeters. 81 Shepherds' servants. 97 Orderly servants. 13 Native-born servants. 154 Hairdressers. 56 Doorkeepers. 133 P P. Shepherds' servants. 96 Private servant. 40 Servant with peculium. 43 Peni-

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Transcription: ATR-1

Officia, & Ministeria. Peniculi servi. 139 Perennis servus. 179 Pileati servi. 177 Pincernæ. 110 Piscatores servi. 101 Pistores servi. 123. 128 Plagiarius servus. 166 Pocillatores servi. 110 Poenæ servi. 168 Pollinctor servus. 40 Porciani, servi publici. 10 Prægustator servus. 112 Privati servi. 11 Procurator servus. 19 Publici servi. 5 Q Q Valis qualis servus 14 R R Eceptitius servus. 151 S S Accularii servi. 54 Saltuarius servus. 99 Salutigeruli servi. 85 Sandaligeri servi. 86 Sandaligerulæ. 86 Sarcinator servus. 92 Scissors servi. 117 Scoparii servi. 138 Scribæ, servi publicæ. 9 Scrutatores servi. 123 Silen-

Transcription: Translated (English)

Offices & Ministries. Brush servants. 139 Perpetual servant. 179 Capped servants. 177 Cup-bearers. 110 Fishers, slaves. 101 Bakers, slaves. 123. 128 Kidnapper slave. 166 Cup-bearers, slaves. 110 Punishment slaves. 168 Embalmer slave. 40 Porciani, public slaves. 10 Taster slave. 112 Private slaves. 11 Steward slave. 19 Public slaves. 5 Q Q Valis qualis servus 14 R R Receptitious servant. 151 S S Accularii servants. 54 Forest-keeper slave. 99 Greeting-bearers, slaves. 85 Sandal-bearers, slaves. 86 Sandal-bearer women. 86 Tailor slave. 92 Scissors servants. 117 Broom servants. 138 Scribes, public slaves. 9 Searchers, slaves. 123 Silen-

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Transcription: ATR-1

Varia Servorum Officia, &c. Silentiarii servi. 31 Structores servi. 116 Structores varii. ibid. Symphoniaci servi. 64 T Abellarius servus. 73 Textores servi. 89 Tonsores servi. 57 Topiarii servi. 93 Triumphalis servus. 39 V Venatores servi. 100 Vespertiliones servi. 164 Vestigatores servi. 102 Vestispici servi. 55 Veterator. 173 Viatores, servi publici. 10 Vicarius servus. 14.40 Villicus servus. 33 Vinarius servus. 162 Vinitores servi. 132 Viridarii servi. 95 Vnctor servus. 141 Vocatores servi. 1 FINIS. BIBLIOTECA NACIONALE ROMA VITTORIO EMANUELE III 1850

Transcription: Translated (English)

Various Duties of Slaves, etc. Silentiarii slaves. 31 Structores slaves. 116 Structores varii. ibid. Symphoniaci slaves. 64 T Abellarius slave. 73 Textores slaves. 89 Tonsores slaves. 57 Topiarii slaves. 93 Triumphalis slave. 39 V Venatores slaves. 100 Vespertiliones slaves. 164 Vestigatores slaves. 102 Vestispici slaves. 55 Veterator. 173 Viatores, public slaves. 10 Vicarius slave. 14.40 Villicus slave. 33 Vinarius slave. 162 Vinitores slaves. 132 Viridarii slaves. 95 Vnctor slave. 141 Vocatores slaves. 1 END. NATIONAL LIBRARY ROME VITTORIO EMANUELE III 1850